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Denizcilerin Ücret ve Güvencesizlik Deneyimleri: Dökme Yük Gemisinde Etnografik Bir Araştırma

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 759 - 773, 29.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1517121

Abstract

Uluslararası deniz taşımacılığının başlıca unsurları depolar, limanlar, ticari yük gemileri ve bu gemilerde çalışan denizcilerdir. Denizcilerin hem yaşam hem de çalışma alanı olan ticari yük gemileri izole, hareketli, riskli, gürültülü, erkek egemen ve hiyerarşik mekânlardır. Denizcilerin çalıştıkları gemi türleri her sözleşmede değişebilse de iş sözleşmelerinin belirli süreli olması ve hiyerarşideki konumlarına göre gemide üstlendikleri görevler genellikle değişmeden kalmaktadır. Etnografik yönteme dayanan ve çalışma ilişkilerinin temel unsurlarından olan ücretler ve güvencesizlik olgularını uluslararası taşımacılık yapan dökme yük gemilerinde çalışan denizciler üzerinden analiz etmeyi amaçlayan bu araştırmadaki temel hareket noktası deniz taşımacılığının ekonomi politiğidir. Ekonomi politik bir perspektiften etnografik yöntemle elde edilen bulguların değerlendirildiği bu araştırmada, ücretler ve güvencesizlik olguları üzerinden simsarların bu özel işgücü piyasasındaki fonksiyonlarına, iş arama sürecinin metalaşmasına, aynı hiyerarşik konumdaki denizciler arasındaki ücret farklılıklarının temellerine ve son olarak denizcilerin güvencesizliğe karşı direniş taktiklerine yoğunlaşılmaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Araştırmada katılımcıların ve kurumların bilgileri kodlanarak verilmiş ve etik ilkelere uyulmuştur.

Thanks

Çalışma kapsamında görüşme yapmayı kabul eden denizcilere teşekkür ederiz.

References

  • Alimahomed-Wilson, Jake. 2021. “Racialized Masculinities and Global Logistics Labor.” Gendering Logistics: Feminist Approaches for the Analysis of Supply Chain Capitalism, edited by Carlotta Benvegnú, Niccolò Cuppini, Mattia Frapporti, Evelina Gambino, Floriano Milesi, Irene Peano, and Maurilio Pirone. Bologna: Dipartimento delle Arti, University of Bologna.
  • Baum-Talmor, P. (2014). From Sea to Shore: Ethnographic Account of Seafarers’ Experience Onboard Merchant Ships. SAGE Research Methods Cases 1 içinde (ss. 1-15). London: SAGE Publications.
  • Baum-Talmor, P. (2019). “It’s okay even if you are a spy”: Issues in researcher positioning within a precarious workplace. Journal of Organizational Ethnography, 9(1), 94-109.
  • Baum-Talmor, P. (2021). Careers at Sea: Exploring Seafarer Motivations and Aspirations. In: Gekara, V.O., Sampson, H. (eds) The World of the Seafarer. WMU Studies in Maritime Affairs, vol 9. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49825-2_5
  • BIMCO ve ICS. (2021, Temmuz). Seafarer Workforce Report, 2021 Edition. International Chamber of Shipping. 6 Ağustos 2023 tarihinde https://www.ics-shipping.org/publication/seafarer-workforce-report-2021-edition/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Borovnik, M. (2012). The mobilities, immobilities and moorings of work-life on cargo ships. Sites: A Journal of Social Anthropology and Cultural Studies, 9(1), 59-82.
  • Campling, L. ve Colas, A. (2021). Capitalism and the Sea: The Maritime Factor in the Making of the Modern World (1. bs.). London New York: Verso.
  • Couper, A. D., Walsh, C., Stanberry, B. ve Boerne, G. L. (1999). Voyages of Abuse: Seafarers, Human Rights and International Shipping (First Edition.). London: Pluto Press.
  • Eriksen, T. H. (2009). Küçük Yerler Derin Mevzular: Sosyal ve Kültürel Antropolojiye Giriş. (F. Adsay, Çev.). Avesta Basın Yayın.
  • Fayol, H. (2012). Genel ve Endüstriyel Yönetim. (M. A. Çolakoğlu, Çev.). Ankara: Adres Yayınları.
  • Fife, W. (2005). Doing Fieldwork: Ethnographic Methods for Research in Developing Countries and Beyond (1. bs.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Han, W., Chen, J., Wei, K., Shi, J. ve Jia, G. (2023). International crew changes amid global pandemic outbreaks: Key issues and system innovations. Marine Policy, 147, 1-11.
  • Hammersley, M. ve Atkinson, P. (2007). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (3th edition.). New York: Routledge.
  • Kümbetoğlu, B. (2008). Sosyolojide ve Antropolojide Niteliksel Yöntem ve Araştırma. İnceleme-Araştırma (2. bs.). İstanbul: Bağlam Yayıncılık.
  • Laine, M. de. (2000). Fieldwork, Participation and Practice: Ethics and Dilemmas in Qualitative Research (1st edition.). SAGE Publications Ltd.
  • Mevik, C. (2023, Bahar). Making the Ship Work: An Ethnography of Maritime Labour in Global Shipping. (Doktora Tezi). https://oda.oslomet.no/oda-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/3068864/A-23-10-thesis-Mevik-SPS.pdf?sequence=1 adresinden erişildi.
  • Neuman, W. L. (2020a). Toplumsal Araştırma Yöntemleri. (Ö. Akkaya, Çev.) (8. bs., C. 1-2, C. 2). Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Neuman, W. L. (2020b). Toplumsal Araştırma Yöntemleri. (Ö. Akkaya, Çev.) (8. bs., C. 1-2, C. 1). Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Reyes, V. (2018). Port of Call: How Ships Shape Foreign-Local Encounters. Social Forces, 96(3), 1097-1118.
  • UN Press. (2021, 30 Eylül). Governments Must Designate Seafarers ‘Key Workers’, Ensure COVID-19 Vaccine Access, Safe Crew Changes, Secretary-General Says in World Maritime Day Message. United Nations. https://press.un.org/en/2021/sgsm20939.doc.htm adresinden erişildi.
  • Silver, B. (2015). Emeğin Gücü: 1870’ten Günümüze İşçi Hareketleri ve Küreselleşme. (A. Önal, Çev.) (2. bs.). İstanbul: Yordam Kitap.
  • Wright, E. O. (2000). Working-Class Power, Capitalist-Class Interests, and Class Compromise. American Journal of Sociology, 105(4), 957-1002.

