Research Article
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The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on perimenopausal symptoms

Year 2022, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 367 - 374, 01.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.31362/patd.994921

Abstract

Aim: Menopause is the period of transition from the era of female reproduction to the period of loss of reproductive ability associated with the regression of ovarian functions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on menopause symptoms of women who contracted COVID-19 infection during the perimenopausal period when they were more sensitive psychosocially to the pandemic restrictions.
Method: The study included 103 women aged 45-55 years, who presented at the Gynaecology and Obstetrics Clinic of Turhal State Hospital because of menopause symptoms between June 2021 and August 2021. The women were separated into 2 groups as 32 women who had contracted COVID-19 infection during the previous 6 months and recovered, and 71 women who had not had COVID-19. The groups were compared in respect of age, gravida, parity, body weight, menopause status, and not taking regular exercise using the Menopause Symptom Evaluation Scale.
Results: Menopause status (p=0.002), not taking regular exercise (p<0.001), sleep problems (p=0.002), hot flashes (p<0.001), anxiety (p<0.001), and joint-muscle complaints (p=0.002) were determined at statistically significantly higher rates in the COVID-19 group compared to the non-COVID-19 group.
Conclusion: The status of not taking regular exercise, thought to be associated with the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions, was observed to increase menopause symptoms. Hot flashes, anxiety and sleep problems in particular were found to be significant complaints in menopausal patients who had been infected with COVID-19. It must be taken into consideration that these could be associated with previous COVID-19 infection.

