KÜMELENMENİN POZİTİF DIŞSALLIKLARA ETKİSİ: DENİZLİ ÖRNEĞİ
Year 2018,
Issue: 31, 45 - 61, 13.04.2018
Aylin İdikut Özpençe
,
Ekrem Karayılmazlar
Abstract
Ekonomik
faaliyetlerin mekansal dağılımı sürecinde firma ve birey davranışları son
yıllarda değişmiştir. Artık mekan ile ekonomi arasında sıkı bir bağ
kurulmaktadır. Mekanların heterojenliğinden kaynaklanan bu durum dünya
ekonomisinin ekonomik manzarasının yeniden şekillenmesine yol açmaktadır. Birey
ile mekanın buluşması noktasında kümelenme ekonomilerinin yarattığı pozitif
dışsallıklar sonucunda kümelenme politikaları ekonomi politikalarında etkin bir
şekilde uygulanmaya başlamıştır.
Çalışmanın
amacı Denizli tekstil sektöründe faaliyet gösteren firmaların kümelenme
eğilimini araştırmaktır. Bu kapsamda 2006-2011 yılları arasında tekstil
sektöründe faaliyet gösteren ve Denizli Organize Sanayi Bölgesi’nde (DSO) konumlanmış
olan firmalar kümelenme olarak kabul edilmiştir. Tekstil sektörü kümelenme
analizi başlığı altında bir anket formu düzenlenmiştir. Dolayısıyla
kümelenmenin pozitif dışsallık etkilerinin DSO’da mevcut olup olmadığının
araştırıldığı çalışmada, kümelenme ve dışsallık teorileri ile uygulama arasında
güçlü bir ilişkinin olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır.
Denizli OSB
içi firmaların rassal etkiler panel data analizi sonuçlarına göre uzmanlaşmış
işgücünün toplam işgücüne oranındaki yüzde 1’lik bir artış işgücü maliyetlerini
yüzde 0.37 azaltmaktadır. Denizli OSB dışı rassal etkiler panel data analizine
göre ise, uzmanlaşmış işgücünün toplam işgücüne oranının katsayısı anlamsız
çıkmıştır. Hem Denizli OSB içi hem de Denizli OSB dışındaki tüm firmalar için
rassal etkiler panel data analizi sonuçları da uzmanlaşmış işgücünün toplam
işgücüne oranındaki yüzde 1’lik bir artış işgücü maliyetlerini yüzde 0.22
azaltmaktadır.
References
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Blasio, G.D. ve Di Addario, S.D. (2005). “Do Workers Benefit from Industrial Agglomeration?”, Journal of Regional Science, 45/4, 797-827.
Blien, U., Suedekum, J. ve Wolf, K. (2006). “Local Employment Growth in West Germany: A Dynamic Panel Approach”, Labour Economics, 13/4, 445-458.
Bresnahan, T., Gambardella, A. ve Saxenian, A.L. (2005). “"Old Economy" Inputs for "New Economy" Outcomes: Cluster Formation in the New Silicon Valleys”, Clusters, Networks and Innovation, (Ed: S. Breschi ve F. Malerba), Oxford Universtiy Press, New York, 113-136.
Bun, M.J. ve Makhlouf A.E. (2007). “Dynamic Externalities, Local Industrial Structure and Economic Development: Panel Data Evidence for Morocco”, Regional Studies, 41/6, 823-837.
Chinitz, B. (1986). “Contrasts in Agglomeration: New York and Pittsburgh”, The American Economic Review, 51/2, 279-289.
Combes, P.P. (2000). “Economic Structure and Local Growth: France, 1984-1993”, Journal of Urban Economics, 47/3, 329-355.
Combes, P.P., Duranton, G., Gobillon L. ve Roux S. (2010). “Estimating Agglomeration Economies with History, Geology, and Worker Effects”, Agglomeration Economics, (Ed: E. L. Glaeser), The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 15-66.
De Vor, F. ve De Groot, H.L.F. (2008). “Agglomeration Externalities and Localized Employment Growth”, Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper, TI 2008-033/3, Tınbergen Institute, Amsterdam, 1-27.
Dekle, R. (2002). “Industrial Concentration and Regional Growth: Evidence from The Prefectures”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 84/2, 310-315.
Denizli Belediyesi (2011). Bunları Biliyor Musunuz?, (11.06.2012) http://www.denizli.bel.tr/userfiles/yayin/bunlari_biliyormusunuz/Default.html#/Denizli Belediyesi/0.
Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı (2007). Bölgesel Gelişmede Temel Araçlar ve Koordinasyon, Özel İhtisas Komisyon Raporu, Ankara.
Erkek, D. ve Öselmiş G. (2011). TR32 Düzey II Bölgesi’nde Kümelenme Yaklaşımı, GEKA, İzmir.
