AN EVALUATION ON THE LAWNS ALONGSIDE ROADS IN TERMS OF EFFECTIVE NATURE CONSERVATION IN CITIES

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 51 - 60, 31.12.2020

Simay Kırca , Şeyma Sevinç

Abstract

Green areas alongside roads, which are an important component of the urban green system, are potential areas that may function as ecological corridors and stepping-stones while providing various ecosystem services. Particularly in the last decade, these areas have begun to be designed mainly as lawns for the sake of their clean and aesthetic looks. However, the importance of nature conservation in roadsides became a current issue, since lawns provide habitats away from naturalness and rather poor in terms of biodiversity in addition to their negative environmental and economic effects such as excessive water consumption, use of chemical pesticides and high maintenance costs. In this study, we mainly aimed to assess lawns in terms of nature conservation. The study area is the green areas on the roadsides of Istanbul TEM Highway. The plantings in these areas, the change in recent years, the amount of lawn area covered, the amount of water used in irrigation, and maintenance operations are the subjects of the study. A total of five roadside green areas were identified, two of which are without any particular planting design close to the eastern and western borders of the city and three of which are with spectacular planting arrangements close to the settlements. The study results show that the areas preserving their natural structure are gradually decreasing, and the plantings using lawn as ground cover are rapidly becoming widespread. As a result, it was suggested to form a vegetation cover on roadsides by plant communities composed of natural trees, shrubs and herbaceous species adapted to local conditions, thus ensuring a mosaic structure that will provide habitat diversity.

Keywords

Roadside vegetation,, nature conservation,, lawns,, plant communities,, habitat provision

KENTLERDE ETKİN DOĞA KORUMA İÇİN YOL KENARLARINDAKİ ÇİM ALANLAR ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Abstract

Kent içi yeşil alan sisteminin önemli bir bileşeni olan yol kenarlarındaki yeşil alanlar, ekolojik koridor ve adım taşı özelliği gösterebilecek ve çok çeşitli ekosistem hizmetleri sunabilecek potansiyel alanlardandır. Özellikle son yıllarda ülkemizde ve dünyanın birçok bölgesinde bu alanlar temiz ve estetik görünmeleri için ağırlıklı çim alan olarak düzenlenmeye başlamıştır. Ancak çim alanların fazla miktarda su tüketimi, kimyasal ilaç kullanımı ve yüksek bakım giderleri gibi olumsuz çevresel ve ekonomik etkilerinin yanı sıra doğallıktan uzak ve biyolojik çeşitlilik açısından oldukça fakir yaşam alanları sunmaları, yol kenarlarının düzenlenmesinde doğa korumanın önemini gündeme getirmiştir. Bu çalışmada temel olarak çim alanların doğa koruma açısından değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma alanı olarak seçilen TEM Otoyolu olarak da bilinen İstanbul O-2 ve E80 Otoyolu kenarındaki yeşil alanlarda benimsenen ağırlıklı bitkilendirme anlayışı ve son yıllarda görülen değişim, çim alanların bu düzenlemelerde kapladığı alansal büyüklük, sulamada kullanılan yaklaşık su miktarı ve bakım işlemleri araştırmanın konusu olmuştur. Çalışmada, şehrin batı ve doğu sınırına yakın kesimlerde herhangi bir düzenleme yapılmadan kendi haline bırakılan iki tip, yerleşimlere yakın kesimlerde ise gösterişli bitkisel düzenlemenin yapıldığı üç tip olmak üzere toplamda 5 adet yol kenarı yeşil alan tipi belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonuçları nispeten doğal yapısını korumuş alanların gittikçe azaldığını, yer örtücü olarak çimin kullanıldığı düzenlemelerin hızla yaygınlaştığını ortaya koymuştur. Sonuç olarak, çim alan yerine yol kenarlarındaki vejetasyon yapısının doğal ağaç, çalı ve yer örtücü türlerin lokal koşullara uyumlu topluluklar oluşturacak şekilde oluşturulması ve böylece yaşam alanı çeşitliliği sunan mozaik bir yapının sağlanması önerilmektedir.

