Mineralogical-Geochemical and gemological investigations garnet porphyroblasts (Lal Stones) in Menderes massif (Hacıaliler/Çine-Aydın)

Year 2023, Volume: 29 Issue: 7, 769 - 782, 30.12.2023

Ufuk Ören , Tamer Koralay

Abstract

Ancient period naturalist Plinius referred that almandine composition Lal Stones (Granat) which had been widely used in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, were extracted from Alabanda (Çine) and Orthosia (Yenipazar) in Karia in Anatolia. The garnet samples, which are the subject of this study, are found in the middle-high grade, gneiss, and mica-schist in the Menderes Massif in Hacıaliler (Çine-Aydın) region. Purplish-brown and matt garnet porphyroblasts, varying between 0.5-2 cm in size, have crystallized in dodecahedron form. Garnet minerals, display poikloblastic texture in microscopic examinations, are in a highly fractured structure and contain plenty of quartz, muscovite, and opaque mineral inclusions. In line with a non-destructive analysis technique, Confocal Raman Spectroscopy studies, it has been determined that garnets present a total of 10 different Raman vibrations, 910-912, 349 and 553-555 cm-1 strong, and are typically in almandine composition. According to the results of mineral chemistry, garnets have the chemical formula of Alm0.72-0.87 Grs0.07-0.19 Pyr0.02-0.13 Sps0.00-0.02. In accordance with garnet-biotite geothermometer calculations, it was determined that garnets are formed at an average temperature of 565.3±20.8 °C and under the pressure of 6.6 kbar. It was concluded that Hacıaliler garnets demonstrated depletion in terms of LIL elements (Cs, Rb, Ba, K, Sr, Pb) in the average continental crust (MCC) multi-element variation diagram. It was discovered that garnet samples demonstrated enrichment in terms of REE (∑REE: 192.2-212.1), (La/Sm)N ratio 2.62-2.89, (Sm/Yb)N ratio 0.31-0.38 and (Eu) /Eu*)N ratio vary between 0.41-0.44 in REE multi-element variation diagram normalized to chondrite. According to the nondestructive gemological tests, the specific gravity of garnet crystals varies between 3.33 and 3.64, and the refractive index values were found to be around 1.80-1.81. According to the L*a*b* color system, the color average of garnet crystals was determined to be as L*: 46.25 a*: 6.55 b*: 6.60 (purplish brown). As a result of mineralogical, geochemical, and gemological evaluations, it has been concluded that Hacıaliler garnet samples have undergone multi-stage metamorphism and have lost their bright and transparent crystal forms through the subsequent geological processes (weathering, alteration, etc.); therefore, they do not present the characteristics of gemstones. In addition, it is thought that garnet samples may have an important potential in terms of their REE contents.

Keywords

Garnet, Gemstone, ICP-MS, Confocal raman spectroscopy, Hacıaliler-Çine

Menderes masifi’ndeki (Hacıaliler/Çine-Aydın) Granat (Lal Taşı) porfiroblastlarının, Mineralojik-Jeokimyasal ve gemolojik incelenmesi

Abstract

Antik dönem doğa bilimcisi Plinius, Hellenistik ve Roma döneminde yaygın olarak kullanılan almandin bileşimli lal taşlarının (Granat) Anadolu'da Karia'da Alabanda (Çine) ve Orthosia'da (Yenipazar) çıkarıldığından bahsetmektedir. Çalışmaya konu edilen granat örnekleri Hacıaliler (Çine-Aydın) bölgesinde Menderes Masifine ait orta-yüksek dereceli, gnays ve mikaşist bileşimli metamorfik kayaçlar içerisinde bulunmaktadır. Boyutları 0.5-2 cm arasında değişen, morumsu-kahverengi renkli ve mat parlaklık gösteren granat porfiroblastları dodekahedron formda kristallenmişlerdir. Mikroskobik incelemelerinde poikloblast doku gösteren granat mineralleri oldukça kırıklı bir yapıda olup, bol miktarda kuvars, muskovit ve opak mineral kapanımları içermektedir. Tahribatsız bir analiz tekniği olan Konfokal Raman spektroskopisi çalışmalarına göre granatların 910-912, 349 ve 553-555 cm-1 güçlü olmak üzere toplam 10 farklı Raman titreşimi gösterdikleri ve tipik olarak almandin bileşiminde oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Mineral kimyası sonuçlarına göre granatlar Alm0.72-0.87 Grs0.07- 0.19 Pyr0.02-0.13 Sps0.00-0.02 kimyasal formülüne sahiptirler. Granat-Biyotit jeotermometre hesaplamalarına göre granatların ortalama 565.3 ± 20.8°C sıcaklıkta, 6.6 kbar basınç altında oluştukları belirlenmiştir. Hacıaliler granatlarının ortalama kıtasal kabuk çoklu element değişim diyagramında LIL elementleri (Cs, Rb, Ba, K, Sr, Pb) bakımından fakirleşme gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Kondrit’e göre normalize edilmiş NTE çoklu element değişim diyagramında granat örneklerinin NTE bakımından zenginleşme gösterdikleri (∑NTE: 192.2- 212.1), (La/Sm)N oranı 2.62-2.89, (Sm/Yb)N oranı 0.31-0.38 ve (Eu/Eu*)N oranı 0.41-0.44 arasında değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Gemolojik testlere göre granat kristallerinin özgül ağırlıkları 3.33 ile 3.64 arasında değişmekte, kırılma indis değerleri ise 1.81-1.95 civarındadır. L*a*b* renk sistemine göre granat kristallerinin renk ortalaması L*:46.25 a*:6.55 b*:6.60 (morumsu kahverengi) olarak belirlenmiştir. Mineralojik, jeokimyasal ve gemolojik değerlendirmeler sonucunda Hacıaliler granat örneklerinin çok evreli metamorfizmaya uğramış olması ve sonrasında gelişen jeolojik süreçlerle (ayrışma, alterasyon vb.) parlak ve şeffaf olan kristal formlarını kaybettikleri bu nedenle süstaşı özelliği göstermedikleri değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca granat örneklerinin NTE içerikleri bakımından önemli bir potansiyele sahip olabilecekleri düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

Granat, Süstaşı, ICP-MS, Konfokal raman spektrometrisi, Hacıaliler-Çine

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