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The Role of Resilience and Gender in the Relationship between Adults’ Childhood Traumatic Experiences and Psychological Symptoms

Year 2018, Volume: 44 Issue: 44, 114 - 131, 01.07.2018

Abstract

In this study, the mediator role of resilience and gender in the relationship between
adults’ childhood period traumatic experiences and psychological symptoms is
examined. Participants of the research consist of 276 adults. Data was
collected using Short Symptom Inventory, Traumatic Childhood Experiences Scale
and Adult Resilience Scale. Confirmatory factor analysis was applied, and then
path analysis and mediator test were applied. In the research, while it was
determined that adults’ childhood traumatic experiences had positively
significant level of effect on their psychological symptoms, and childhood
traumatic experiences negative effect on resilience, and resilience had mediator
role in the relationship between childhood traumatic experiences and
psychological symptoms. It is considered that these obtained results will guide
future studies towards determination of factors effective on adults’
psychological symptoms, preventing childhood traumatic experiences and
increasing resilience.

References

  • Allen, B. (2008). An analysis of the impact of diverse forms of childhood psychological maltreatment on emotional adjustment in early adulthood. Child Maltreat. 13, 307-312.
  • Bayram, N. (2010). Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesine Giriş. Ezgi Kitabevi. Bursa.
  • Bifulco, A., Moran, P.M., Baines, R., Bunn, A. & Stanford, K. (2002). Exploring psychological abuse in childhood: II. Association with other abuse and adult clinical depression. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 66, 241-258. Cicchetti, D. (2010). Aşırı stres altında dayanıklılık: çok katmanlı bir bakış açısı. World Psychiatry. 9, 145-154.
  • Collishaw, S., Pickles, A., Messer, J., Rutter, M., Shearer, C. & Maughan, B. (2007). Resilience to adult psychopathology following childhood maltreatment: Evidence from a community sample. Child Abuse & Neglect. 31(3), 211-229.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Çok Değişkenli İstatistik. Pegem Yayınları. Ankara.
  • DiGangi, J.A., Gomez, D., Mendoza, L., Jason, L.A., Keys, C.B. & Koenen, K.C. (2013). Pretrauma risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Psychol Rev. 33(6), 728-744.
  • DuMont, K.A., Widom, C.S., & Czaja, S.J. (2007). Predictors of resilience in abused and neglected children grown-up: The role of individual and neighborhood characteristics. Child Abuse & Neglect. 31(3), 255-274.
  • Erdur Baker, Ö. (2014). Afetler, travmalar, krizler ve travmatik stress tepkileri. Kriz danışmanlığı. (Editör: Erdur-Baker, Ö. ve Doğan, T.). Ankara: PEGEM.
  • Friis, R.H., Wittchen, H.U., Pfister, H. & Lieb, R. (2002). Life events and changes in the course of depression in young adults. European Psychiatry. 17(5), 241-253.
  • Grilon, C.M. & Masheb, R.M. (2001). Childhood Psychological, Physical, and Sexual Maltreatment in Outpatients with Binge Eating Disorder: Frequency and Associations with Gender, Obesity, and Eating-Related Psychopathology. Obesıty Research. 9: 320-325.
  • Grote, N.K., Spieker, S.J., Lohr, M.J., Geibel, S.L., Swartz, H.A., Frank, E., Houck, P.R. & Katon, W. (2012). Impact of childhood trauma on the outcomes of a perinatal depression trial. Depression and Anxiety. 29, 563-573.
  • Gustafson, T. & Sarwer, D. (2004). Childhood sexual abuse and obesity. Obesity Reviews. 5:129-135.
  • Güleç, M.Y., Altıntaş, M., İnanç, L., Bezgin, C.H., Koca, E.K. & Güleç, H. (2012). Effects of childhood trauma on somatization in major depressive disorder: The role of alexithymia. J Affect Disord. 146, 137-41.
  • Henderson, N. & Milstein, M.M. (1996). Resiliency in schools: Making it happen for students and educators. Thousand Oaks, California: Corwin Pres.
  • Joslyn, H. & Shivakumara K. (2015). Self-esteem and psychological distress among sexually abused and sexually non-abused adolescents. International Journal of Science and Research. 4 (6), 3105-3108.
  • Kaysen, D., Scher, C.D., Mastnak, J. & Resick, P. (2005). Cognitive mediation of childhood maltreatment and adult depression in recent crime victims. Behavior Therapy. 36(3), 235-244
  • Kurt, T. (2013). Ebeveynleri Boşanmış Ergenlerin Yılmazlık, Benlik Saygısı, Başa Çıkma Ve Psikolojik Belirtiler Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi: Yılmazlığın Aracı Rolü. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Ankara.
  • Liu, R.T., Jager-Hyman, S., Wagner, C.A., Alloy, L.B. & Gibb, B.E. (2012). Number of childhood abuse perpetrators and the occurrence of depressive episodes in adulthood. Child Abuse & Neglect. 36, 323– 332.