Erlat, H. (1997). Panel Data: A Selective Survey, Yapı Kredi Bankası Discussion Paper Series, 97 (04).
Feldman, M.P. ve Audretsch, D.B. (1999). “Innovation in Cities: Science-Based Diversity, Specialization and Localized Competition”, European Economic Review, 43/2, 409-429.
Filiztekin, A. (2002). “Agglomeration and Growth in Turkey”, 1980-1995, Sabancı University Discussion Paper Series, No:0201, 1-30.
Glaeser, E.L., Kallal, H.D., Scheinkman, J.A. ve Shleifer, A. (1992). “Growth in Cities”, Journal of Political Economy, 100/6, 1126-1153.
Granovetter, M. (1985). “Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness”, The American Journal of Sociology, 91/3, 1985, 481-510.
Greene, W.H. (2003). Econometric Analysis, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Hanson, G.H. (2001). “Scale Economies and The Geographic Concentration of Industry”, Journal of Economic Geography, 1/3, 255-276.
Henderson, J.V. (1994). “Externalities and Industrial Development”, Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research, 1/1, 75-93.
Henderson, J.V. (1997). “Externalties and Industrial Development”, Journal of Urban Economics, 42/3, 449-470.
Henderson, J.V. (2003). “Marshall's Scale Economies”, Journal of Urban Economics, 53/1, 1-28.
Henderson, J.V., Kuncoro, A. ve Turner, M. (1995). “Industrial Development in Cities”, Journal of Political Economy, 103/5, 1067-1090.
Jacobs, J. (1969). The Economy of Cities, Vintage Books, New York.
Jordaan, J.A. (2009). Foreign Direct Investment, Agglomeration and Externalities: Emprical Evidence from Mexican Manufacturing Industries, Ashgate Publications, Amsterdam.
Kauffman, R.J. ve Kumar, A. (2006). “A Combined Scale-and-Scope Theory of It Industry Cluster Growth”, Engineering Management Conference, 2006 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers International, Minnesota, 7-11.
Keskin, H. (2009). Kümelenme ve Sektörel Bağlantıları Açısından Isparta İli Orman Ürünleri Endüstrisinin Değerlendirilmesi, (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Isparta.
Malmberg, A. ve Maskell, P. (2002). “The Elusive Concept of Localization Economies: Towards A Knowledge-Based Theory of Spatial Clustering”, Environment and Plannig A, 34/3, 429-449.
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Martin, R. ve Sunley, P. (2006). “Deconstructing Clusters: Chaotic Concept or Policy Panacea?”, Clusters, Networks and Innovation, (Ed: Stefano Breschi and Franco Malerba), Oxford Universtiy Press, New York, 458-495.
Mitra, A. (1999). “Agglomeration Economies As Manifested in Technical Efficiency at The Firm Level”, Journal of Urban Economics, 45/3, 490-500.
Neffke, F., Henning, M., Boschma, R., Lundquist, K.J. ve Olander, L.O. (2010). “The Dynamics of Agglomeration Externalities along The Life Cycle of Industries”, Regional Studies:45, 1-45, http://peer.ccsd.cnrs.fr/docs/00/59/22/92/PDF/PEER_stage2_10.1080%252F00343401003596307.pdf (02.07.2012).
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2007). Competitive Regional Clusters National Policy Approaches, OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation, Paris.
Öz, Ö. (2004). “Türkiye’de Ekonomik Faaliyetlerin Mekansal Dağılımı ve Rekabetçi Yapısı”, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Gelişme Dergisi, 31/2, 211-241.
Özkanlı, Ö. ve Durak, İ. (2007). “Network Organizations in the Turkish Textile Sector”, Problems and Perspectives in Management, 5/2, 2007, 32-42.
Porter, M. E. (1990). The Competitive Advantage of Nations, The Free Press, New York.
Porter, M. E. (2000). “Locations, Clusters, and Company Strategy”, The Oxford Hanbook of Economic Geography, (Ed: G. L. Clark, M. P. Feldman ve M. S. Gertler), Oxford University Press, New York, 253-274.
Porter, M.E. (2008). Rekabet Üzerine, (Çev. K. Tanrıyar), Optimist Yayınları, Tor Ofset, İstanbul.
Rosenfeld S.A. (2002). A Governor's Guide to Cluster-Based Economic Development, National Governors Association Report, USA.
Rosenthal, S.S. ve Strange, W.C. (2001). “The Determinants of Agglomeration”, Journal of Urban Economics, 50/2, 191-229.
Rosenthal, S.S. ve Strange, W. C. (2003). “Geography, Industrial Organization, and Agglomeration”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 85/2, 377-393.
