Investigation of Wear, Surface, Metallurgical and Mechanical Properties of Ti6Al4V Alloys Coated with PVD Method

Year 2025, EARLY VIEW, 1 - 1

Hakan Ada , Ahmed Qais Jabbar El Rubaye , Elif Aşıkuzun , Ahmet Mavi , Yavuz Kaplan , Sinan Aksöz

https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1482415

Abstract

In this study, the PVD method coated cylindrical specimens produced from Ti6Al4V alloy with AlCrN, TiAlN, TiN, TiSiN coatings at different thicknesses. Profilometer tests were applied to determine the surface properties, such as coating thickness and surface roughness of the coated specimens, and microhardness and wear tests were applied to the specimens to determine the mechanical properties. In the profilometer measurements, the coating thicknesses were measured between 1-5 µm and the surface roughness values between 0.4 and 0.8 µm. From the microhardness and wear results, it was determined that thin-coated specimens gave better results than thick-coated specimens. While TiAlN had the best performance in microhardness and wear tests, this coating was followed by TiSiN, TiN and AlCrN coatings, respectively.

Keywords

Ti6Al4V, PVD Coating, Surface Treatments, Microhardness, Wear.

Supporting Institution

Kastamonu University

Project Number

KU-BAP01/2018-83

Thanks

We would like to thank the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of the Kastamonu University, within the scope of the project supported with registration no: KU-BAP01/2018-83, to Inan Coating company and its employees, where the coating processes were carried out, to Pamukkale University, Faculty of Technology, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department, where the abrasion tests were carried out, and to Gazi University where the profilometer analysis was carried out.

PVD Yöntemi ile Kaplanan Ti6Al4V Alaşımlarının Aşınma, Yüzey, Metalurjik ve Mekanik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Ti6Al4V alaşımından üretilen numuneler PVD yöntemi ile farklı kalınlıklarda AlCrN, TiAlN, TiN, TiSiN kaplamalarla kaplanmıştır. Kaplanan numunelerin kaplama kalınlığı ve yüzey pürüzlülüğü gibi yüzey özelliklerini belirlemek için profilometre testleri, mekanik özelliklerini belirlemek için ise numunelere mikrosertlik ve aşınma testleri uygulanmıştır. Profilometre ölçümlerinde kaplama kalınlıkları 1-5 µm arasında, yüzey pürüzlülük değerleri ise 0,4 ile 0,8 µm arasında ölçülmüştür. Mikrosertlik ve aşınma sonuçlarından, ince kaplanmış numunelerin kalın kaplanmış numunelere göre daha iyi sonuçlar verdiği, en iyi performansı TiAlN kaplamanın gösterdiği, bu kaplamayı sırasıyla TiSiN, TiN ve AlCrN kaplamaların takip ettiği tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

Ti6Al4V, PVD Kaplama, Yüzey İşlemleri, Mikrosertlik, Aşınma.

Supporting Institution

Kastamonu Üniversitesi

Project Number

KU-BAP01/2018-83

Thanks

KU-BAP01/2018-83 kayıt no ile desteklenen proje kapsamında Kastamonu Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü'ne, kaplama işlemlerinin yapıldığı İnan Kaplama firmasına ve çalışanlarına, aşınma testlerinin yapıldığı Pamukkale Üniversitesi Teknoloji Fakültesi Metalurji ve Malzeme Mühendisliği Bölümü'ne ve profilometre analizlerinin yapıldığı Gazi Üniversitesi'ne teşekkür ederiz.