  • Mak, W.W.S., Ng, I.S.W. & Wong, C.C.Y. (2011). Resilience: Enhancing wellbeing through the positive cognitive triad. Journal of counseling Psychology. 58(4), 610-617.
  • Masten, A.S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psycholo. 56(3), 227-238.
  • Meydan, C.H. & Şeşen, H. (2011). Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi AMOS Uygulamaları. Detay Yayıncılık. Ankara.
  • Middeldorp, C.M., Cath, D.C., Van, D.R., & Boomsma, D.I. (2005). The co-morbidity of anxiety and depression in the perspective of genetic epidemiology: A review of twin and family studies. Psychological Med. 35, 611-624.
  • Mullen, P.E., Martin, J.L., Anderson, J.C., Romans, S.E. & Herbison, G.P. (1996).The long-term impact of the physical, emotional, and sexual abuse of children: a community study. Child Abuse Neglect. 20(1):7-21.
  • Nijenhuis, E.R.S., Van der Hart, O. & Kruger, K. (2002). The Psychometric Characteristics of the Traumatic Experiences Questionnaire (TEC): first findings among psychiatric outpatients. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy. 9: 200-210.
  • Onat, G., Dinç, H., Günaydın, S. & Uğurlu, F. (2016). Examination of the Effects of Childhood Experience of Neglect or Abuse and Self-Esteem. HSP. 3(1): 9-15.
  • Roothman, B., Kirsten, D. & Wissing, M. (2003). Gender differences in aspects of psychological well-being. South African Journal of Psychology. 33(4), 212-218
  • Rutter, M. (2006). Implications of resilience concepts for scientific understanding. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1094, 1-12. USA: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Saveanu, R.V. & Nemeroff, C.B. (2012). Etiology of depression: Genetics and environmental factors. Psychiatr Clin N Am. 35, 51-71.
  • Savi-Çakar, F., Karataş, Z. & Çakır, M.A. (2014). An adaptation the resilience in midlife scale to Turkish adults. The Journal Of Education Faculty Mehmet Akif Ersoy University. 32, 22-39.
  • Spertus, I.L., Yehuda, R., Wong, C.M., Halligan, S. & Seremetis, S.V. (2003). Childhood emotional abuse and neglect as predictors of psychological and physical symptoms in women presenting to a primary care practice. Child Abuse & Neglect. 27, 1247-1258.
  • Springer, K.W., Sheridan, J., Kuo, D. & Carnes, M. (2007). Long-term physical and mental health consequences of childhood physical abuse: Results from a large population-based sample of men and women. Child Abuse & Neglect. 31, 517-530.
  • Steinhardt, M. & Dolbier, C. (2008). Evaluation of a resilience intervention to enhance coping strategiesand protective factors and decrease symptomatology. Journal of American College Health. 56(4), 445-453.
  • Şahin, N.H. & Durak, A. (1994). Kısa Semptom Envanteri: Türk gençleri için uyarlanması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi. 9(31): 44-56
  • Şahin, N.H., Durak Batıgün, A. & Uğurtaş, S. (2002). Kısa Semptom Envanteri (KSE): Ergenler İçin Kullanımının Geçerlik, Güvenilirlik ve Faktör Yapısı. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 13(2):125-135.
  • Şar, V. (2000). Travmatik Yaşantılar Ölçeği (TEQ)-Türkçe Versiyonu. Erişim Tarihi:15.02.2018 http://www.vedatsar.com/psikiyatrik-olcekler/
  • Şar, V., Akyüz, G., Kundakçi, T., Kiziltan, E. & Dogan, O. (2004). Childhood trauma, dissociation and psychiatric comorbidity in patients with conversion disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 161(12):2271-2276.
  • Şenkal, İ. (2013). Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları Ve Bağlanma Biçiminin Depresyon Ve Kaygı Belirtileri İle İlişkisinde Aleksitiminin Aracı Rolünün İncelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Ankara.
  • Tezcan, B. (2009). Obez Bireylerde Benlik Saygısı, Beden Algısı Ve Travmatik Geçmiş Yaşantılar. Umanlık Tezi. Bakırköy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Ruh Sağlığı ve Sinir Hastalıkları Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi. İstanbul.
  • Yargıç, L.İ., Tutkun, H. & Şar, V. (1994). Childhood traumatic experiences and dissociative symptoms in adulthood. 3P Psikiyatri Psikofarmakoloji Psikoloji Dergisi. 2(4):338-47.
  • Werner, E.E. (2004). Journeys from childhood to mildlife: risk, resilience, and recovery. Pediatrics. 114 (2).
  • Whiffen, V.E. & MacIntosh, H.B. (2005). Mediators of the link between childhood sexual abuse and emotional distress: A critical review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 6 (1): 24-39.
  • Wright, M. O., Crawford, E. & Castillo, D. (2009). Childhood emotional maltreatment and later psychological distress among college students: The mediating role of maladaptive schemas. Child Abuse & Neglect. 33: 59-68.

