Causes, effects and analysis of Supraharmonics

Year 2024, Volume: 30 Issue: 2, 163 - 173, 30.04.2024

Serdar Büyük , Engin Özdemir

Abstract

In power systems, disturbances between 2 kHz and 150 kHz are called “Supraharmonics” (SH). Although supraharmonics are not a new concept; It has only attracted the attention of researchers, engineers and manufacturers of end-user devices in recent years. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) tests, which are required for placing electrical/electronic devices on the market, require the measurement of harmonic currents (50 Hz-2000 Hz) and the measurement of conducted emission values. However, studies and research in the supraharmonic range are quite limited. As systems using semi-conductor technologies with high power and switching in the kHz range such as photovoltaic energy systems, electric vehicle fast charging stations, high speed digital communication systems become widespread, supraharmonics have also begun to be effective in power distribution systems and cause problems. Today, the struggle against high-frequency disturbances caused by the increased use of electrical and electronic devices, switched power electronic devices and power line communication (PLC) devices is even more prominent. Research conducted in recent years have revealed that disturbances between 2 kHz and 150 kHz cause measurement errors in smart meters, audible noise, malfunctions and performance reductions in electrical devices. In this study, sources of supraharmonics, the problems they cause in devices and networks, measurement methods of supraharmonics and related standards, supraharmonic simulation of sample devices and analysis by measurement are given. Measurements and simulation results show that focusing only on EMC requirements in device designs can cause supraharmonics to be neglected, thus negatively affecting the network and other devices.

Keywords

Supraharmonics, Power quality, Electromagnetic interference

Supraharmoniklerin nedenleri, etkileri ve analizi

Abstract

Güç sistemlerinde, 2 kHz ile 150 kHz aralığındaki bozulmalar “Supraharmonikler” (SH) olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Supraharmonikler yeni bir kavram olmamakla birlikte; araştırmacılar, mühendisler ve son kullanıcıya yönelik cihaz üreticilerinin dikkatini ancak son yıllarda çekmektedir. Elektrikli/elektronik cihazların piyasaya arz edilebilmesi için gerekli olan elektromanyetik uyumluluk (EMC) testleri, harmonik akımların ölçülmesini (50 Hz-2000 Hz) ve iletimle yayınım değerlerinin ölçülmesini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Ancak supraharmonik aralığındaki çalışmalar ve araştırmalar oldukça sınırlıdır. Fotovoltaik enerji sistemleri, elektrikli araç hızlı şarj istasyonları, yüksek hızlı dijital haberleşme sistemleri gibi yüksek güçlü ve kHz mertebelerinde anahtarlama yapan yarı-iletken teknolojilerini kullanan sistemler yaygınlaştıkça, supraharmonikler de güç dağıtım sistemlerinde etkin olmaya ve sorunlara yol açmaya başlamışlardır. Elektrikli ve elektronik cihazlar, anahtarlamalı güç elektroniği cihazları ve güç hattından haberleşebilen (PLC) cihazların daha fazla kullanımı nedeniyle oluşan yüksek frekanslı bozucu etkilerle mücadele günümüzde daha da öne çıkmaktadır. Son yıllarda yapılan araştırmalarda; 2 kHz ile 150 kHz arasında ortaya çıkan bozucu etkilerin akıllı sayaçlarda ölçüm hatalarına, elektrikle çalışan cihazlarda ise duyulabilen gürültüye, arızalara ve performans azalmalarına yol açtığı ortaya konmuştur. Bu çalışmada, supraharmoniklerin kaynaklarına, cihazlarda ve şebekelerde yol açtığı sorunlara, supraharmoniklerin ölçüm yöntemleri ve ilgili standartlara, seçilen cihazların supraharmonik benzetimine ve ölçüm yoluyla analizlerine yer verilmektedir. Ölçümler ve benzetim sonuçları göstermektedir ki, cihaz tasarımlarında yalnızca EMC gereksinimlerine odaklanmak, supraharmonik bileşenlerinin ihmal edilmesine, dolayısıyla şebekede ve diğer cihazlarda olumsuz etkilenmelere neden olabilmektedir.

Keywords

Supraharmonikler, Güç kalitesi, Elektromanyetik girişim

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