Keywords

Yol kenarı vejetasyonu, doğa koruma, çim alanlar, bitki toplumları, yaşam alanı sunma

References

• Açıkgöz E (1994). Çim Alanlar Yapım ve Bakım Tekniği. Çevre Peyzaj Mimarlığı Yayınları, Bursa.
• Allaire SE, Dufour-L’Arrivée C, Lafond JA, Lalancette R ve Brodeur J (2008). Carbon dioxide emissions by urban turfgrass areas. Canadian Journal of Soil Science. NRC Research Press 88(4): 529–532.
• Aronson MF, Lepczyk CA, Evans KL, Goddard MA, Lerman SB, MacIvor JS, Nilon CH ve Vargo T (2017). Biodiversity in the city: key challenges for urban green space management. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 15(4): 189–196.
• Atalay İ (2006). Toprak Oluşumu Sınıflandırılması ve Coğrafyası.
• Beard JB, Beard HJ ve Beard JC (2014). Turfgrass History and Literature: Lawns, Sports, and Golf. Michigan State University Press.
• Beard JB ve Green RL (1994). The Role of Turfgrasses in Environmental Protection and Their Benefits to Humans. Journal of Environmental Quality 23(3): 452–460.
• Bennett AF (1991). Roads, roadsides and wildlife conservation: a review (Surrey Beatty.). In: Saunders DA ve Hobbs RJ (Eds) Nature conservation 2: the role of corridors, 99–117.
• Bentrup G (2008). Conservation buffers: design guidelines for buffers, corridors, and greenways. Gen. Tech. Rep. Asheville, NC: Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 110.
• Bernard CE, Nuygen H, Truong D ve Krieger RI (2001). Environmental Residues and Biomonitoring Estimates of Human Insecticide Exposure from Treated Residential Turf. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 41(2): 237–240.
• Byrne L (2005). Of Looks, Laws and Lawns: How Human Aesthetic Preferences Influence Landscape Management, Public Policies and Urban Ecosystems. In D. Laband, ed., Emerging Issues Along Urban-Rural Interfaces: Linking Science and Society, Auburn University, Auburn, GA, pp. 42-46.
• Byrne LB ve Bruns MV (2004). The effects of lawn management on soil microarthropods. Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology. South Carolina Entomological Society 21(3): 150–156. Carrow RN, Shearman RC ve Watson JR (1990). Turfgrass. Agronomy (USA) 889–919.
• Carson R (2002). Silent Spring (Anniversary Edition). Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
• Clark JM ve Kenna MP (2010). Chapter 47 - Lawn and Turf: Management and Environmental Issues of Turfgrass Pesticides. In: Krieger R (Eds) Hayes’ Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology (Third Edition). Academic Press, New York, s.1047–1076.
• Çakıroğlu G (2011). Peyzaj Tasariminda Su Tasarrufuna Yönelik Güncel Uygulamaların İrdelenmesi: İstanbul Örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul. Çınar H ve Altınçekiç H (1999). Karayolları peyzaj düzenleme çalışmalarında bitkilendirme esasları. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 49(1): 99–104.
• Çınar H ve Kırca S (2010) Türk Kültüründe Bahçeyi Algılamak. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 60(2): 59–68.
• Diboll N (2004). Creating Prairie Meadow Ecosystems as the New American Lawn. Acta Horticulturae 643: 57–70.
• Eroğlu S (2010). İstanbul Metropolü Dahilindeki Çevre Yollarının Bitkisel Tasarım Açısından İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• Fish M (2005). Lawns (Collins Practical Gardener).Harper Collins Publishers.
• Gurney KR, Romero-Lankao P, Seto KC, Hutyra LR, Duren R, Kennedy C, Grimm NB, Ehleringer JR, Marcotullio P, Hughes S, Pincetl S, Chester MV, Runfola DM, Feddema JJ ve Sperling J (2015). Climate change: Track urban emissions on a human scale. Nature News 525(7568): 179.
