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Dispute over the Fenced Varosha in the light of International Law, United Nations Security Council Resolutions and Judgments of European Court of Human Rights

Year 2022, Volume: 42 Issue: 1, 333 - 356, 29.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.900884

Abstract

The issue of property in Cyprus, which has been the subject of protracted discussions and negotiations from the Cyprus Peace Operation in 1974 up until now, has taken on a new dimension since the government of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) declared that the fenced area of Varosha would be re-opened to settlement. Re-opening the fenced area of Varosha to settlement would rekindle some international law debates as has been observed in the other regions of the island of Cyprus. In this regard, the objective status and erga omnes character of the Founding Treaties inclusive to the Treaty of Establishment and Treaty of Guarantee debates on the legitimacy of intervention on the island and the conformity of this intervention with international law, Resolutions of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), and the Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) on the property rights of Greek Cypriots will pave the way for new discussions on the future of Fenced Varosha. What is more, the critical claim by the Administration of Foundations in Cyprus (EVKAF), with respect to the whole area of the fenced area Varosha belonging to the Foundation Land, will lead the debate on the fenced area of Varosha in gaining another dimension. This study will first discuss, from an international law perspective, the debates on the intervention in TRNC covering the fenced area of Varosha, then the status of Varosha in the UNSC Resolutions, and finally the issues of the ownership of property and foundation land in Varosha in the light of Judgments of the ECtHR.

References

  • Arsava AF, ‘Kıbrıs Sorununun Uluslararası Hukuk Açısından Değerlendirmesi’ (1996) 51 Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi 47.
  • Başaran HR, ‘The Cyprus Question, International Law and European Law: An Assessment’ (2018) 28 Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems 18.
  • Bora E, ‘Cyprus in International Law’ (2013) 1 Ankara Bar Review 32.
  • Constantinou CM, ‘Revising the Treaty of Guarantee for a Cyprus Settlement’ (2017) Analysis for EJIL Talk, 1. See: <https://www.ejiltalk.org/revising-the-treaty-of-guarantee-for-a-cyprus-settlement/> accessed 22 March 2021.
  • Cyprus v. Turkey, App. No. 25781/94, (ECHR 10.05.2001).
  • Demopoulos ve Others v. Turkey, App. No. 46113/99, 3843/02, 13751/02, 13466/03, 10200/04, 14163/04, 19993/04, 21819/04, Decision on Admissibility, Grand Chamber, (ECHR 01.03.2010).
  • Dereboylular Ö & Arman P, ‘Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesinin Kıbrısla İlgili Verdiği Kararların KKTC ve Türkiye’ye Etkisi’ (2018) 136 TBB Dergisi 313.
  • Erdem M & Greer S, Human Rights, ‘The Cyprus Problem and The Immovable Property Commission’ (2018) 67 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 725.
  • Franck TM, ‘The Secretary-General's Role in Conflict Resolution: Past, Present and Pure Conjecture’ (1995) 6 European Journal of International Law 12.
  • Hakkı MM, ‘Property Wars in Cyprus: The Turkish Position according to International Law’ (2010) 15 The International Journal of Human Rights 849.
  • Hascan T, Kıbrıs Sorununda Çözüm Önerileri: De Cuellar Planı (1984-1986), Ghali Fikirler Dizisi (1990-1992), Annan Planı (2002-2004). Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, (2016). <https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tarama.jsp> accessed 22 March 2021.
  • ILC, ‘Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts’, (12 December 2001) A/56/49(Vol. I)/Corr.4.
  • Joannou v. Turkey, App. No. 53240/14, (ECHR 12.12.2017).
  • K.V. Mediterranean Tours Limited v. Turkey, App. No. 41120/17, (ECHR, lodged on 25.05.2017).
  • Kapalı Maraş ve Vakıflar, Genel Bilgi Broşürü, 2. <http://www.evkaf.org/site/dokuman/Kapal%C4%B1MarasKonusu.pdf> accessed 22 March 2021.
  • Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti Anayasası, 1960, m.110. TBMM Tutanakları 387, 152. <https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/tutanaklar/TUTANAK/MM__/d01/c034/mm__01034039ss0387.pdf> accessed 22 March 2021.
  • Kıbrıs Vakıflarını Araştırma ve Değerlendirme Projesi, Sunum, 10. <http://www.evkaf.org/site/dokuman/KIVABIS.pdf> accessed 22 March 2021.
  • Kyriakou v. Turkey, App. No. 18407/91, (ECHR 27.01.2009).
  • Loizidou v. Turkey, App. No. 15318/89, (ECHR 18.12.1996).
  • Lordos ve Others v. Turkey, App. No. 15973/90, (ECHR 02.11.2010).
  • MacDonald R. ST. J., ‘International Law and the Conflict in Cyprus’ (1982) 19 The Canadian Yearbook of International Law 5.
  • Meier BM, ‘Reunification of Cyprus: The Possibility of Peace in the Wake of Past Failure’ (2001) 34 Cornell International Law Journal 465.
  • Morelli VL, ‘Cyprus: Reunification Proving Elusive’ (2019) Congressional Research Service, Report No. R41136, 25, <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41136.pdf> accessed 22 March 2021.
  • Myra Xenides-Arestis v. Turkey, App. No. 46347/99, Decision on admissibility, (ECtHR 14.03.2005).
  • Özersay K, Kıbrıs Sorunu: Hukuksal Bir İnceleme, ATAUM Araştırma Dizisi, No.32 (Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi 2009).
  • Salerno F, ‘Treaties Establishing Objective Regimes’, in Enzo Cannizzaro, (eds), The Law of Treaties Beyond the Vienna Convention, (Oxford University Press 2011).
  • Sarıca M & Teziç E & Eskiyurt Ö, Kıbrıs Sorunu, (İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayını 1975).
  • Şener B, ‘Kıbrıs Barış Harekatı’nın Meşruiyeti ve Uluslararası Hukuk Açısından Bir Değerlendirmesi’ in Duygu Türker Çelik (eds), Uluslararası Boyutlarıyla Kıbrıs Meselesi ve Geleceği Uluslararası Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, (Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları 2016).
  • Text of the Press Communique On The Cyprus Talks Issued in Vienna On 2 August 1975, S/11789 (5 August 1975), 1.
  • Toluner S, Kıbrıs Uyuşmazlığı ve Milletlerarası Hukuk, (Fakülteler Matbaası 1977), İstanbul.
  • Treaty of Guarantee, (adopted and entered into force 16 August 1960). <https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/CY%20GR%20TR_600816_Treaty%20of%20Guarantee.pdf> accessed 22 March 2021.
  • Treaty of Lausanne (adopted 24 July 1923, entered into force 6 August 1924). English version: <https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne> accessed 22 March 2021.
  • UN Secretariat, Items in Cyprus, Chronological Files, S-0903-0006-09-00001.
  • UN Secretary-General, Ten-Point Agreement of 19 May 1979, S-0903-0006-09-00001.
  • UNSC Res. 186, (4 March 1964), UN Doc S/RES/186.
  • UNSC Res. 2483, (25 July 2019), UN Doc S/RES/2483.
  • UNSC Res. 353, (20 July 1974), UN Doc S/RES/353.
  • UNSC Res. 541, (18 November 1983), UN Doc S/RES/541.
  • UNSC Res. 550, (11 May 1984), UN Doc S/RES/550.
  • UNSC Res. 789, (25 November 1992), UN Doc S/RES/789.
  • Vatansever M, ‘Kıbrıs Sorununun Tarihi Gelişimi’ (2010) 12 Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 1499.
  • Zavou ve Others v. Turkey, App. No. 16654/90, (ECHR 22.09.2009).