References

  • 1. Mishra G, Kuh D. Perceived Change in Quality of Life During the Menopause. Social Science & Medicine 2006;62:93-102.
  • 2. Gezer A. Menopoz ve Osteoporoz, Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum Bilgisi Kitabı, Güneş Kitabevi, Ofset Matbaacılık, Ankara, 2004;1163-5.
  • 3. Sherman S. Defining the Menopausal Transition. The American Journal of Medicine 2005;11:8(12):3-7.
  • 4. Özcan H, Oskay Ü. Menopoz döneminde semptom yönetiminde kanıta dayalı uygulamalar. Göztepe Tıp Dergisi 2013;28(4):157-63.
  • 5. Gharaibeh M, Al-Obeisat S, Hattab J. Severity of menopausal symptoms of Jordanian women. 2010;13(4):385-94.
  • 6. Atasü T. Menapoz Tedavisi ve Kanser, Nobel Kitapevi, Tayf Matbaacılık, İstanbul, 2001.
  • 7. Shea JL. Chinese Women’s Symptoms: Relation to Menopause, Age and Related Attitudes. Climacteric 2006;9:30-9.
  • 8. Woods NF, Mitchell ES ve ark. Symptoms During the Perimenopause: Prevalence, Severity, Trajectory, and Signifiance in Women’s Lives. The American Journal of Medicine 2005;118(12):14-24.
  • 9. Öge A. Yaşlanmayla Oluşan Endokrin Değişiklikler Tedavi Yaklaşımları. Türk Geriatri Dergisi 2004;7(2):117-21.
  • 10. WHO. (2020) World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) technical guidance: Surveillance and case definitions. Geneva, WHO, World Health Organization.
  • 11. Scully EP, Haverfield J, Ursin RL, Tannenbaum C, Klein SL. Considering how biological sex impacts immune responses and COVID-19 outcomes. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20(7):442–7.
  • 12. Tian J, Yuan X, Xiao J, Zhong Q, Yang C, Liu B, et al. Clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with COVID-19 disease severity in patients with cancer in Wuhan, China: a multicentre, retrospective, cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(7):893–903.
  • 13. Mishra N, Sharma R, Mishra P, Singh M, Seth S, et al. COVID 19 and Menstrual Status: Is Menopause an Independent RiskFactor for SARS Cov-2? Journal of Mid-life Health 2020;11(4):240-9.
  • 14. Kang SJ, Jung SI. Age-related morbidity and mortality among patients with COVID-19. Infect Chemother. 2020;52(2):154–64.
  • 15. Honour JW. Biochemistry of the menopause. Ann Clin Biochem. 2018;55(1):18–33.
  • 16. Beagley KW, Gockel CM. Regulation of innate and adaptive immunity by the female sex hormones oestradiol and progesterone. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2003;38(1):13–22.
  • 17. Ortona E, Pierdominici M, Rider V. Editorial: Sex hormones and genderdifferences in immune responses. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1076.
  • 18. Wang XW, Hu H, Xu ZY, Zhang GK, Yu QH, Yang HL. Association of menopausal status withCOVID-19 outcomes: a propensity scorematching analysis. Biology of Sex Differences (2021) 12:16.1-8.
  • 19. Haitham Hamoda H1 and Sara Moger S. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic onthe delivery of menopause educationand training. Post Reproductive Health 27(1).3-4.
  • 20. Fredman RR. Hot Flashes: Behavioral Treatments, Mechanisms and Relation to Sleep. The American Journal ofMedicine 2005;118(12):1245-305.
  • 21. Elavsky S, McAuley E. Physical Activity, Symptoms, Esteem, and Life Satisfaction During Menopause. Maturitas2005;52:374-85.
  • 22. Skrzypulec V, Dąbrowska J, Drosdzol A. The influence ofphysical activity level on climacteric symptoms in menopausal women. Climacteric 2010;13(4):355-61.
  • 23. Cheng MH, Hsu CY, Wang SJW, Lee SJ, Wang PH andFuh JL. The relationship of self-reported sleep disturbance, mood, and menopause in a community study. Menopause 2008;15(5).
  • 24. Chung KF, Tang M. Subjective sleep disturbance and itscorrelates in middle-aged Hong Kong Chinese women. Maturitas 2006;53:396-404.
  • 25. Lai JN, Chen CM, Chen PC, Wang JD. Quality of lifeand climacteric complaints amongst women seeking medical advice in Taiwan: Assessment using the questionnaire. Climacteric 2006;9:119-28.
  • 26. Kabeloğlu V, Gül G. COVID-19 Salgını Sırasında Uyku Kalitesi ve İlişkili Sosyalve Psikolojik Faktörlerin Araştırılması. Journal of Turkish Sleep Medicine 2021;2:97-104.
  • 27. Wines N, Wilsteed E. Menopause ve Skin. AustralasianJournal of Dermatology 2001;42:149-60.
  • 28. Woods NF, Mitchell ES. Symptoms During the Perimenopause: Prevalence, Severity, Trajectory, and Signifiance in Women’s Lives. The American Journal of Medicine2005;118(12):14-24.
  • 29. Arıkan İİ. Postmenapozal Hastalarda Vücut Kitle İndeksive Hormon Profilinin Endometriyal Kalınlığa Etkisi, Uzmanlık Tezi, İstanbul Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi. İstanbul, 2005.
  • 30. Özgür N. Klimakterium Dönemideki Kadınların Yaşadıkları Menopoz Semptomları ve Başa Çıkma Yolları. Marmara Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek LisansTezi, 2007.
  • 31. Riesco E, Choquette S, Audet M, Tessier D, DionneIJ. Effect of exercise combined with phytoestrogens onquality of life in postmenopausal women. Climacteric 2011;14(5):573-80.
  • 32. Erdoğdu Y, Koçoğlu F, Sevim C. An investigation of the psychosocial and demographic determinants of anxiety and hopelessness during COVID-19 pandemic. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi 2020;23 (Ek 1): 24-37.
  • 33. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17:1729.
  • 34. Zhang, X., Cai, H., Hu, J., Lian, J., Gu, J., Zhang, S., et al. (2020). Epidemiological, clinical characteristics of cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection with abnormal imaging findings. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 94, 81-7.
  • 35. Öztürk, O, Özer Kaya D. COVID-19’un Kas İskelet Sistemine Etkisi. İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 2020;5(2):179-82.

COVID-19 pandemi sürecinin perimenopozal semptomlar üzerine etkisi

Year 2022, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 367 - 374, 01.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.31362/patd.994921

