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DO CRYPTOCURRENCIES HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO MITIGATE THE IMPACT OF SANCTIONS?

Year 2023, , 213 - 214, 01.02.2023
https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2023.1695

Abstract

Purpose- Sanctions, as an alternative to the use of military force, are used as a means of diplomatic coercion for the target country to abandon some of its decisions or avoid some possible practices. While half a century ago, sanctions included issues such as trade and travel restrictions and arms embargo, today the form and content of sanctions have changed significantly. In the last decade, most of the sanctions imposed on some states, especially to Iran and the Russian Federation, are financial sanctions. These financial sanctions, it is aimed to cut the target country's ties with the global financial markets, to disrupt the cash/capital inflow and outflow to the target country, to prevent trade by removing them from global payment systems such as SWIFT and to restrict some activities of central banks. However, the issue of whether cryptocurrencies, which we have heard frequently since 2009, can be used as a means of mitigating or overcoming the financial sanctions is frequently on the agenda. In this context, we analyze whether cryptocurrencies can be used to mitigate or overcome the financial sanctions imposed on the target country.
Methodology- The size of the financial sanctions applied by the USA, Canada, Australia, Japan and EU countries against the Russian Federation, after the war started in Ukraine on 24 February 2022 and the foreign money inflow/outflow volume needed by the Russian Federation as a result of its removal from the SWIFT system are compared with the volume of cryptocurrencies owned by the Russian Federation.
Findings- The blockchain database system, which underpins cryptocurrencies, still struggles with a number of challenges. Especially the ability to increase the capacity (scalability) of the blockchain network is one of these problems. The scalability problem hinders the effective use of cryptocurrencies by the Russian Federation. In addition, when the financial transaction capacity and the size of the sanctions applied to the Russian Federation are compared with the crypto market size of the Russian Federation, it is seen that there is a significant difference in sizes.
Conclusion- In today's conditions, cryptocurrencies stay away from the capacity to mitigate or overcome the financial sanctions applied to countries with large trading capacities such as the Russian Federation and to be used as a means of payment. However, in the coming years, in the case of developments in cryptocurrency technologies, cryptocurrencies have the capacity to be used to circumvent financial sanctions.

References

  • Ahn, D. P., Ludema, R. D. (2020). The sword and the shield: the economics of targeted sanctions. European Economic Review, 103587. Doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103587
  • Arnold, A. (2016). The True Costs of Financial Sanctions. Survival, 58(3), 77-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2016.1186981
  • Beyaz Saray. (2022, 08 Mayıs). Fact Sheet: United States and G7 Partners Impose Severe Costs for Putin’s War Against Ukraine.
  • DiCapria, A. (2022). What do sanctions mean fort he future fo decentralized finance? https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/07/sanctions-future-of-decentralized-finance/
  • Doxey, M. (1987). International Sanctions in Contemprary Perspective. Londra: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • ELLIPTIC. (2022). Santions compliance in cyrptocurrencies: Using blockchain analysis to mitigate risk. https://www.elliptic.co/hubfs/Elliptic_Using%20Blockchain%20Analysis%20to%20Mitigate%20Risk%202022%20sanctions.pdf
  • Flitter, E., Yaffe-Bellany, D. (2022, 23 February). Russia Could Use Cryptocurrency to Blunt the Force of U.S. Sanctions https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/23/business/russia-sanctions-cryptocurrency.html.
  • Gurvich, E., Prilepskiy, I. (2015). The ımpact of financial sanctions on the Russian economy. Russian Journal of Economics, 1 (4), 359-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ruje.2016.02.002.
  • Parsons, T. (2022, 02 Mart). What You Need to Know About SWIFT and Economic Sanctions. https://hub.jhu.edu/2022/03/02/understanding-swift-economic-sanctions/, Erişim Tarihi: 29.06.2022.
  • Rusya Devlet Başkanlığı, (2022, 28 Şubat). Executive Order on Imposing Special Economic Measures in Connection with the Hostile Actions of the United States in League with Other Foreign States and International Organisations. http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67881.
  • Stark, T., Elron, B. (2022). US regulators seek to prevent use of crypto to circumvent Russia sanctions. https://www.whitecase.com/insight-alert/us-regulators-seek-prevent-use-crypto-circumvent-russia-sanctions
  • Sultanov, M. (2020). The ımpact of ınternational sanctions on Russian financial markets. Economies 8/4, 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies8040107.
  • Welt, C. (2022, 6 Temmuz). Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine: Overview of U.S. Sanctions and Other Responses. Congressional Research Service.

