Korean way of perceiving the determinism of French spectral music and concrete music since 1970

Year 2022, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 183 - 214, 30.06.2022

Kim Jınho

https://doi.org/10.12975/rastmd.20221022

Abstract

We studied determinism and free will, encompassing links between philosophy, psychology, musical poetics, music analysis, and musical theory of mind (MTOM). The determinism of a musical piece refers to its deterministic features, the deterministic compositional processes involved in its creation, as well as the psycho-poetical determinism of its composer. A strong deterministic composition generates multiple musical elements rigidly and automatically under the premises set by a strong poetic determinist. A weakly deterministic composition, as created by the weak poetic determinist, generates small elements somewhat automatically and logically. Poetic libertarians compose music without planning and as their fancy dictates. We use these ideal definitions to classify certain French spectral and concrete composers and their pieces. We surveyed Koreans to establish whether they

heard these genres and composers as such. Five hundred four randomly selected respondents in Korea heard parts of two spectral and two concrete pieces, then completed a data collection tool. Analyzing data in SPSS/Microsoft Excel we identified how people listen to musical determinism/libertarianism and how people have MTOM depend on their psycho-social attributes, including their psychological beliefs in and understanding of determinism/libertarianism: e.g. Respondents who properly understood determinism/libertarianism did better at perceiving the deterministic spectral music and free concrete music than did individuals who did not. Our phenomenological research did not provide the only possible explanation of the links or correlations.

Keywords

determinism, French concrete music, French spectral music, Korean way of perceiving the musical determinism/libertarianism, musical poetics, musical theory of mind, prepared deterministic composition, psychological determinists/ libertarians

Korean way of perceiving the determinism of French spectral music and concrete music since 1970

Abstract

We studied determinism and free will, encompassing links between philosophy, psychology, musical poetics, music analysis, and musical theory of mind (MTOM). The determinism of a musical piece refers to its deterministic features, the deterministic compositional processes involved in its creation, as well as the psycho-poetical determinism of its composer. A strong deterministic composition generates multiple musical elements rigidly and automatically under the premises set by a strong poetic determinist. A weakly deterministic composition, as created by the weak poetic determinist, generates small elements somewhat automatically and logically. Poetic libertarians compose music without planning and as their fancy dictates. We use these ideal definitions to classify certain French spectral and concrete composers and their pieces. We surveyed Koreans to establish whether they heard these genres and composers as such. Five hundred four randomly selected respondents in Korea heard parts of two spectral and two concrete pieces, then completed a data collection tool. Analyzing data in SPSS/Microsoft Excel we identified how people listen to musical determinism/libertarianism and how people have MTOM depend on their psycho-social attributes, including their psychological beliefs in and understanding of determinism/libertarianism: e.g. Respondents who properly understood determinism/libertarianism did better at perceiving the deterministic spectral music and free concrete music than did individuals who did not. Our phenomenological research did not provide the only possible explanation of the links or correlations.

Keywords

determinism, musical poetics, prepared deterministic composition, psychological determinists/libertarians, musical theory of mind, French spectral music, concrete music, Korean way of perceiving the musical determinism