Seafarers' Experiences of Wages and Precarity: An Ethnographic Study on a Bulk Carrier

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 759 - 773, 29.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1517121

Abstract

The main elements of international maritime transportation are warehouses, ports, commercial cargo ships and the seafarers working on these ships. Commercial cargo ships, which are both the living and working spaces of seafarers, are isolated, mobile, risky, noisy, male-dominated, and hierarchical spaces. Although the types of ships that seafarers work on may change with each contract, the fact that their employment contracts are fixed term and the tasks they undertake on board the ship for periods that often exceed their contracts generally remain unchanged according to their position in the hierarchy. This research, which employs the ethnographic method and aims to analyze the phenomena of wages and precariousness, which are the basic elements of labor relations, through seafarers working on bulk cargo ships engaged in international transport, is based on the premise that seafarers occupy a precarious position within the political economy of maritime transport. This research, which evaluates the findings obtained by ethnographic method from a political economy perspective, focuses on the functions of brokers in this specific labor market, the commodification of the job search process, the bases of wage differences between seafarers at the same hierarchical position, and finally the seafarers' resistance tactics against precarity through the phenomena of wages and precariousness.

Ethical Statement

In the study, the information of the participants and institutions were coded and ethical principles were complied with.

Thanks

We would like to thank the seafarers who agreed to be interviewed within the scope of the study.