Yetişkinlerin Çocukluk Çağı Travmatik Yaşantıları ile Psikolojik Belirtileri Arasındaki İlişkide Yılmazlığın ve Cinsiyetin Rolü

Year 2018, Volume: 44 Issue: 44, 114 - 131, 01.07.2018

Abstract

Bu çalışmada yetişkinlerin çocukluk çağı travmatik yaşantıları ile psikolojik belirtileri arasındaki ilişkide yılmazlığın ve cinsiyetin aracı rolü incelenmektedir. Katılımcılar 276 yetişkinden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmanın verileri Kısa Semptom Envanteri, Çocukluk Travmatik Yaşantıları Ölçeği ve Yetişkin Yılmazlık Ölçeği ile elde edilmiştir. Araştırmanın veri analizinde, doğrulayıcı faktör analizi, hipotez testi için yol analizi ve aracılık testi uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada, yetişkinlerin çocukluk travmatik yaşantılarının psikolojik belirtileri üzerinde pozitif yönlü anlamlı düzeyde etkisi olduğu tespit edilirken, çocukluk travmatik yaşantılarının yılmazlık üzerinde negatif yönde anlamlı düzeyde etkisi olduğu, çocukluk travmatik yaşantıları ile psikolojik belirtiler arasındaki ilişkide yılmazlığın aracı rolü belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen bu sonuçların yetişkinlerin psikolojik belirtileri üzerinde etkili olan faktörlerin belirlenmesi, çocukluk travmatik yaşantılarının önlenmesi ve yılmazlığın artırılmasına yönelik çalışmalara yol gösterebileceği düşünülmektedir.