Rosenthal, S.S. ve Strange, W.C. (2004). “Evidence on The Nature and Source of Agglomeration Economies”, Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, (Ed: J.V. Henderson, ve J.F. Thisse), Volume 4, Elsevier, 2119-2171.
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Storper, M. ve Venables, A.J. (2005). “Buzz: Face-to-Face Contact and the Urban Economy”, Clusters, Networks and Innovation, (Ed: S. Breschi and F. Malerba), Oxford Universtiy Press, New York, 319-343.
World Bank (2008). World Development Report 2009 Reshaping Economic Geography, World Bank Publications, Washington, DC.
Year 2018,
Issue: 31, 45 - 61, 13.04.2018
Aylin İdikut Özpençe
,
Ekrem Karayılmazlar
References
- Almeida, R. (2007). “Local Economic Structure and Growth”, Spatial Economic Analysis, 2/1, 65-90.
Arthur, W.B. (1989). “"Silicon Valley" Locational Clusters: When Do Increasing Returns Imply Monopoly?”, Working Paper Sante Fe, N.M., Santa Fe Institute, 1-20.
Asheim, B.T (2011). “Strong Research and Innovation Milieus A New Regional Innovation Policy?”, 1. Uluslararası Bölgesel Kalkınma Konferansı Bildirileri, Malatya, 22-23 Eylül 2011, 69-87.
Baltagi, B.H. (2005). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Beaudry, C. ve Swann, G.M.P. (2009). “Firm Growth in Industrial Clusters of The United Kingdom”, Small Business Economy, 32/4, 409-424.
Blasio, G.D. ve Di Addario, S.D. (2005). “Do Workers Benefit from Industrial Agglomeration?”, Journal of Regional Science, 45/4, 797-827.
Blien, U., Suedekum, J. ve Wolf, K. (2006). “Local Employment Growth in West Germany: A Dynamic Panel Approach”, Labour Economics, 13/4, 445-458.
Bresnahan, T., Gambardella, A. ve Saxenian, A.L. (2005). “"Old Economy" Inputs for "New Economy" Outcomes: Cluster Formation in the New Silicon Valleys”, Clusters, Networks and Innovation, (Ed: S. Breschi ve F. Malerba), Oxford Universtiy Press, New York, 113-136.
Bun, M.J. ve Makhlouf A.E. (2007). “Dynamic Externalities, Local Industrial Structure and Economic Development: Panel Data Evidence for Morocco”, Regional Studies, 41/6, 823-837.
Chinitz, B. (1986). “Contrasts in Agglomeration: New York and Pittsburgh”, The American Economic Review, 51/2, 279-289.
Combes, P.P. (2000). “Economic Structure and Local Growth: France, 1984-1993”, Journal of Urban Economics, 47/3, 329-355.
Combes, P.P., Duranton, G., Gobillon L. ve Roux S. (2010). “Estimating Agglomeration Economies with History, Geology, and Worker Effects”, Agglomeration Economics, (Ed: E. L. Glaeser), The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 15-66.
De Vor, F. ve De Groot, H.L.F. (2008). “Agglomeration Externalities and Localized Employment Growth”, Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper, TI 2008-033/3, Tınbergen Institute, Amsterdam, 1-27.
Dekle, R. (2002). “Industrial Concentration and Regional Growth: Evidence from The Prefectures”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 84/2, 310-315.
Denizli Belediyesi (2011). Bunları Biliyor Musunuz?, (11.06.2012) http://www.denizli.bel.tr/userfiles/yayin/bunlari_biliyormusunuz/Default.html#/Denizli Belediyesi/0.
Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı (2007). Bölgesel Gelişmede Temel Araçlar ve Koordinasyon, Özel İhtisas Komisyon Raporu, Ankara.
Erkek, D. ve Öselmiş G. (2011). TR32 Düzey II Bölgesi’nde Kümelenme Yaklaşımı, GEKA, İzmir.
Erlat, H. (1997). Panel Data: A Selective Survey, Yapı Kredi Bankası Discussion Paper Series, 97 (04).
Feldman, M.P. ve Audretsch, D.B. (1999). “Innovation in Cities: Science-Based Diversity, Specialization and Localized Competition”, European Economic Review, 43/2, 409-429.
Filiztekin, A. (2002). “Agglomeration and Growth in Turkey”, 1980-1995, Sabancı University Discussion Paper Series, No:0201, 1-30.
Glaeser, E.L., Kallal, H.D., Scheinkman, J.A. ve Shleifer, A. (1992). “Growth in Cities”, Journal of Political Economy, 100/6, 1126-1153.
Granovetter, M. (1985). “Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness”, The American Journal of Sociology, 91/3, 1985, 481-510.