• Haaland C ve van den Bosch CK (2015). Challenges and strategies for urban green-space planning in cities undergoing densification: A review. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 14(4): 760–771.
• Harari YN (2016). Homo Deus. Kollektif Kitap, İstanbul.
• Hayhoe K, Edmonds J, Kopp RE, LeGrande AN, Sanderson BM, Wehner MF ve Wuebbles DJ (2017). Climate models, scenarios, and projections. In: Wuebbles DJ, Fahey DW, Hibbard KA, Dokken DJ, Stewart BC, Maycock TK (Eds) Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, 133–160.
• Hobhouse P (2002). The Story of Gardening. DK Books. Hogue TS ve Pincetl S (2015). Are you watering your lawn? Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science 348(6241): 1319–1320.
• Hostetler M. E. ve Main MB (2010). Native Landscaping vs. Exotic Landscaping: What Should We Recommend? Journal of Extension 48(5):1-6.
• Hostetler M ve Escobedo F (2019). What Types of Urban Greenspace are Better for Carbon Dioxide Sequestration? Wildlife Ecology and Conservation. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/uw324 (Erişim tarihi 30 Temmuz 2020).
• Hunter M (2011). Using Ecological Theory to Guide Urban Planting Design An adaptation strategy for climate change. Landscape Journal. University of Wisconsin Press 30(2): 173–193.
• Ignatieva M ve Ahrné K (2013). Biodiverse green infrastructure for the 21st century: from “green desert” of lawns to biophilic cities. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism. Routledge 37(1): 1–9.
• Ignatieva M ve Hedblom M (2018). An alternative urban green carpet. How can we move to sustainable lawns in a time of climate change? Science 362(6411): 148–149. IMP (2016). İstanbul İl Bütünü Çevre Düzeni Planı Raporu. İstanbul Metropolitan Planlama.
• Johnston MR, Balster NJ ve Zhu J (2016). Impact of Residential Prairie Gardens on the Physical Properties of Urban Soil in Madison, Wisconsin. Journal of Environmental Quality 45(1): 45–52.
• Khachatryan H, Suh DH, Zhou G ve Dukes M (2017). Sustainable Urban Landscaping: Consumer Preferences and Willingness to Pay for Turfgrass Fertilizers. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d’agroeconomie 65(3): 385–407.
• Kong L, Shi Z ve Chu LM (2014). Carbon emission and sequestration of urban turfgrass systems in Hong Kong. Science of The Total Environment 473–474: 132–138. Leeuwen K ve Sjerps R (2016). Istanbul: the challenges of integrated water resources management in Europa’s megacity. Environment, Development and Sustainability 18(1): 1–17.
• Lerman SB ve Contosta AR (2019). Lawn mowing frequency and its effects on biogenic and anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. Landscape and Urban Planning 182: 114–123.
• Meteoblue (2020). Iklim İstanbul. Meteoblue. https://www.meteoblue.com/tr/hava/historyclimate/climatem odelled/%c4%b0stanbul_t%c3%bcrkiye_745044 (Erişim tarihi: 22 Mayıs 2020).
• Nassauer JI (1988). The Aesthetics of Horticulture: Neatness as a Form of Care. HortScience 23(6): 973–977.
• Nassauer JI (1995). Messy Ecosystems, Orderly Frames. Landscape Journal. University of Wisconsin Press 14(2): 161– 170.
• Öktem UA ve Aksoy A (2014). Türkiye’nin Su Riskleri Raporu. İstanbul: WWF-Türkiye.
• Özşafak C ve Öner F (2011). Çim Alan Tesisi ve Bakımı.İBB Park Bahçe Yeşil Alanlar D. Bşk. Öztekı̇n B ve Var M (2006). Trabzon koşullarında bazı çim tohumu karışımları ve taşıyıcı tabakların, çimlenme hızına etkisinin belirlenmesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi 56(2): 235–251.
• Plantlife (2016). The good verge guide-A different approach to managing our waysides and verges.