Uluslararası Hukuk, Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi Kararları ve Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi İçtihatları Işığında Kapalı Maraş Uyuşmazlığı

Year 2022, Volume: 42 Issue: 1, 333 - 356, 29.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.900884

Abstract

1974 Kıbrıs Barış Harekatı’ndan günümüze uzun tartışmaların ve müzakerelerin konusu olan Kıbrıs’ta mülkiyet sorunu Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti (KKTC) hükümetince Kapalı Maraş bölgesinin tekrar iskana açılacağının beyan edilmesinden sonra yeni bir boyuta taşındı. Kapalı Maraş’ın yerleşime açılması Kıbrıs Adasının diğer bölgelerinde olduğu gibi, birtakım uluslararası hukuk tartışmalarını yeniden gündeme getirecektir. Dolayısıyla Garantörlük Andlaşması ve Kurucu Andlaşmaların objektif statüsü ve erga omnes niteliği ile adaya müdahalenin meşruiyetine ve uluslararası hukuka uygunluğuna dair tartışmalar yeniden gündeme gelecektir. Bu anlamda Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi (BMGK) kararları ve Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi’nin (AİHM) Rum toplumunun mülkiyet haklarına ilişkin kararları Kapalı Maraş için de benzer bir hukuki zemin sunmaktadır. Kapalı Maraş özelinde bu zemini başka bir boyuta taşıyacak önemli bir mesele ise Kıbrıs Vakıflar İdaresi (EVKAF) tarafından ileri sürülen Kapalı Maraş’ın tamamının vakıf arazisi olduğu iddiasıdır. Bu çalışmada; öncelikle Kapalı Maraş’ı da kapsayacak şekilde KKTC’ye müdahale hakkındaki tartışmalar, daha sonrasında BMGK kararlarında Kapalı Maraş’ın statüsü ve en sonunda ise AİHM kararları ışığında Kapalı Maraş’ta mülkiyet ve vakıf problemi, uluslararası hukuk perspektifinden, tartışılacaktır.