References

  • Allen, B. (2008). An analysis of the impact of diverse forms of childhood psychological maltreatment on emotional adjustment in early adulthood. Child Maltreat. 13, 307-312.
  • Bayram, N. (2010). Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesine Giriş. Ezgi Kitabevi. Bursa.
  • Bifulco, A., Moran, P.M., Baines, R., Bunn, A. & Stanford, K. (2002). Exploring psychological abuse in childhood: II. Association with other abuse and adult clinical depression. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 66, 241-258. Cicchetti, D. (2010). Aşırı stres altında dayanıklılık: çok katmanlı bir bakış açısı. World Psychiatry. 9, 145-154.
  • Collishaw, S., Pickles, A., Messer, J., Rutter, M., Shearer, C. & Maughan, B. (2007). Resilience to adult psychopathology following childhood maltreatment: Evidence from a community sample. Child Abuse & Neglect. 31(3), 211-229.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Çok Değişkenli İstatistik. Pegem Yayınları. Ankara.
  • DiGangi, J.A., Gomez, D., Mendoza, L., Jason, L.A., Keys, C.B. & Koenen, K.C. (2013). Pretrauma risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Psychol Rev. 33(6), 728-744.
  • DuMont, K.A., Widom, C.S., & Czaja, S.J. (2007). Predictors of resilience in abused and neglected children grown-up: The role of individual and neighborhood characteristics. Child Abuse & Neglect. 31(3), 255-274.
  • Erdur Baker, Ö. (2014). Afetler, travmalar, krizler ve travmatik stress tepkileri. Kriz danışmanlığı. (Editör: Erdur-Baker, Ö. ve Doğan, T.). Ankara: PEGEM.
  • Friis, R.H., Wittchen, H.U., Pfister, H. & Lieb, R. (2002). Life events and changes in the course of depression in young adults. European Psychiatry. 17(5), 241-253.
  • Grilon, C.M. & Masheb, R.M. (2001). Childhood Psychological, Physical, and Sexual Maltreatment in Outpatients with Binge Eating Disorder: Frequency and Associations with Gender, Obesity, and Eating-Related Psychopathology. Obesıty Research. 9: 320-325.
  • Grote, N.K., Spieker, S.J., Lohr, M.J., Geibel, S.L., Swartz, H.A., Frank, E., Houck, P.R. & Katon, W. (2012). Impact of childhood trauma on the outcomes of a perinatal depression trial. Depression and Anxiety. 29, 563-573.
  • Gustafson, T. & Sarwer, D. (2004). Childhood sexual abuse and obesity. Obesity Reviews. 5:129-135.
  • Güleç, M.Y., Altıntaş, M., İnanç, L., Bezgin, C.H., Koca, E.K. & Güleç, H. (2012). Effects of childhood trauma on somatization in major depressive disorder: The role of alexithymia. J Affect Disord. 146, 137-41.
  • Henderson, N. & Milstein, M.M. (1996). Resiliency in schools: Making it happen for students and educators. Thousand Oaks, California: Corwin Pres.
  • Joslyn, H. & Shivakumara K. (2015). Self-esteem and psychological distress among sexually abused and sexually non-abused adolescents. International Journal of Science and Research. 4 (6), 3105-3108.
  • Kaysen, D., Scher, C.D., Mastnak, J. & Resick, P. (2005). Cognitive mediation of childhood maltreatment and adult depression in recent crime victims. Behavior Therapy. 36(3), 235-244
  • Kurt, T. (2013). Ebeveynleri Boşanmış Ergenlerin Yılmazlık, Benlik Saygısı, Başa Çıkma Ve Psikolojik Belirtiler Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi: Yılmazlığın Aracı Rolü. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Ankara.
  • Liu, R.T., Jager-Hyman, S., Wagner, C.A., Alloy, L.B. & Gibb, B.E. (2012). Number of childhood abuse perpetrators and the occurrence of depressive episodes in adulthood. Child Abuse & Neglect. 36, 323– 332.
  • Mak, W.W.S., Ng, I.S.W. & Wong, C.C.Y. (2011). Resilience: Enhancing wellbeing through the positive cognitive triad. Journal of counseling Psychology. 58(4), 610-617.
  • Masten, A.S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psycholo. 56(3), 227-238.
  • Meydan, C.H. & Şeşen, H. (2011). Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi AMOS Uygulamaları. Detay Yayıncılık. Ankara.
  • Middeldorp, C.M., Cath, D.C., Van, D.R., & Boomsma, D.I. (2005). The co-morbidity of anxiety and depression in the perspective of genetic epidemiology: A review of twin and family studies. Psychological Med. 35, 611-624.
  • Mullen, P.E., Martin, J.L., Anderson, J.C., Romans, S.E. & Herbison, G.P. (1996).The long-term impact of the physical, emotional, and sexual abuse of children: a community study. Child Abuse Neglect. 20(1):7-21.