Abstract

Amaç: Menopoz; kadınların üreme çağından, over fonksiyonlarındaki gerilemeye bağlı olarak üreme yeteneğinin kaybolduğu evreye geçiş dönemidir. COVID-19 pandemisi ise tıbbi, psikolojik ve sosyal-ekonomik yönleriyle küresel halk sağlığı sorununa neden olan bir kriz durumudur. Bu çalışmada pandemi döneminde kısıtlamalara bağlı olarak psikososyal yönden hassas olan perimenopozal dönemdeki COVID-19 geçiren kadınların menopoz semptomlarının araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: Haziran 2021 ile Ağustos 2021 tarihleri arasında Turhal Devlet Hastanesi Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum Polikliniği’ne; 45-55 yaş aralığında perimenopozal dönemde olup menopoz semptomları nedeniyle başvuran 103 kadın çalışmaya dahil edildi. Kadınlar son 6 ay içerisinde COVID-19 hastalığı geçiren ve iyileşen 32 kadın ile COVID-19 hastalığı geçirmeyen 71 kadın olmak üzere iki ayrı gruba ayrıldı. Gruplar; yaş, gravida, parite, kilo, menopoz hali ve düzenli egzersiz yapmama durumları açısından Menopoz Semptomları Değerlendirme Ölçeği (MSDÖ) kullanılarak karşılaştırıldı.
Bulgular: Kadınların 23’ ünün premenopozal, 80’ inin ise menopozal dönemde oldukları saptandı. Menopoz hali (p=0.002), düzenli egzersiz yapmama durumu (p<0.001), uyku sorunları (p=0.002), sıcak basması (p<0,001), endişe (p<0,001) ve eklem-kas rahatsızlığı (p=0,002) şikayetleri COVID-19 hastalığı geçiren grupta, COVID-19 hastalığı geçirmeyen gruba göre belirgin olarak daha yüksek oranda saptandı. Menopozda olup COVID-19 geçirenlerde egzersiz yapmama durumu (p=0.004), sıcak basması (p<0,001), endişe (p<0,001) ve uyku sorunları (p<0,001) şikayetleri daha yüksek oranda görüldü.
Sonuç: Pandemide kısıtlamaya bağlı olduğu düşünülen düzenli egzersiz yapmama durumunun menopoz semptomlarını arttırdığı görüldü. Özellikle de sıcak basması, endişe ve uyku sorunları şikayetlerinin menopozda olan ve COVID-19 geçirenlerde önemli birer şikayet oldukları saptandı. Bu nedenle perimenopozal dönemdeki kadınların menopoz şikayetleri dikkatle dinlenmeli ve bunların geçirilmiş COVID-19 hastalığına bağlı olabileceği göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır.