• Polycarpou L (2010). The Problem of Lawns. State of the Planet. https://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2010/06/04/the- problem-of-lawns/ (Erişim tarihi: 29 Mayıs 2020).
• Rainer T ve West C (2015) Planting in a Post-Wild World: Designing Plant Communities for Resilient Landscapes. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.
• Riley S, Brown J, Sikich JA, Schoonmaker CM ve Boydston E (2014). Wildlife Friendly Roads: The Impacts of Roads on Wildlife in Urban Areas and Potential Remedies. . Robbins P (2012). Lawn People: How Grasses, Weeds, and Chemicals Make Us Who We Are. Temple University Press.
• Robbins P, Polderman A ve Birkenholtz T (2001). Lawns and Toxins: An Ecology of the City. Cities 18(6): 369– 380.
• Robbins P ve Sharp J (2003). The Lawn-Chemical Economy and Its Discontents. Antipode 35(5): 955–979.
• Runfola DM, Polsky C, Nicolson C, Giner NM, Pontius RG, Krahe J ve Decatur A (2013). A growing concern? Examining the influence of lawn size on residential water use in suburban Boston, MA, USA. Landscape and Urban Planning 119: 113–123.
• Säumel I, Weber F ve Kowarik I (2016). Toward livable and healthy urban streets: Roadside vegetation provides ecosystem services where people live and move. Environmental Science & Policy 62: 24–33.
• Söğüt Z (2005). Kentiçi Yeşil Yollar Ve Adana Örneği. Akdeniz Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 18(1): 113–124.
• Solecki W ve Marcotullio PJ (2013). Climate Change and Urban Biodiversity Vulnerability. In: Elmqvist T, Fragkias M, Goodness J, Güneralp B, Marcotullio PJ, McDonald RI, Parnell S, Schewenius M, Sendstad M, Seto KC, Wilkinson C (Eds) Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities: A Global Assessment. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 485–504.
• Steinberg T (2006). American Green: The Obsessive Quest for the Perfect Lawn. W.W. Norton.
• Strohbach MW, Arnold E ve Haase D (2012) The carbon footprint of urban green space—A life cycle approach. Landscape and Urban Planning 104(2): 220–229.
• Sushinsky JR, Rhodes JR, Possingham HP, Gill TK ve Fuller RA (2013) How should we grow cities to minimize their biodiversity impacts? Global Change Biology 19(2): 401–410. Townsend‐Small A ve Czimczik CI (2010). Carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions in urban turf. Geophysical Research Letters 37(2):1-5.
• TRCA (2018). The Meadoway: Creating an Active Greenspace Connection between Downtown Toronto and Rouge National Urban Park. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA). https://trca.ca/news/meadoway-greenspace-connection- downtown-toronto-rouge-park/ (Erişim tarihi: 19 Mayıs 2020).
• Uluocak N (1994). Yer Örtücü Bitkiler-Ders Kitabı. İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
• Ürgenç S (1998). Genel Plantasyon ve Ağaçlandırma Tekniği. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi, İstanbul.
• Vickers A (2006). New Directions in Lawn and Landscape Water Conservation. Journal AWWA 98(2): 56– 156.
• Whitney K (2010). Living Lawns, Dying Waters: The Suburban Boom, Nitrogenous Fertilizers, and the Nonpoint Source Pollution Dilemma. Technology and Culture. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Society for the History of Technology 51(3): 652–674.
• Yılmaz E ve Çiçek İ (2016). Thornthwaite climate classification of Turkey. Türkiye Thornthwaite iklim sınıflandırması. Journal of Human Sciences 13(3): 3973–3994.
• Yüksel N (2013). Çim Alanların Faydaları.http://www.avrupaparkbahceler.com/makale.php?no=6 (Erişim tarihi: 16 Mayıs 2020).