Antik Çağda ‘Yapı ile Zemin Arasındaki Bağı Gevşetme’ Düşüncesi ve Antisismik Temellere Arkeolojik Kanıtlar

Year 2024, , 199 - 242, 30.09.2024

Davut Kaplan

https://doi.org/10.56170/propontica.1464273

Abstract

Antik çağda antisismik yapıların varlığı, yazılı kaynaklarda ifade edilmese de, arazide çalışanlar tarafından çoğu kez gözden kaçırılmakta veya tartışma konusu yapılmaktadır. En azından günümüz beton yapıları öncesi Anadolu’da ve çevre bölgelerde sürgün vermiş kadim kültürlerdeki bazı geleneksel yapıların ve yapı tekniklerinin antisismik olduğu kabul edilmelidir. Hatta bu teknikler, bazen geniş bir coğrafyada bazen de daha dar bir bölgede, sanki bir merkezi yönetim, idare veya düşüncenin kontrolü altında uygulanmış gibidir ve uzun süre kullanılmaya devam eder. Arkeolojik çalışmalar, dinamik yüklerden etkilenen yapıların desteklenmesi amacıyla bazı inşa tekniklerinin yaygın olarak kullanıldığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu tür teknikler, depremlerin yapılar üzerindeki etkilerini kesinlikle farkında olan ve bilen mühendis, mimar ve ustalar tarafından uygulanmış ve geliştirilmiştir. Dolayısıyla antisismik yapılar, deprem tehlikesinin bilincinde olan bir düşüncenin sonucu ortaya çıkmış olmalıdır. Bronz Çağlar’ında Anadolu’da temeller ve duvarlarda ahşap, Mezopotamya ve Mısır’da kum, Yunan mimarisinde kum, kül, kömür ve kireç, Roma’da opus caementicum, daha dayanıklı veya uzun ömürlü yapı inşaat tekniklerinin temel ve temel altındaki uygulamalarıdır. Elbette ki ahşap ve ahşabın yer verildiği temeller Bronz Çağı’ndan beri bilinmekte ve kullanılmaktadır. Ne yazık ki yeni malzemelerin ve teknolojilerin ortaya çıkmasıyla Anadolu’nun geleneksel mimari anlayışı neredeyse tamamen inşaat pratiğinden çıkarılmıştır. Modern inşaatlarda olduğu gibi arkeolojik çalışmalarda da yapıların, göze gelen temel üstü birimlerine dikkat edilirken, toprak altında kalan temel bölümlerine dikkat edilmemektedir. Alt yapıda ahşap kullanıldığına dair bilgiler ise bazen rastlantı sonucu keşfedilmiştir. Bu makale antik çağda yapı ile zemin arasındaki bağı gevşetme düşüncesinin bilindiğini göstermektedir. Geçmişte kullanılan teknik çözümler, taban yalıtımı ilkelerine uysa da, bugünkü gibi gerçek anlamda antisismik düşünceye sahip oldukları ise tartışılabilir.

Keywords

Antik Çağ, Bina Temelleri, Sismik Temeller, Yapı ve Zemin, Deprem

The Idea of ‘Loosening the Bond Between Ground and Structure’ in Antiquity and Archaeological Evidence on Antiseismic Foundations

Abstract

Antiseismic structures in antiquity are often overlooked or disputed by those working in the field, even though they are not mentioned in written sources. At the very least, it should be recognized that some of the traditional structures and building techniques of ancient cultures in Anatolia and surrounding regions were antiseismic before today’s concrete structures. In fact, these techniques were sometimes applied over a wide geographical area and sometimes in a narrower region, as if under the control of a central government, administration or idea, and continue to be used for a long time. Archaeological studies reveal that some construction methods were widely used to support structures affected by dynamic loads. Such methods were applied and developed by engineers, architects and artisans who were fully aware of the effects of earthquakes on structures. Therefore, antiseismic structures must have emerged due to awareness of earthquake hazards. Wood in foundations and walls in Anatolia in the Bronze Ages, sand in Mesopotamia and Egypt, sand, ash, coal and lime in Greek architecture, and opus caementicum in Rome were applied in and under the foundation in more durable or long-lasting building construction techniques. Undoubtedly, wood and wood foundations have been known and used since the Bronze Age. Unfortunately, with the emergence of new materials and technologies, the traditional architectural understanding of Anatolia was almost wholly removed from construction practice. As in modern constructions, in archaeological studies, attention is paid to the structures’ above- ground units, while the underground foundation sections are overlooked. Data about the use of wood in the groundwork is sometimes discovered by chance. This article demonstrates that the idea of loosening the bond between structure and ground was known in ancient times. Although the technical solutions used in the past match the principles of base insulation, it is arguable whether they are genuinely antiseismic as they are today.

Keywords

antiquity, building foundations, antiseismic foundations, structure and ground, earthquake

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