  • Nijenhuis, E.R.S., Van der Hart, O. & Kruger, K. (2002). The Psychometric Characteristics of the Traumatic Experiences Questionnaire (TEC): first findings among psychiatric outpatients. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy. 9: 200-210.
  • Onat, G., Dinç, H., Günaydın, S. & Uğurlu, F. (2016). Examination of the Effects of Childhood Experience of Neglect or Abuse and Self-Esteem. HSP. 3(1): 9-15.
  • Roothman, B., Kirsten, D. & Wissing, M. (2003). Gender differences in aspects of psychological well-being. South African Journal of Psychology. 33(4), 212-218
  • Rutter, M. (2006). Implications of resilience concepts for scientific understanding. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1094, 1-12. USA: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Saveanu, R.V. & Nemeroff, C.B. (2012). Etiology of depression: Genetics and environmental factors. Psychiatr Clin N Am. 35, 51-71.
  • Savi-Çakar, F., Karataş, Z. & Çakır, M.A. (2014). An adaptation the resilience in midlife scale to Turkish adults. The Journal Of Education Faculty Mehmet Akif Ersoy University. 32, 22-39.
  • Spertus, I.L., Yehuda, R., Wong, C.M., Halligan, S. & Seremetis, S.V. (2003). Childhood emotional abuse and neglect as predictors of psychological and physical symptoms in women presenting to a primary care practice. Child Abuse & Neglect. 27, 1247-1258.
  • Springer, K.W., Sheridan, J., Kuo, D. & Carnes, M. (2007). Long-term physical and mental health consequences of childhood physical abuse: Results from a large population-based sample of men and women. Child Abuse & Neglect. 31, 517-530.
  • Steinhardt, M. & Dolbier, C. (2008). Evaluation of a resilience intervention to enhance coping strategiesand protective factors and decrease symptomatology. Journal of American College Health. 56(4), 445-453.
  • Şahin, N.H. & Durak, A. (1994). Kısa Semptom Envanteri: Türk gençleri için uyarlanması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi. 9(31): 44-56
  • Şahin, N.H., Durak Batıgün, A. & Uğurtaş, S. (2002). Kısa Semptom Envanteri (KSE): Ergenler İçin Kullanımının Geçerlik, Güvenilirlik ve Faktör Yapısı. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 13(2):125-135.
  • Şar, V. (2000). Travmatik Yaşantılar Ölçeği (TEQ)-Türkçe Versiyonu. Erişim Tarihi:15.02.2018 http://www.vedatsar.com/psikiyatrik-olcekler/
  • Şar, V., Akyüz, G., Kundakçi, T., Kiziltan, E. & Dogan, O. (2004). Childhood trauma, dissociation and psychiatric comorbidity in patients with conversion disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 161(12):2271-2276.
  • Şenkal, İ. (2013). Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları Ve Bağlanma Biçiminin Depresyon Ve Kaygı Belirtileri İle İlişkisinde Aleksitiminin Aracı Rolünün İncelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Ankara.
  • Tezcan, B. (2009). Obez Bireylerde Benlik Saygısı, Beden Algısı Ve Travmatik Geçmiş Yaşantılar. Umanlık Tezi. Bakırköy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Ruh Sağlığı ve Sinir Hastalıkları Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi. İstanbul.
  • Yargıç, L.İ., Tutkun, H. & Şar, V. (1994). Childhood traumatic experiences and dissociative symptoms in adulthood. 3P Psikiyatri Psikofarmakoloji Psikoloji Dergisi. 2(4):338-47.
  • Werner, E.E. (2004). Journeys from childhood to mildlife: risk, resilience, and recovery. Pediatrics. 114 (2).
  • Whiffen, V.E. & MacIntosh, H.B. (2005). Mediators of the link between childhood sexual abuse and emotional distress: A critical review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 6 (1): 24-39.
  • Wright, M. O., Crawford, E. & Castillo, D. (2009). Childhood emotional maltreatment and later psychological distress among college students: The mediating role of maladaptive schemas. Child Abuse & Neglect. 33: 59-68.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Firdevs Savi Çakar

Publication Date July 1, 2018
Submission Date April 1, 2018
Acceptance Date May 3, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 44 Issue: 44

Cite

APA Savi Çakar, F. (2018). The Role of Resilience and Gender in the Relationship between Adults’ Childhood Traumatic Experiences and Psychological Symptoms. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 44(44), 114-131.