THE EFFECT OF THE UNITED STATES PRESIDENTIAL POLICY ON TÜRKiYE–IRAN RELATIONS IN 1970s

Year 2023, Issue: 57, 317 - 331, 18.07.2023

Secil Ozdemir

https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1245632

Abstract

The American Presidential Doctrines play a crucial role in international politics because they provide a general strategy for United States’ (U.S.) allies to follow. The United States' international policies, like the policies of all states, are complicated and broad-based. Presidential doctrines, on the other hand, reveal a basic strategy framework.
This study examined the events that occurred in the axis of Iran-Türkiye-Northern Iraq from President Richard Nixon to Jimmy Carter's administration and investigated the main outline of the American presidential doctrines that focused on the 1970s.
Poppy cultivation, the Cyprus issue, and the embargo crisis, which caused the crisis between Türkiye and the US in the 1970s, together with the policies implemented by the US to maintain balance in Northern Iraq and Iran, were all evaluated with a holistic approach.
In this study, it was determined that the international crises of the 1970s engendered a significant level of mistrust between regional countries, specifically in relation to the United States, as well as among various regional actors. During this time, the United States implemented a policy of supporting the Northern Iraq region and Kurdish elements in order to create a balance of power between Iran and Türkiye. This policy had the consequence of increasing feelings of insecurity among neighboring countries, but also created opportunities for non-regional actors to devise new strategies.

Keywords

Iran, Northern Iraq, Presidential Policies.

Supporting Institution

TUBITAK

Project Number

2219

Thanks

This research was conducted at The Johns Hopkins University/SAIS in the United States. The author extends gratitude for the financial support received from TUBITAK through 2219 Program.

AMERİKAN BAŞKANLIK DOKTRİNLERİ’NİN TÜRKİYE-İRAN İLİŞKİLERİNE ETKİSİ: 1970’Lİ YILLAR

Abstract

Amerikan Başkanlık Doktrinleri uluslararası politikada takip edilecek genel bir strateji sunduğu fikriyle önemli bir yer tutar. Tüm devletler gibi ABD’nin uluslararası politikaları çok yönlü ve geniş çerçevelidir. Buna karşın başkanlık doktrinleri temel bir strateji çerçevesi ortaya koymaktadır.
Bu çalışmada Amerikan başkanlık doktrinlerinin temelleri açıklanmış, Başkan Richard Nixon döneminden Jimmy Carter Dönemi’ne İran-Türkiye- Kuzey Irak ekseninde gelişen olaylar analiz edilmiştir.
Çalışmanın odak noktasını 1970’li yıllar oluşturmaktadır.
Türkiye ile ABD arasında 1970’li yıllarda kriz sebebi olan Haşhaş ekimi, Kıbrıs Meselesi ve ambargo krizi, ABD’nin Kuzey Irak ve İran’da dengeleri korumak için yöneldiği politikalar bütüncül bir yaklaşımla değerlendirilmiştir. ABD’nin Orta Doğu’ya yönelik politikalarının bölgesel aktörlerin karşılıklı ilişkilerine etkisi çerçevesinde süreç değerlendirilmiştir.
Çalışma’da 1970’li yıllarda yaşanan uluslararası krizlerin bölge ülkeleriyle-ABD arasında olduğu gibi bölgesel aktörler arasında da güvensizliğe sebep olduğu ortaya koyulmuştur. ABD’nin 1970’li yıllarda İran ve Türkiye ilişkilerini dengelemek için yeni bir aktör arayışında Kuzey Irak bölgesi ve buradaki Kürt unsurları desteklediği süreç gelişmiştir. Bu durum sınır komşuları arasındaki güvensizlik atmosferini geliştirirken bölge dışı aktörlere yeni stratejiler geliştirme imkanı sunduğu sonucu ortaya çıkmıştır.

Keywords

Türkiye, İran, Kuzey Irak, Başkanlık Politikaları., Iran, Northern Iraq, Presidential Policies.