References

• [1] Uyguntürk E., Kahraman N., Durgutlu A. and Gülenç B., “Joining of titanium pipes with laser welding method and characterization of the welding zone”, Journal of Polytechnic, 24(1): 255-262, (2021).
• [2] Ada H., El Rubaye A. Q. J., Asikuzun Tokeser E., Mavi A. and Aksoz S. “Coating of Ti6Al4V alloys by physical vapor deposition method and micro-scratch and corrosion test investigations of coated specimens”, Journal of Advanced Applied Sciences, 2(1):36-45, (2023).
• [3] Awan N.M., Manzoor M.U., Hussain F. et al., “A Feasible Route to Produce 30 MPa Adhesion Strength of Electrochemically Deposited Hydroxyapatite (HA) on Titanium (Ti6Al4V) Alloy”, Trans. Indian Inst. Met., 76: 1653–1660, (2023).
• [4] Yener T., Yılmaz F. and Efe, G.C., “Low Temperature Pack Aluminising Process Effect on Ti6Al4V Alloy: Formation, Characterization and Oxidation Performances”, Trans. Indian Inst. Met., 76:1731–1740 (2023).
• [5] Molaeipour P, Allahkaram SR, & Akbarzadeh S, Corrosion inhibition of Ti6Al4V alloy by a protective plasma electrolytic oxidation coating modified with boron carbide nanoparticles, Surface and Coatings Technology, 430 (2022) 127987.
• [6] Joshi V.A, “Titanium Alloys: An Atlas of Structures and Fracture Features”, 1st Edition, CRC Press, ISBN: 9780849350108, (2006).
• [7] Liu X., Chu P.K. and Ding C., “Surface modification of titanium, titanium alloys, and related materials for biomedical applications”, Mater. Sci. Eng. R., 47(3–4): 49-121, (2004).
• [8] Tortuero S., Garrido M.A., Poza P. and Rodríguez J., “Evaluating the erosion resistance of Ti6Al4V coatings deposited by cold spray”, Wear, 454–455, 203337, (2020).
• [9] Tian P., Zhao X., Sun B., Cao H. and Wang C., “Enhanced anticorrosion and tribological properties of Ti6Al4V alloys with Fe3O4/HA coatings”, Surface and Coatings Technology, 433, 128118, (2022).
• [10] Zheng B., Dong F., Yuan X., Huang H. and Wang X., “Microstructure and tribological behavior of in situ synthesized (TiB+TiC)/Ti6Al4V (TiB/TiC=1/1) composites”, Tribology International, 145, 106177, (2020).
• [11] Deng C., Wang C., Chai L., Wang T. and Luo J., “Mechanical and chemical properties of CoCrFeNiMo0.2 high entropy alloy coating fabricated on Ti6Al4V by laser cladding”, Intermetallics, 144, 107504, (2022).
• [12] Gül, C., Mutaf, S. and Durmuş, H., “The effect of oxalic acid on corrosion resistance of hydroxyapatite sol-gel coated Ti6Al4V alloys”. Journal of Polytechnic, 23(4), 1395-1402, (2020).
• [13] Altuğ M., Erdem M., Ozay C. and Bozkır O., “Surface roughness of Ti6Al4V after heat treatment evaluated by artificial neural networks”, Materials Testing, 58(3): 189-199, (2016).
• [14] Dai Z.D., Pan S.C., Wang M., Yang S.R., Zhang X.S. and Xue Q.J., “Improving the fretting wear resistance of titanium alloy by laser beam quenching”, Wear, 213(1–2): 135-139, (1997).
• [15] Çiftçi, İ., and Gökçe, H., “An investigation into the influence of drilling method on drill wear in drilling of Ti6Al4V”, Journal of Polytechnic, 22(3): 627-631, (2019).
• [16] Leyens C. and Peters M., “Titanium and Titanium Alloys: Fundamental and Applications”, 1st Edition, Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co., (2003).
• [17] Veiga C., Davim J.P. and Loureiro A.J.R., “Properties and applications of titanium alloys”, Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci, 32:133-148, (2012).
• [18] Weng F., Chen C. and Yu H., “Research status of laser cladding on titanium and its alloys: A review”, Materials & Design, 58, (2014).
• [19] Krella A.K., “Cavitation erosion of monolayer PVD coatings – An influence of deposition technique on the degradation process”, Wear, 478–479, 203762, (2021).