Greene, W.H. (2003). Econometric Analysis, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Hanson, G.H. (2001). “Scale Economies and The Geographic Concentration of Industry”, Journal of Economic Geography, 1/3, 255-276.
Henderson, J.V. (1994). “Externalities and Industrial Development”, Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research, 1/1, 75-93.
Henderson, J.V. (1997). “Externalties and Industrial Development”, Journal of Urban Economics, 42/3, 449-470.
Henderson, J.V. (2003). “Marshall's Scale Economies”, Journal of Urban Economics, 53/1, 1-28.
Henderson, J.V., Kuncoro, A. ve Turner, M. (1995). “Industrial Development in Cities”, Journal of Political Economy, 103/5, 1067-1090.
Jacobs, J. (1969). The Economy of Cities, Vintage Books, New York.
Jordaan, J.A. (2009). Foreign Direct Investment, Agglomeration and Externalities: Emprical Evidence from Mexican Manufacturing Industries, Ashgate Publications, Amsterdam.
Kauffman, R.J. ve Kumar, A. (2006). “A Combined Scale-and-Scope Theory of It Industry Cluster Growth”, Engineering Management Conference, 2006 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers International, Minnesota, 7-11.
Keskin, H. (2009). Kümelenme ve Sektörel Bağlantıları Açısından Isparta İli Orman Ürünleri Endüstrisinin Değerlendirilmesi, (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Isparta.
Malmberg, A. ve Maskell, P. (2002). “The Elusive Concept of Localization Economies: Towards A Knowledge-Based Theory of Spatial Clustering”, Environment and Plannig A, 34/3, 429-449.
Marshall, A. (1890/1920). Principles of Economics, Eighth Edition, Macmillan and Co Published, Cambridge.
Martin, R. ve Sunley, P. (2006). “Deconstructing Clusters: Chaotic Concept or Policy Panacea?”, Clusters, Networks and Innovation, (Ed: Stefano Breschi and Franco Malerba), Oxford Universtiy Press, New York, 458-495.
Mitra, A. (1999). “Agglomeration Economies As Manifested in Technical Efficiency at The Firm Level”, Journal of Urban Economics, 45/3, 490-500.
Neffke, F., Henning, M., Boschma, R., Lundquist, K.J. ve Olander, L.O. (2010). “The Dynamics of Agglomeration Externalities along The Life Cycle of Industries”, Regional Studies:45, 1-45, http://peer.ccsd.cnrs.fr/docs/00/59/22/92/PDF/PEER_stage2_10.1080%252F00343401003596307.pdf (02.07.2012).
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2007). Competitive Regional Clusters National Policy Approaches, OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation, Paris.
Öz, Ö. (2004). “Türkiye’de Ekonomik Faaliyetlerin Mekansal Dağılımı ve Rekabetçi Yapısı”, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Gelişme Dergisi, 31/2, 211-241.
Özkanlı, Ö. ve Durak, İ. (2007). “Network Organizations in the Turkish Textile Sector”, Problems and Perspectives in Management, 5/2, 2007, 32-42.
Porter, M. E. (1990). The Competitive Advantage of Nations, The Free Press, New York.
Porter, M. E. (2000). “Locations, Clusters, and Company Strategy”, The Oxford Hanbook of Economic Geography, (Ed: G. L. Clark, M. P. Feldman ve M. S. Gertler), Oxford University Press, New York, 253-274.
Porter, M.E. (2008). Rekabet Üzerine, (Çev. K. Tanrıyar), Optimist Yayınları, Tor Ofset, İstanbul.
Rosenfeld S.A. (2002). A Governor's Guide to Cluster-Based Economic Development, National Governors Association Report, USA.
Rosenthal, S.S. ve Strange, W.C. (2001). “The Determinants of Agglomeration”, Journal of Urban Economics, 50/2, 191-229.
Rosenthal, S.S. ve Strange, W. C. (2003). “Geography, Industrial Organization, and Agglomeration”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 85/2, 377-393.
Rosenthal, S.S. ve Strange, W.C. (2004). “Evidence on The Nature and Source of Agglomeration Economies”, Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, (Ed: J.V. Henderson, ve J.F. Thisse), Volume 4, Elsevier, 2119-2171.
Smith, A. (1776/1984). Ulusların Zenginliği Birinci Kitap, (Çev. A. Yunus ve M. Bakırcı), Alan Yayıncılık, Bilim Dizisi 37/7.
Storper, M. ve Venables, A.J. (2005). “Buzz: Face-to-Face Contact and the Urban Economy”, Clusters, Networks and Innovation, (Ed: S. Breschi and F. Malerba), Oxford Universtiy Press, New York, 319-343.
World Bank (2008). World Development Report 2009 Reshaping Economic Geography, World Bank Publications, Washington, DC.