Sulama sularındaki arseniğin bitkilerde birikimi

Year 2017, Volume: 23 Issue: 3, 289 - 297, 30.06.2017

Mustafa Öztürk Şükrü Aslan , Ahmet Demirbaş

Abstract

Arsenik
yer yüzeyinde doğal olarak bulunmakta ve çevrede yaygın olarak görülmektedir.
Doğal süreçler kadar insan faaliyetleri sonucu, dünyanın farklı bölgelerinde
arsenik, yeraltı sularında bulunmaktadır. Çoğu ülkede olduğu gibi Türkiye’de de
yeraltı suyunda ve yüzeysel sularda arsenik kirliliği belirlenmiştir. Arseniğin
kronik sağlık etkileri, hiperpigmentasyon (koyu lekeler), hipopigmentasyon
(beyaz lekeler), el ve ayaklarda keratoz gibi çeşitli cilt lezyonlarının
gelişimini içerir. Arseniğe uzun süreli maruz kalındığında, mesane, akciğer,
cilt, böbrek, karaciğer ve prostat kanserine neden olabilir. İnsan sağlığı
üzerindeki yüksek toksik etkileri nedeniyle, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Çevre
Koruma Ajansı ve Dünya Sağlık Örgütü içme suyunda maksimum arsenik derişimini
10 µg/L ile sınırlamıştır. Türkiye’de ise bu değer 2008 yılından itibaren sınır
değer 10 µg/L olarak belirlenmiştir. Arsenikle kirlenmiş yeraltı suları, içme
suyu kaynağı olarak tüketilmesinin yanında sulama suyu olarak da ürün
yetiştirmede ve hayvan sulamasında kullanılmaktadır. Kirlenmiş suların,
sulamada kullanılması, toprak ve ürün kalitesinde tehlike oluşturabilir.
Arsenik seviyesinin yüksek olmasının, tohum gelişimini ve ürün oluşumunu
engellediği tespit edilmiştir. Bazı ülkelerde yapılan çalışmalarda, besin
maddelerinde, sularda ve toprakta değişen oranda arsenik seviyeleri
belirlenmiştir. Arsenikle kirlenmiş besin, su ve toprak aracılığıyla hayvanlar,
vücutlarında arseniği biriktirebilir ve bu hayvan ürünleri olan et, süt ve iç
organların, insanlar tarafından tüketilmesi ile kalıntı arsenik, insan
sağlığına zarar verebilir. Bitkilerde arsenik birikimi türe ve ortama göre
farklılık göstermektedir. Bitkilerde arsenik birikim sıralaması genellikle
kök>gövde>yaprak/meyve olarak belirlenmiştir. Bitkilerdeki arsenik derişiminin
toprak ve sudaki arsenik derişiminden çok daha yüksek olduğu ve diğer canlılara
toksik etki yaptığı görülmüştür. Bu derleme çalışmasında bitkilerde arsenik
birikimi ve insan sağlığına etkisi değerlendirilmiştir.

Keywords

Arsenik, Birikim, Sulama suyu, Bitki

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