• [20] Zhou H., Liu H.Y., Fu K., Yuan H., Du X. and Mai Y.W., “Numerical simulation of failure of composite coatings due to thermal and hygroscopic stresses”, Coatings, 9, (2019).
• [21] Xin L., Liu P., Feng C., Zhu S. and Wang F., “Fatigue behavior of (graded) (Ti, Al)N-coated 1Cr11Ni2W2MoV stainless steel at high temperature”, Surface and Coatings Technology, 204(15): 2417-2423, (2010).
• [22] Inspektor A. and Salvador P.A., “Architecture of PVD coatings for metal cutting applications: A review”, Surface and Coatings Technology, 257: 138-153, (2014).
• [23] Andrievski R.A., “Nanostructured superhard films as typical nanomaterials”, Surface and Coatings Technology, 201(13), (2007).
• [24] Gleiter H., “Nanostructured materials: basic concepts and microstructure”, Acta Materialia, 48(1): 1-29, (2000).
• [25] Polcar T., Parreira N.M.G. and Novák R., “Friction and wear behaviour of CrN coating at temperatures up to 500 °C”, Surface and Coatings Technology, 201(9–11): 5228-5235, (2007).
• [26] Bhowmick S., Jayaram V. and Biswas S.K., “Deconvolution of fracture properties of TiN films on steels from nanoindentation load-displacement curves”, Acta Materialia, 53(8): 2459-2467, (2005).
• [27] Ahlgren M. and Blomqvist H. “Influence of bias variation on residual stress and texture in TiAlN PVD coatings”, Surface and Coatings Technology, 200(1–4): 157-160, (2005).
• [28] Gleiter H., “Nanostructured materials: state of the art and perspectives”, Nanostructured Materials, 6(1–4): 3-14 (1995).
• [29] Krella A.K., “Degradation of protective PVD coatings”, Handbook of Materials Failure Analysis with Case Studies from the Chemicals, Concrete and Power Industries, Butterworth-Heinemann, Chapter 16, 411-440, (2016).
• [30] Bağcı, M., “The effects of solid particle erosion of ZrN coating material on GF/EP and CF/EP composites by using PVD method”. Journal of Polytechnic, 22(1): 87-93, (2019).
• [31] Toroslu A.G. and Tekiner Z., “Comparison between acidic electroless deposited Cu, Ni coating and a physical vapor deposited (PVD) Al coating on an acrylonitrile– butadiene–styrene (ABS) substrate”, Materials Testing, 63(10): 950-955, (2021).
• [32] Krella A., “Resistance of PVD coatings to erosive and wear processes: A review”, Coatings. 10(10):921, (2020).
• [33] Biava G., Siqueira I.B.F., Vaz R.F., De Souza G.B., and Pukasiewicz A.G.M., “Evaluation of high temperature corrosion resistance of CrN, AlCrN, and TiAlN arc evaporation PVD coatings deposited on Waspaloy”, Surface and Coatings Technology, 438, 128398, (2022).
• [34] Yalçın B. and Yılmaz N., “Ark PVD yüzey kaplama metoduyla titanyum nitrür (TiN) kaplanmış matkap takımlarında takım aşınmasının deneysel olarak incelenmesi”, Mühendis ve Makina, (2004).
• [35] Aytaç A., and Malayoğlu U., “Comparison of PVD and JVD / DVD thin film coatings by physical vapor deposition methods and a conceptual, academic and theoretical analysis on industrial applications of DVD coating technology”, The Journal of Defense Sciences, 17(1), (2018).
• [36] Gök M.S., Erdoğan A., Boynueyri D. and Çay V.V., “Determination of abrasion resistance of thin film coated cuttıng tools with micro-scale wear test”, International Engineering and Natural Sciences Conference (IENSC 2019), Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Türkiye., (2019).
• [37] Sangwal K., “On the reverse indentation size effect and microhardness measurement of solids”, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 63(2), (2000).