References

  • 1. Mishra G, Kuh D. Perceived Change in Quality of Life During the Menopause. Social Science & Medicine 2006;62:93-102.
  • 2. Gezer A. Menopoz ve Osteoporoz, Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum Bilgisi Kitabı, Güneş Kitabevi, Ofset Matbaacılık, Ankara, 2004;1163-5.
  • 3. Sherman S. Defining the Menopausal Transition. The American Journal of Medicine 2005;11:8(12):3-7.
  • 4. Özcan H, Oskay Ü. Menopoz döneminde semptom yönetiminde kanıta dayalı uygulamalar. Göztepe Tıp Dergisi 2013;28(4):157-63.
  • 5. Gharaibeh M, Al-Obeisat S, Hattab J. Severity of menopausal symptoms of Jordanian women. 2010;13(4):385-94.
  • 6. Atasü T. Menapoz Tedavisi ve Kanser, Nobel Kitapevi, Tayf Matbaacılık, İstanbul, 2001.
  • 7. Shea JL. Chinese Women’s Symptoms: Relation to Menopause, Age and Related Attitudes. Climacteric 2006;9:30-9.
  • 8. Woods NF, Mitchell ES ve ark. Symptoms During the Perimenopause: Prevalence, Severity, Trajectory, and Signifiance in Women’s Lives. The American Journal of Medicine 2005;118(12):14-24.
  • 9. Öge A. Yaşlanmayla Oluşan Endokrin Değişiklikler Tedavi Yaklaşımları. Türk Geriatri Dergisi 2004;7(2):117-21.
  • 10. WHO. (2020) World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) technical guidance: Surveillance and case definitions. Geneva, WHO, World Health Organization.
  • 11. Scully EP, Haverfield J, Ursin RL, Tannenbaum C, Klein SL. Considering how biological sex impacts immune responses and COVID-19 outcomes. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20(7):442–7.
  • 12. Tian J, Yuan X, Xiao J, Zhong Q, Yang C, Liu B, et al. Clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with COVID-19 disease severity in patients with cancer in Wuhan, China: a multicentre, retrospective, cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(7):893–903.
  • 13. Mishra N, Sharma R, Mishra P, Singh M, Seth S, et al. COVID 19 and Menstrual Status: Is Menopause an Independent RiskFactor for SARS Cov-2? Journal of Mid-life Health 2020;11(4):240-9.
  • 14. Kang SJ, Jung SI. Age-related morbidity and mortality among patients with COVID-19. Infect Chemother. 2020;52(2):154–64.
  • 15. Honour JW. Biochemistry of the menopause. Ann Clin Biochem. 2018;55(1):18–33.
  • 16. Beagley KW, Gockel CM. Regulation of innate and adaptive immunity by the female sex hormones oestradiol and progesterone. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2003;38(1):13–22.
  • 17. Ortona E, Pierdominici M, Rider V. Editorial: Sex hormones and genderdifferences in immune responses. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1076.
  • 18. Wang XW, Hu H, Xu ZY, Zhang GK, Yu QH, Yang HL. Association of menopausal status withCOVID-19 outcomes: a propensity scorematching analysis. Biology of Sex Differences (2021) 12:16.1-8.
  • 19. Haitham Hamoda H1 and Sara Moger S. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic onthe delivery of menopause educationand training. Post Reproductive Health 27(1).3-4.
  • 20. Fredman RR. Hot Flashes: Behavioral Treatments, Mechanisms and Relation to Sleep. The American Journal ofMedicine 2005;118(12):1245-305.
  • 21. Elavsky S, McAuley E. Physical Activity, Symptoms, Esteem, and Life Satisfaction During Menopause. Maturitas2005;52:374-85.
  • 22. Skrzypulec V, Dąbrowska J, Drosdzol A. The influence ofphysical activity level on climacteric symptoms in menopausal women. Climacteric 2010;13(4):355-61.
  • 23. Cheng MH, Hsu CY, Wang SJW, Lee SJ, Wang PH andFuh JL. The relationship of self-reported sleep disturbance, mood, and menopause in a community study. Menopause 2008;15(5).
  • 24. Chung KF, Tang M. Subjective sleep disturbance and itscorrelates in middle-aged Hong Kong Chinese women. Maturitas 2006;53:396-404.
  • 25. Lai JN, Chen CM, Chen PC, Wang JD. Quality of lifeand climacteric complaints amongst women seeking medical advice in Taiwan: Assessment using the questionnaire. Climacteric 2006;9:119-28.
  • 26. Kabeloğlu V, Gül G. COVID-19 Salgını Sırasında Uyku Kalitesi ve İlişkili Sosyalve Psikolojik Faktörlerin Araştırılması. Journal of Turkish Sleep Medicine 2021;2:97-104.
  • 27. Wines N, Wilsteed E. Menopause ve Skin. AustralasianJournal of Dermatology 2001;42:149-60.
  • 28. Woods NF, Mitchell ES. Symptoms During the Perimenopause: Prevalence, Severity, Trajectory, and Signifiance in Women’s Lives. The American Journal of Medicine2005;118(12):14-24.
  • 29. Arıkan İİ. Postmenapozal Hastalarda Vücut Kitle İndeksive Hormon Profilinin Endometriyal Kalınlığa Etkisi, Uzmanlık Tezi, İstanbul Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi. İstanbul, 2005.
  • 30. Özgür N. Klimakterium Dönemideki Kadınların Yaşadıkları Menopoz Semptomları ve Başa Çıkma Yolları. Marmara Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek LisansTezi, 2007.
  • 31. Riesco E, Choquette S, Audet M, Tessier D, DionneIJ. Effect of exercise combined with phytoestrogens onquality of life in postmenopausal women. Climacteric 2011;14(5):573-80.
  • 32. Erdoğdu Y, Koçoğlu F, Sevim C. An investigation of the psychosocial and demographic determinants of anxiety and hopelessness during COVID-19 pandemic. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi 2020;23 (Ek 1): 24-37.
  • 33. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17:1729.
  • 34. Zhang, X., Cai, H., Hu, J., Lian, J., Gu, J., Zhang, S., et al. (2020). Epidemiological, clinical characteristics of cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection with abnormal imaging findings. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 94, 81-7.
  • 35. Öztürk, O, Özer Kaya D. COVID-19’un Kas İskelet Sistemine Etkisi. İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 2020;5(2):179-82.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Bugra Sahin 0000-0003-0429-3085

Gizem Cura Şahin 0000-0001-5696-4683

Banuhan Şahin 0000-0002-8711-1584

Publication Date April 1, 2022
Submission Date September 13, 2021
Acceptance Date November 4, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 15 Issue: 2

Cite

AMA Sahin B, Cura Şahin G, Şahin B. The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on perimenopausal symptoms. Pam Med J. April 2022;15(2):367-374. doi:10.31362/patd.994921

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