KRİPTO VARLIKLARIN YAPTIRIMLARIN ETKİSİNİ AZALTMA POTANSİYELİ VAR MIDIR?

Year 2023, , 213 - 214, 01.02.2023
https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2023.1695

Abstract

Amaç- Yaptırımlar, askeri güç kullanımına bir alternatif olarak, hedef ülkenin bazı kararlarından vazgeçmesi veya ihtimal dahilinde olan bazı uygulamalardan uzak durması için diplomatik zorlama aracı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Yarım asır öncesinde yaptırımlar, ticaret ve seyahat kısıtlamaları, silah ambargosu gibi hususları içerirken, günümüzde yaptırımların şekli ve içeriği önemli oranda değişikliğe uğramıştır. Son on yılda İran ve RF başta olmak üzere, bazı devletlere uygulanan yaptırımların büyük kısmını finansal yaptırımlar oluşturmaktadır. Söz konusu finansal yaptırımlarla, hedef ülkenin küresel finans piyasaları ile bağının koparılması, hedef ülkeye nakit/sermaye giriş ve çıkışının sekteye uğratılması, ödeme sistemlerinden çıkarılarak ticaretinin engellenmesi ve merkez bankalarının bazı faaliyetlerinin kısıtlanması hedeflenmektedir. Ancak 2009 yılından beri adını sıkça duyduğumuz blok zincir tabanlı kripto varlıkların, hedef ülkeye yönelik uygulanan finansal yaptırımları aşma aracı olarak kullanılıp kullanılamayacağı hususu sıklıkla gündeme gelmektedir. Bu kapsamda, bu çalışmada kripto varlıkların hedef ülkeye uygulanan finansal yaptırımları hafifletmek veya aşmak için kullanılıp kullanılamayacağı konusu analiz edilmiştir.
Yöntem- 24 Şubat 2022 tarihinde Rusya Federasyonu’nun Ukrayna’da başlattığı savaş sonrasında ABD, Kanada, Avustralya, Japonya ve AB ülkeleri tarafından RF’ye yönelik uygulanan finansal yaptırımların mali boyutu, Rusya Federasyonu’nun SWIFT sisteminden çıkarılması sonucunda ihtiyaç duyduğu yurt dışı para girişi ve çıkışı hacimleri ile Rusya Federasyonu’nun sahip olduğu kripto varlıkların hacmi mukayese edilmektedir.
Bulgular- Kripto varlıkların temelini oluşturan blok zincir veri tabanı sistemi halen birtakım zorluklarla mücadele etmektedir. Özellikle
Blok zincir ağının kapasitesini arttırma yeteneği (ölçeklenebilirlik) bu sorunların başında gelmektedir. Ölçeklenebilirlik sorunu nedeniyle Rusya Federasyonu kripto paraları ektin olarak kullanmaktan uzaktır. Ayrıca kripto varlıkların işlem kapasitesi ve piyasasının boyutu ile RF’ye uygulanan yaptırımların boyutu mukayese edildiğinde arada ciddi boyut farkı olduğu görülmektedir.
Sonuç- Günümüz şartlarında kripto varlıklar, Rusya Federasyonu gibi geniş ticaret kapasitesine sahip ülkelere uygulanan finansal yaptırımları aşma ve özellikle bu devletle yapılan işlemlerde bir ödeme aracı olarak kullanılma kapasitesinden uzak durmaktadır. Ancak önümüzdeki yıllarda, kripto varlık teknolojilerinde yaşanacak gelişmeler neticesinde, kripto varlıkların finansal yaptırımları aşmak için kullanılma kapasitesi bulunmaktadır.

