The Competence to Conclude Treaties in International Law and the Invalidity of Treaties within the Scope of Article 46 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties

Year 2023, Volume: 43 Issue: 2, 715 - 771, 31.12.2023

Bilge Erson Asar

https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2023.43.2.1368013

Abstract

The regulations governing the domestic procedures that states are to follow in their processes regarding the conclusion of a treaty represent one of the limited areas where international law intersects with domestic law. Nonetheless, the regulations in this area include various procedures. The power to conclude treaties, traditionally vested in the executive, has become a practice shared with the legislature in line with democratization processes. Constitutional courts or judicial bodies with similar powers may be able to be involved in these processes in some states. Other states even have treatyconcluding procedures that require a referendum. If a state becomes a party to an international treaty in violation these rules of domestic law, it may invoke the treaty’s invalidity under Article 46 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT). While this provision may seem to challenge both internationalism and constitutionalism, its practical application proves to be extremely difficult and rare. Both the complexity of states’ rules on treaty-making and their diverse nature further complicates the matter to the extent that a general categorization becomes challenging. The study delves into the development, scope, and limitations of the relevant provision in VCLT and analyzes why this ground of invalidity, which was one of the most controversial issues in the preparatory work of the VCLT, is highly exceptional and unlikely to succeed if invoked. In addition, this study addresses the applicability of this provision to the rules on withdrawal from treaties that are currently under discussion in academia.

Keywords

Law of Treaties, competence to conclude treaties, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Article 46, invalidity of treaties, Article 90 of the Turkish Constitution, authorized representative, Istanbul Convention

Uluslararası Hukukta Andlaşma Akdetme Yetkisi ve Viyana Andlaşmalar Hukuku Sözleşmesi Madde 46 Kapsamında Andlaşmaların Geçersizliği

Abstract

Devletlerin bir andlaşma ile bağlanma süreçlerinde iç hukuklarında uygulanacak usule ilişkin düzenlemeleri, uluslararası hukuk ile iç hukukun kesiştiği sınırlı alanlardan biri olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bununla birlikte devletlerin bu alandaki düzenlemelerinin çeşitli usulleri içerdiği gözlenmektedir. Geleneksel olarak yürütmenin elinde olan andlaşma akdetme yetkisinin demokratikleşme süreçleriyle birlikte yasama ile paylaşılan bir uygulama halini aldığı görülmektedir. Kimi devletlerde bu süreçlere anayasa mahkemeleri veya benzer yetkiyle donatılmış yargı organlarının da dahil olması mümkün olabilir. Hatta halk oylamasından geçmesi öngörülen andlaşma akdetme usulleri de mevcuttur. İç hukukta öngörülen bu kuralların ihlal edilmesi yoluyla bir uluslararası andlaşmaya taraf olan devlet, andlaşmanın geçersizliğini 1969 Viyana Andlaşmalar Hukuku Sözleşmesi’nin (VAHS) 46. maddesine dayanarak ileri sürebilir. Uluslararasıcılık ile anayasalcılığı bağdaştırıcı bir çözüm sunar gibi gözüken bu hüküm, gerçekte son derece zor ve istisnaî bir uygulamaya sahiptir. Gerek devletlerin andlaşma akdetme konusundaki kurallarının karmaşık olması gerekse genel bir sınıflandırmayı zorlaştıracak kadar çeşitli olması, konuyu daha da çetrefilli hale getirmektedir. Bu çalışma, ilgili hükmün hazırlık çalışmaları, kapsamı ve sınırlarını ayrıntılı bir biçimde incelemektedir. Çalışmada ayrıca, VAHS’nin hazırlık çalışmalarında da en tartışmalı konulardan biri olan bu geçersizlik gerekçesinin neden son derece istisnaî ve ileri sürüldüğünde başarı şansının zayıf olduğu değerlendirilmiştir. Bunların yanında, bu hükmün şu anda akademik çevrelerde tartışılmakta olan andlaşmalardan çekilmeye ilişkin kurallara benzer şekilde uygulanabilirliği de ele alınmıştır.

Keywords

Andlaşmalar hukuku, andlaşma akdetme yetkisi, Viyana Andlaşmalar Hukuku Sözleşmesi, madde 46, andlaşmaların geçersizliği, T.C. Anayasası madde 90, yetkili temsilci, İstanbul Sözleşmesi

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