Project Number

2219

References

• A Chronology of U.S – Kurdish History, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saddam/kurds/cron.html .
• Alikhani, H. (2000). Sanctioning Iran: Anatomy of a Failed Policy, I.B.Tauris.
• Alkan, S. (2020). “Fahri Korutürk’ün İran Gezisi Çerçevesinde Türkiye-İran İlişkilerinin Ulusal Basında Temsili”, Troyacademy, 5(2), 273-294.
• Alvandi, R. (2014). “Iran and the Cold War”, Iranian Studies, 47(3), s. 373-378.
• Andelman, D. A. (1979,March 19). “Türkiye’s Relations With U.S. Still Tense”, The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/1979/03/19/archives/Türkiyes-relations-with-us-still-tense-despite-lifting-of-arms.html. (Accessed: 24.03.2021).
• Armaoğlu, F. (1995). 20. Yüzyıl Dünya Tarihi, Alkım Yay.
• Bruinessen, M. V. (1986, July/August). “Major Kurdish Organizations in Iran”, Middle East Report 141 : https://merip.org/1986/07/major-kurdish-organizations-in-iran/. (Accessed: 14.07.2021).
• C.Pelletiere, S. (1992). The Iran-Iraq War : chaos in a vacuum, London: Praeger.
• Calabrese, J. (1998). “Türkiye and Iran: limits of a stable relationship”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies,May, 25(1), 75-94.
• Campany, R. J. (1986). Turkey and the United States: The Arms Embargo Period, Praeger.
• Chubin, S. (1974). “Iran: Between the Arab West and the Asian East”, Survival, 16(4), 172-182.
• Çetinkaya, G. (1997). “Türkiye- İran İlişkileri”, Çağdaş Türk Diplomasisi: 200 Yıllık Süreç (s. 507-514). Ankara: TTK.
• Çetinkaya, G., & ÖZHAN, T. (2009). “İşgalin 6. Yılında Irak”, Ocak , Rapor No: IV. Ankara: Seta Yay.
• Donovan, H., & Grunwald, H. (1972, January 3). “The Nation: An Interview with the President: The Jury Is Out”, Time. Erkmen, S. (2008). “1945–1989 Yillari Arasinda ABD’nin Kuzey Irak Politikasi”, Akademik Orta Doğu, 3(1).
• Emniyet-i Eslami, (1359, 3 /5).
• Foreign policy 1968–80. (n.d.). https://www.britannica.com/place/Iraq/Foreign-policy-1968-80.
• Frus. (1969–1976). Energy crisis, 1969–1974, Volume XXXVI.
• Gaddis, J. L. ( 1992). Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of American National Security Policy during the Cold War, Oxford Univ. Press.
• Gibson, B. R. (2019, October 14). The Secret Origins of the U.S.-Kurdish Relationship Explain Today’s Disaster. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/10/14/us-kurdish-relationship-history-syria-Türkiye betrayal-kissinger/ . (Accessed: 24.03.2021).
• Goshko, J. M. (1978, August 2). “Hill Lifts Embargo On Arms to Türkiye”, The Washington Post.
• Gültekin, S. (2008). “Amerikan Dış Politikasının Kökenleri ve Amerikan Dış Politik Kültürü” , Cilt 5, Sayı 19. Uluslararası İlişkiler, Güz 5(19), 119-144.
• history.state.gov. (1973, January 18). Foreign Relations Of The United States, 1964–1968, IRAN. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v22/summary. (Accessed: 12.07.2021).
• history.state.gov (Dü.). (1975, February 19). Memorandum From the President’s Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft) to President Ford, Washington. Foreign Relations Of The United States 1969–1976, Iran; Iraq, 1973–1976: https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v27/d103.
• history.state.gov. (2014). 1977-1980, Volume XXI, 1977-1980 Jimmy Carter Vol. XXI, Cyprus; Türkiye; Greece. (D. Zierler, & A. M. Howard, Derleyiciler) United States Government Printing Office.
• Hook , S. W., & Spanier, J. W. (2018). American Foreign Policy Since World War II, CQ Press.
• Hunter, S. T. (2010). Iran’s Foreign Policy in the Post-Soviet Era: Resisting the New International Order, Oxford: Praeger.
• Jentleson, B. W. (2000). American foreign policy : the dynamics of choice in the 21st century, W. W. Norton & Company, U.S.A.
• Kayaoğlu, B. (2014). “The Limits of Turkish–Iranian Cooperation, 1974–80”, Iranian Studies, 47(3), 463–478. doi:doi:10.1080/00210862.2014.880634.
• Kissinger, H. (1979). White House Years, Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
• Kuniholm, B. (1990). “Rules of the Game: The Geopolitics of U.S. Policy Options in Southwest Asia”, Neither East nor West Iran, the Soviet Union, and the United States,(Ed.N. R. Keddie, & M. J. Gasiorowski).
• Mann, J. (2013). Brzezinski And Iraq: The Makings Of A Dove. Charles Gati içinde, The Strategy And Statecraft Of Zbigniew Brzezinski, JHU Press.
• McDougall, W. A. (2009, July). “U.S. Foreign Policy Traditions And The Middle East”, 14(17). https://www.fpri.org/article/2009/07/u-s-foreign-policy-traditions-and-the-middle-east/.