References

  • Alimahomed-Wilson, Jake. 2021. “Racialized Masculinities and Global Logistics Labor.” Gendering Logistics: Feminist Approaches for the Analysis of Supply Chain Capitalism, edited by Carlotta Benvegnú, Niccolò Cuppini, Mattia Frapporti, Evelina Gambino, Floriano Milesi, Irene Peano, and Maurilio Pirone. Bologna: Dipartimento delle Arti, University of Bologna.
  • Baum-Talmor, P. (2014). From Sea to Shore: Ethnographic Account of Seafarers’ Experience Onboard Merchant Ships. SAGE Research Methods Cases 1 içinde (ss. 1-15). London: SAGE Publications.
  • Baum-Talmor, P. (2019). “It’s okay even if you are a spy”: Issues in researcher positioning within a precarious workplace. Journal of Organizational Ethnography, 9(1), 94-109.
  • Baum-Talmor, P. (2021). Careers at Sea: Exploring Seafarer Motivations and Aspirations. In: Gekara, V.O., Sampson, H. (eds) The World of the Seafarer. WMU Studies in Maritime Affairs, vol 9. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49825-2_5
  • BIMCO ve ICS. (2021, Temmuz). Seafarer Workforce Report, 2021 Edition. International Chamber of Shipping. 6 Ağustos 2023 tarihinde https://www.ics-shipping.org/publication/seafarer-workforce-report-2021-edition/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Borovnik, M. (2012). The mobilities, immobilities and moorings of work-life on cargo ships. Sites: A Journal of Social Anthropology and Cultural Studies, 9(1), 59-82.
  • Campling, L. ve Colas, A. (2021). Capitalism and the Sea: The Maritime Factor in the Making of the Modern World (1. bs.). London New York: Verso.
  • Couper, A. D., Walsh, C., Stanberry, B. ve Boerne, G. L. (1999). Voyages of Abuse: Seafarers, Human Rights and International Shipping (First Edition.). London: Pluto Press.
  • Eriksen, T. H. (2009). Küçük Yerler Derin Mevzular: Sosyal ve Kültürel Antropolojiye Giriş. (F. Adsay, Çev.). Avesta Basın Yayın.
  • Fayol, H. (2012). Genel ve Endüstriyel Yönetim. (M. A. Çolakoğlu, Çev.). Ankara: Adres Yayınları.
  • Fife, W. (2005). Doing Fieldwork: Ethnographic Methods for Research in Developing Countries and Beyond (1. bs.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Han, W., Chen, J., Wei, K., Shi, J. ve Jia, G. (2023). International crew changes amid global pandemic outbreaks: Key issues and system innovations. Marine Policy, 147, 1-11.
  • Hammersley, M. ve Atkinson, P. (2007). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (3th edition.). New York: Routledge.
  • Kümbetoğlu, B. (2008). Sosyolojide ve Antropolojide Niteliksel Yöntem ve Araştırma. İnceleme-Araştırma (2. bs.). İstanbul: Bağlam Yayıncılık.
  • Laine, M. de. (2000). Fieldwork, Participation and Practice: Ethics and Dilemmas in Qualitative Research (1st edition.). SAGE Publications Ltd.
  • Mevik, C. (2023, Bahar). Making the Ship Work: An Ethnography of Maritime Labour in Global Shipping. (Doktora Tezi). https://oda.oslomet.no/oda-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/3068864/A-23-10-thesis-Mevik-SPS.pdf?sequence=1 adresinden erişildi.
  • Neuman, W. L. (2020a). Toplumsal Araştırma Yöntemleri. (Ö. Akkaya, Çev.) (8. bs., C. 1-2, C. 2). Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Neuman, W. L. (2020b). Toplumsal Araştırma Yöntemleri. (Ö. Akkaya, Çev.) (8. bs., C. 1-2, C. 1). Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Reyes, V. (2018). Port of Call: How Ships Shape Foreign-Local Encounters. Social Forces, 96(3), 1097-1118.
  • UN Press. (2021, 30 Eylül). Governments Must Designate Seafarers ‘Key Workers’, Ensure COVID-19 Vaccine Access, Safe Crew Changes, Secretary-General Says in World Maritime Day Message. United Nations. https://press.un.org/en/2021/sgsm20939.doc.htm adresinden erişildi.
  • Silver, B. (2015). Emeğin Gücü: 1870’ten Günümüze İşçi Hareketleri ve Küreselleşme. (A. Önal, Çev.) (2. bs.). İstanbul: Yordam Kitap.
  • Wright, E. O. (2000). Working-Class Power, Capitalist-Class Interests, and Class Compromise. American Journal of Sociology, 105(4), 957-1002.
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Labor Economics and Industrial Relations, Ethnology, Economic Anthropology, Labor Sociology
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Çağatay Edgücan Şahin 0000-0001-8306-7128

Meryem Bulut 0000-0001-9857-7307

Early Pub Date September 25, 2024
Publication Date September 29, 2024
Submission Date July 16, 2024
Acceptance Date August 27, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 8 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Şahin, Ç. E., & Bulut, M. (2024). Denizcilerin Ücret ve Güvencesizlik Deneyimleri: Dökme Yük Gemisinde Etnografik Bir Araştırma. Politik Ekonomik Kuram, 8(3), 759-773. https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1517121

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