References

  • Arsava AF, ‘Kıbrıs Sorununun Uluslararası Hukuk Açısından Değerlendirmesi’ (1996) 51 Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi 47.
  • Başaran HR, ‘The Cyprus Question, International Law and European Law: An Assessment’ (2018) 28 Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems 18.
  • Bora E, ‘Cyprus in International Law’ (2013) 1 Ankara Bar Review 32.
  • Constantinou CM, ‘Revising the Treaty of Guarantee for a Cyprus Settlement’ (2017) Analysis for EJIL Talk, 1. See: <https://www.ejiltalk.org/revising-the-treaty-of-guarantee-for-a-cyprus-settlement/> accessed 22 March 2021.
  • Cyprus v. Turkey, App. No. 25781/94, (ECHR 10.05.2001).
  • Demopoulos ve Others v. Turkey, App. No. 46113/99, 3843/02, 13751/02, 13466/03, 10200/04, 14163/04, 19993/04, 21819/04, Decision on Admissibility, Grand Chamber, (ECHR 01.03.2010).
  • Dereboylular Ö & Arman P, ‘Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesinin Kıbrısla İlgili Verdiği Kararların KKTC ve Türkiye’ye Etkisi’ (2018) 136 TBB Dergisi 313.
  • Erdem M & Greer S, Human Rights, ‘The Cyprus Problem and The Immovable Property Commission’ (2018) 67 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 725.
  • Franck TM, ‘The Secretary-General's Role in Conflict Resolution: Past, Present and Pure Conjecture’ (1995) 6 European Journal of International Law 12.
  • Hakkı MM, ‘Property Wars in Cyprus: The Turkish Position according to International Law’ (2010) 15 The International Journal of Human Rights 849.
  • Hascan T, Kıbrıs Sorununda Çözüm Önerileri: De Cuellar Planı (1984-1986), Ghali Fikirler Dizisi (1990-1992), Annan Planı (2002-2004). Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, (2016). <https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tarama.jsp> accessed 22 March 2021.
  • ILC, ‘Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts’, (12 December 2001) A/56/49(Vol. I)/Corr.4.
  • Joannou v. Turkey, App. No. 53240/14, (ECHR 12.12.2017).
  • K.V. Mediterranean Tours Limited v. Turkey, App. No. 41120/17, (ECHR, lodged on 25.05.2017).
  • Kapalı Maraş ve Vakıflar, Genel Bilgi Broşürü, 2. <http://www.evkaf.org/site/dokuman/Kapal%C4%B1MarasKonusu.pdf> accessed 22 March 2021.
  • Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti Anayasası, 1960, m.110. TBMM Tutanakları 387, 152. <https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/tutanaklar/TUTANAK/MM__/d01/c034/mm__01034039ss0387.pdf> accessed 22 March 2021.
  • Kıbrıs Vakıflarını Araştırma ve Değerlendirme Projesi, Sunum, 10. <http://www.evkaf.org/site/dokuman/KIVABIS.pdf> accessed 22 March 2021.
  • Kyriakou v. Turkey, App. No. 18407/91, (ECHR 27.01.2009).
  • Loizidou v. Turkey, App. No. 15318/89, (ECHR 18.12.1996).
  • Lordos ve Others v. Turkey, App. No. 15973/90, (ECHR 02.11.2010).
  • MacDonald R. ST. J., ‘International Law and the Conflict in Cyprus’ (1982) 19 The Canadian Yearbook of International Law 5.
  • Meier BM, ‘Reunification of Cyprus: The Possibility of Peace in the Wake of Past Failure’ (2001) 34 Cornell International Law Journal 465.
  • Morelli VL, ‘Cyprus: Reunification Proving Elusive’ (2019) Congressional Research Service, Report No. R41136, 25, <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41136.pdf> accessed 22 March 2021.
  • Myra Xenides-Arestis v. Turkey, App. No. 46347/99, Decision on admissibility, (ECtHR 14.03.2005).
  • Özersay K, Kıbrıs Sorunu: Hukuksal Bir İnceleme, ATAUM Araştırma Dizisi, No.32 (Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi 2009).
  • Salerno F, ‘Treaties Establishing Objective Regimes’, in Enzo Cannizzaro, (eds), The Law of Treaties Beyond the Vienna Convention, (Oxford University Press 2011).
  • Sarıca M & Teziç E & Eskiyurt Ö, Kıbrıs Sorunu, (İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayını 1975).
  • Şener B, ‘Kıbrıs Barış Harekatı’nın Meşruiyeti ve Uluslararası Hukuk Açısından Bir Değerlendirmesi’ in Duygu Türker Çelik (eds), Uluslararası Boyutlarıyla Kıbrıs Meselesi ve Geleceği Uluslararası Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, (Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları 2016).
  • Text of the Press Communique On The Cyprus Talks Issued in Vienna On 2 August 1975, S/11789 (5 August 1975), 1.
  • Toluner S, Kıbrıs Uyuşmazlığı ve Milletlerarası Hukuk, (Fakülteler Matbaası 1977), İstanbul.
  • Treaty of Guarantee, (adopted and entered into force 16 August 1960). <https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/CY%20GR%20TR_600816_Treaty%20of%20Guarantee.pdf> accessed 22 March 2021.
  • Treaty of Lausanne (adopted 24 July 1923, entered into force 6 August 1924). English version: <https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne> accessed 22 March 2021.
  • UN Secretariat, Items in Cyprus, Chronological Files, S-0903-0006-09-00001.
  • UN Secretary-General, Ten-Point Agreement of 19 May 1979, S-0903-0006-09-00001.
  • UNSC Res. 186, (4 March 1964), UN Doc S/RES/186.
  • UNSC Res. 2483, (25 July 2019), UN Doc S/RES/2483.
  • UNSC Res. 353, (20 July 1974), UN Doc S/RES/353.
  • UNSC Res. 541, (18 November 1983), UN Doc S/RES/541.
  • UNSC Res. 550, (11 May 1984), UN Doc S/RES/550.
  • UNSC Res. 789, (25 November 1992), UN Doc S/RES/789.
  • Vatansever M, ‘Kıbrıs Sorununun Tarihi Gelişimi’ (2010) 12 Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 1499.
  • Zavou ve Others v. Turkey, App. No. 16654/90, (ECHR 22.09.2009).
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Law in Context
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ali Osman Karaoglu 0000-0003-2979-7001