References

  • Ahn, D. P., Ludema, R. D. (2020). The sword and the shield: the economics of targeted sanctions. European Economic Review, 103587. Doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103587
  • Arnold, A. (2016). The True Costs of Financial Sanctions. Survival, 58(3), 77-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2016.1186981
  • Beyaz Saray. (2022, 08 Mayıs). Fact Sheet: United States and G7 Partners Impose Severe Costs for Putin’s War Against Ukraine.
  • DiCapria, A. (2022). What do sanctions mean fort he future fo decentralized finance? https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/07/sanctions-future-of-decentralized-finance/
  • Doxey, M. (1987). International Sanctions in Contemprary Perspective. Londra: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • ELLIPTIC. (2022). Santions compliance in cyrptocurrencies: Using blockchain analysis to mitigate risk. https://www.elliptic.co/hubfs/Elliptic_Using%20Blockchain%20Analysis%20to%20Mitigate%20Risk%202022%20sanctions.pdf
  • Flitter, E., Yaffe-Bellany, D. (2022, 23 February). Russia Could Use Cryptocurrency to Blunt the Force of U.S. Sanctions https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/23/business/russia-sanctions-cryptocurrency.html.
  • Gurvich, E., Prilepskiy, I. (2015). The ımpact of financial sanctions on the Russian economy. Russian Journal of Economics, 1 (4), 359-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ruje.2016.02.002.
  • Parsons, T. (2022, 02 Mart). What You Need to Know About SWIFT and Economic Sanctions. https://hub.jhu.edu/2022/03/02/understanding-swift-economic-sanctions/, Erişim Tarihi: 29.06.2022.
  • Rusya Devlet Başkanlığı, (2022, 28 Şubat). Executive Order on Imposing Special Economic Measures in Connection with the Hostile Actions of the United States in League with Other Foreign States and International Organisations. http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67881.
  • Stark, T., Elron, B. (2022). US regulators seek to prevent use of crypto to circumvent Russia sanctions. https://www.whitecase.com/insight-alert/us-regulators-seek-prevent-use-crypto-circumvent-russia-sanctions
  • Sultanov, M. (2020). The ımpact of ınternational sanctions on Russian financial markets. Economies 8/4, 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies8040107.
  • Welt, C. (2022, 6 Temmuz). Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine: Overview of U.S. Sanctions and Other Responses. Congressional Research Service.
There are 13 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Finance, Business Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Levent Ozdemır 0000-0003-4578-9247

Publication Date February 1, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Ozdemır, L. (2023). KRİPTO VARLIKLARIN YAPTIRIMLARIN ETKİSİNİ AZALTMA POTANSİYELİ VAR MIDIR?. PressAcademia Procedia, 16(1), 213-214. https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2023.1695
AMA Ozdemır L. KRİPTO VARLIKLARIN YAPTIRIMLARIN ETKİSİNİ AZALTMA POTANSİYELİ VAR MIDIR?. PAP. February 2023;16(1):213-214. doi:10.17261/Pressacademia.2023.1695
Chicago Ozdemır, Levent. “KRİPTO VARLIKLARIN YAPTIRIMLARIN ETKİSİNİ AZALTMA POTANSİYELİ VAR MIDIR?”. PressAcademia Procedia 16, no. 1 (February 2023): 213-14. https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2023.1695.
EndNote Ozdemır L (February 1, 2023) KRİPTO VARLIKLARIN YAPTIRIMLARIN ETKİSİNİ AZALTMA POTANSİYELİ VAR MIDIR?. PressAcademia Procedia 16 1 213–214.
IEEE L. Ozdemır, “KRİPTO VARLIKLARIN YAPTIRIMLARIN ETKİSİNİ AZALTMA POTANSİYELİ VAR MIDIR?”, PAP, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 213–214, 2023, doi: 10.17261/Pressacademia.2023.1695.
ISNAD Ozdemır, Levent. “KRİPTO VARLIKLARIN YAPTIRIMLARIN ETKİSİNİ AZALTMA POTANSİYELİ VAR MIDIR?”. PressAcademia Procedia 16/1 (February 2023), 213-214. https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2023.1695.
JAMA Ozdemır L. KRİPTO VARLIKLARIN YAPTIRIMLARIN ETKİSİNİ AZALTMA POTANSİYELİ VAR MIDIR?. PAP. 2023;16:213–214.
MLA Ozdemır, Levent. “KRİPTO VARLIKLARIN YAPTIRIMLARIN ETKİSİNİ AZALTMA POTANSİYELİ VAR MIDIR?”. PressAcademia Procedia, vol. 16, no. 1, 2023, pp. 213-4, doi:10.17261/Pressacademia.2023.1695.
Vancouver Ozdemır L. KRİPTO VARLIKLARIN YAPTIRIMLARIN ETKİSİNİ AZALTMA POTANSİYELİ VAR MIDIR?. PAP. 2023;16(1):213-4.

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