• [38] Arda L., Ozturk O., Asikuzun E. and Ataoglu S., “Structural and mechanical properties of transition metals doped ZnMgO nanoparticles”, Powder Technology, 235: 479-484, (2013).
• [39] Awad R., Aly, A.I.A., Kamal M. and Anas M., “Mechanical properties of (Cu0.5Tl0.5)-1223 Substituted by Pr”. J. Supercond. and Novel Magn, 24: 1947–1956, (2011).
• [40] Asikuzun E., Ozturk O., Arda L., Akcan D. and Terzioglu C., “Preparation, structural and micromechanical properties of (Al/Mg) co-doped ZnO nanoparticles by sol–gel process”, J. Mater. Sci: Mater. Electron., 26: 8147–8159, (2015).
• [41] He Q., DePaiva J.M., Kohlscheen J. and Veldhuis S.C., “Analysis of the performance of PVD AlTiN coating with five different Al/Ti ratios during the high-speed turning of stainless steel 304 under dry and wet cooling conditions”, Wear, 492–493, 204213, (2022).
• [42] Ibrahim R.N., Rahmat M.A., Oskouei R.H. and Singh R.K., “Monolayer TiAlN and multilayer TiAlN/CrN PVD coatings as surface modifiers to mitigate fretting fatigue of AISI P20 steel”, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 137, (2015).
• [43] Zhang K., Deng J., Guo X., Sun L. and Lei S., “Study on the adhesion and tribological behavior of PVD TiAlN coatings with a multi-scale textured substrate surface”, International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 72, (2018).
• [44] Guo X., Liu F., Zhang K., Wang C. and Sun L., “Controllable preparation of micro-textures on WC/Co substrate surface by an integrated laser-dry etching process for improving PVD coatings adhesion”, Applied Surface Science, 534, 147580, (2020).
• [45] Dong H., “Surface engineering of light alloys”, Woodhead Publishing, (2010).
• [46] Ng C.H., Rao J. and Nicholls J., “The role of PVD sputtered PTFE and Al2O3 thin films in the development of damage tolerant coating systems”, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 9(1): 675-686, (2020).
• [47] Abdoos M., Yamamoto K., Bose B., Fox-Rabinovich G. and Veldhuis S., “Effect of coating thickness on the tool wear performance of low stress TiAlN PVD coating during turning of compacted graphite iron (CGI)”, Wear, 422–423: 128-136, (2019).
• [48] Mavi A., Kaplan Y. and Aksoz S., “Effects of aging and deep cryogenic treatment on wear behavior of Al7075 alloy”, ASME J. Tribol, 143(12), 121702, (2021).
• [49] Weicheng K., Hui S. and Dejun K., “Microstructure and tribological properties of cathodic arc ıon plated TiAlN and TiSiN coatings at high temperatures”, ASME. J. Tribol., 140(4), 041301, (2018).
• [50] Ada H., Türkmen E., Kaplan Y., Özçatalbaş E., Şatır E.Y. and Aksöz S., “An examination of microstructure, microhardness and tribological properties of ceramic reinforced bronze matrix composite materials”. Science of Sintering, 4 (55), 437-452, (2023).
• [51] Kaya N., Çetinkaya C., Karakoç H., Ada H., “Effect of process parameters of Al5083/SiC surface composites fabricated by FSP on microstructure, mechanical properties and wear behaviors”. J. Mater. Chem. Phys. 315, 128991, (2024).
• [52] Çetinkaya C., “An investigation of the wear behaviours of white cast irons under different compositions, Materials & Design, 27(6): 437-445, (2006).
• [53] Buytoz S., Orhan A., Gur A.K., Caligulu U., “Microstructural Development of Fe–Cr–C and B4C Powder Alloy Coating on Stainless Steel by Plasma-Transferred Arc Weld Surfacing”. Arab J Sci Eng, 38, 2197–2204, (2013).
• [54] Celik Y.H., Ertem M., Gür A.K., Kurt B, Caligulu U., Ozay C., Yildiz T., “Investigation of microstructure properties of NbC – B coated HARDOX 400 steel by TRD method and evaluation of wear behavior by Taguchi method”. Surface Review and Letters, 28(12), 2150115, (2021).