Publication Date June 29, 2022
Submission Date March 22, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 42 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Karaoglu, A. O. (2022). Dispute over the Fenced Varosha in the light of International Law, United Nations Security Council Resolutions and Judgments of European Court of Human Rights. Public and Private International Law Bulletin, 42(1), 333-356. https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.900884
AMA Karaoglu AO. Dispute over the Fenced Varosha in the light of International Law, United Nations Security Council Resolutions and Judgments of European Court of Human Rights. PPIL. June 2022;42(1):333-356. doi:10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.900884
Chicago Karaoglu, Ali Osman. “Dispute over the Fenced Varosha in the Light of International Law, United Nations Security Council Resolutions and Judgments of European Court of Human Rights”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 42, no. 1 (June 2022): 333-56. https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.900884.
EndNote Karaoglu AO (June 1, 2022) Dispute over the Fenced Varosha in the light of International Law, United Nations Security Council Resolutions and Judgments of European Court of Human Rights. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 42 1 333–356.
IEEE A. O. Karaoglu, “Dispute over the Fenced Varosha in the light of International Law, United Nations Security Council Resolutions and Judgments of European Court of Human Rights”, PPIL, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 333–356, 2022, doi: 10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.900884.
ISNAD Karaoglu, Ali Osman. “Dispute over the Fenced Varosha in the Light of International Law, United Nations Security Council Resolutions and Judgments of European Court of Human Rights”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 42/1 (June 2022), 333-356. https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.900884.
JAMA Karaoglu AO. Dispute over the Fenced Varosha in the light of International Law, United Nations Security Council Resolutions and Judgments of European Court of Human Rights. PPIL. 2022;42:333–356.
MLA Karaoglu, Ali Osman. “Dispute over the Fenced Varosha in the Light of International Law, United Nations Security Council Resolutions and Judgments of European Court of Human Rights”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin, vol. 42, no. 1, 2022, pp. 333-56, doi:10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.900884.
Vancouver Karaoglu AO. Dispute over the Fenced Varosha in the light of International Law, United Nations Security Council Resolutions and Judgments of European Court of Human Rights. PPIL. 2022;42(1):333-56.