• Memorandum (1979, Feb 1979). from Paul B. Henze for Zbigniew Brzezinski regarding the political ambitions of the Kurds in both Iran and Turkey. .link.gale.com/apps/doc/CK2349151603/USDD?u=balt85423&sid=bookmark-USDD&xid=d64fd416&pg=1.
• Merriam-Webster Dictionary : “Meliorism”, (2021, April 16). https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/meliorism .
• Milliyet. (1975a). Korutürk’ün İran Gezisi.
• Milliyet. (1975b). Demirel’in Basın Toplantısı.
• Moens, A. (1991, p. 214). “President Carter’s Advisers and the Fall of the Shah”, Political Science Quarterly, Summer 106(2), 211-237. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2152227.
• Murray, D. (2013). “Military Action But Not As We Know It: Libya, Syria, And The Making Of An Obama Doctrine”, Contemporary Politics,, 19(2), 146-166. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2013.785827.
• Nixon, R. M. (1967, October). “Asia After Vietnam”, Foreign Affairs, 46(1), pp. 113-125.
• Onder, E. (2020). “Within The Framework of the Presidents, Us New Concept of Security and Cold Peace”, Stratejik ve Sosyal Arastirmalar Dergisi, 4(1).
• Oren, M. ( 2007). Power, Faith, and Fantasy: America in the Middle East: 1776 to the PresentYear, W. W. Norton & Company.
• Ozdemir, S. (2020, p. 77). “Iran-Iraq War: Effect on Terrorism on Turkey’s Borders”, Gazi Akademik Bakıs, 26(13), 49-77.
• Özcan, N. A. (1999). PKK Tarihi ideolojisi, ASAM.
• Özdemir, S. (2022). İran Devrim Süreci: İran-ABD İlişkilerinin Seyri 1945-1989, Ankara: ATAM.
• Paterson, P. (2018). “Origins of U.S. Foreign Policy”, Perry Center Occasional Paper. https://www.williamjperrycenter.org/sites/default/files/publication_associated_files/Origins%20of%20US%20Foreign%20Policy.pdf .
• R.K.Ramazani. (2013, p. 56). Independence Without Freedom Iran’s Foreign Policy, University of Virginia Press.
• Rosati, J. A. (1993). “Jimmy Carter, a Man before His Time? The Emergence and Collapse of the First Post-Cold War Presidency”, Presidential Studies Quarterly , 23(3), 459–76. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27551107.
• Sale, R. (1980). “Carter and Iran: From Idealism to Disaster”, The Washington Quarterly, 3(4), 75-87. doi:DOI: 10.1080/01636608009451479.
• Schorr, D. (1991, April 7). “1975 Background To Betrayal”, The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1991/04/07/1975-background-to-betrayal/aa973065-ea5e-4270-8cf9-02361307073c/ .
• Schorr, D. (1996, October 18). “Telling It Like It Is: Kissinger and the Kurds”, The Christian Science Monitor. https://www.csmonitor.com/1996/1018/101896.opin.column.1.html .
• Sinkaya, B. (2019). Türkiye-Iran Relations After the JDP. Istanbul: IFEA.
• TBMM Tutanak Dergisi. (1974). https://www5.tbmm.gov.tr/tutanaklar/TUTANAK/TBMM/t13/c013/tbmm13013005.pdf.
• The Eisenhower Doctrine, 1957. (ND). history.state.gov: https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/eisenhower-doctrine .
• The U.S. National Archives. (1975). Central Foreign Policy Files, Confidential; Limdis. Repeated to Ankara, Beirut, Geneva, and USUN(Foreign Relations Of The United States, 1969–1976, Volume Xxvii,). Tahran.
• The U.S. National Archive. (1976, November 2).Repeated to Amman, Ankara, Cairo, Damascus, Jidda, Kuwait, Tehran, London, and Moscow. Baghdat: National Archives.
• The U.S. National Security Archive. (1975, Feb. 8). Department of State. Memorandum of Conversation.
• The U.S. National Security Archive. (1974, March 11). Depatment of State, Briefing Paper.
• The U.S. National Security Archive (1972). The Kurds of Iraq: Renewed Insurgency? Document Number: RNAS-10, May 31, 1972. Department of State.
• The U.S. National Security Archive. (1982, Agust 11). The Defense And Economic Cooperation Agreement- U.S. Interests And Turkish Needs. REPORT BY THE Comptroller General OF THE UNITED STATES. DTIC. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA118125.pdf.
• The U.S. National Security Archive. (1977). 1945-1953, Harry S. Truman. Telegram The Ambassador in Iran (Wiley) to the Secretary of State, . Iran.
• The U.S. National Security Archive (1975, May 1). The Implication of The Iran-Iraq Agreement( DCI/NIO, 1039-75).
• Tüysüzoğlu, G. (2015). “Kürdistan Bölgesel Yönetimi: Rantçı Devlet Yaklaşımı Çerçevesinde Bir Değerlendirme” , Uluslararası İlişkiler, 12(47), 73-98.
• www.jfklibrary.org. (1961, May 25). President John F. Kennedy Delivered in person before a joint session of Congress. https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-speeches/united-states-congress-special-message-19610525 .
• Zaracostas, J. (1981, p. 101). The International Implications Of The 1974 Cyprus Crisis, Australian National University, MA Thesis.