References

• Anderson, J. (1989a). Dans le context. Entretemps, 8, 13-23.
• Anderson, J. (1989b). De Sables à vues aériennes. Entretemps, 8, 123-37.
• Aristotle. (2002). Nicomachean Ethics. Translation by S. Broadie and C. Rowe. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press.
• Babbie, E. (2016). The Practice of Social Research. Lorong Chuan: Cengage Learning.
• Baggini, J. (2016). Freedom Regained: The Possibility of Free Will. London: Granta Books.
• Baillet, J. (2000). Gérard Grisey: Fondements d’une écriture. Paris: L’Harmattan.
• Barash, D. P. (2003). Dennett and the Darwinizing of free will. Human Nature Review, 3, 222-225.
• Baron-Cohen, S. (1995). Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind. Massachusetts: MIT Press.
• Barrière, J. B. (1989). Ecriture et modèles. Entretemps, 8, 25-45.
• Baumeister, R, F. (2013). Do you really have free will? Slate. Retrieved from https://slate.com/technology/2013/09/free-willdebate-what-does-free-will-mean-and-howdid-it-evolve.html
• Besson, M., & Frédérique, F. (1995). An event-related potential (ERP) study of musical expectancy: Comparison of musicians with nonmusicians. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21(6), 1278-1296.
• Bosseur, J. Y. (1996). Vocabulaire de la musique contemporaine. Paris: Minerve.
• Campbell, C. A. (1985/1981). Has the self ‘free will’? In J. Feinberg (Eds.), Reason and Responsibility (pp. 445-455). Belmont: Wadsworth.
• Carter, R. (2010). Mapping the Mind. Berkeley: University of California Press. Causality. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality
• Chion, M. (1991). L’Art des sons fixes, ou, La musique concrètement. Fontaine: Metamkine/Nota Bene/Sono-Concept.
• Churchland, P. (2013). Touching a Nerve. New York/London: W. W. Norton & Company.
• Coates, R. D. (2006). Towards a Simple Typology of Racial Hegemony. Societies without Borders, 1(1), 69-91.
• Copley, B., & Wolff, P. (2015). Theories of causation should inform linguistic theory and vice versa. In B. Copley, & F. Martin (Eds.), Causation in Grammatical Structures (pp. 11-57). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Critchlow, H. (2019). The Science of Fate. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
• Dahlhaus, C. (1985). Realism in Nineteenth-Century Music. Translation by M. Whittall. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• D’Albavie, M. A. (1989). Notes sur Gondwana. Entretemps, 8, 139-145.
• Damasio, A. (2003). Looking for Spinoza. London: William Heinemann.
• Datar, A., & Nicosia, N. (2018). Assessing Social Contagion in Body Mass Index, Overweight, and Obesity Using a Natural Experiment. JAMA Pediatrics, 172(3), 239-246.
• De Gérando, S. (1996). Contingence et déterminisme procédural appliqués à la synthèse sonore informatique et l’écriture musicale [Doctoral dissertation, Paris VIII University].
• Deliège, C. (2003). Cinquante ans de modernité musicale: De Darmstadt à L’IRCAM. Hayen: Pierre Mardaga.
• Dennett, D. (2003). Freedom Evolves. New York: Viking Books.
• Dufourt, H. (1991). Musique, pouvoir, écriture. Paris: Christian Bourgois.
• Du Sautoy, M. (2016). What we cannot know: explorations at the edge of knowledge. London: Fourth Estate.
• Engels, F. (1969). Anti-Dühring. Moscow: Progress Publishers.
• Frede, M. (2011). A Free Will. California: University of California Press.
• Fried, I., Mukamel, R., & Gabriel, K. (2011). Internally Generated Preactivation of Single Neurons in Human Medial Frontal Cortex Predicts Volition. Neuron, 69, 548-562.
• Frith, C. D., & Frith, U. (1999). Interacting Minds – A Biological Basis. Science, 286(5445), 1692-1695.
• Funk, C., Rainie, L., & Page, D. (2015). Public and scientists’ views on science and society. Pew Research Center, 29.
• Gazzaniga, M. (2011). Who’s in Charge? New York: Ecco.
• Gopnik, A., & Wellman, H. M. (2012). Reconstructing constructivism: Causal models, Bayesian learning mechanisms, and the theory. Psychological Bulletin, 138(6), 1085-1108.
• Grisey, G. (1984). La musique: le devenir des sons. Darmstädter Beiträge zur Neuen Musik,19, 16-23.
• Grisey, G. (1989). Tempus ex machina. Entretemps, 8, 83-121.
• Grisey, G. (1991). Structuration des timbres dans la musique instrumentale. In J. - B. Barrière (Ed.), Le timbre, métaphore pour la composition (pp. 352-385). Paris: IRCAM Christian Bourgois.
• Hadamard, J. S. (1945). An Essay on the Psychology of Invention in the Mathematical Field. New York: Dover Publications/ Princeton University Press.
• Haggard, P. (2011). Decision time for free will. Neuron, 69, 404-406.
• Harris, S. (2009). What People Do and Do Not Believe. Retrieved from https://theharrispoll.com/wpcontent/uploads/2017/12/Harris_Poll_2009_12_15.pdf
• Harris, S. (2012). Free Will. New York: Free Press.
• Haynes, J.-D. (2011). Decoding and predicting intentions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1224(1), 9-21.
• Heider, F. (2015). The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. Mansfield: Martino Publishing.
• Honderich, T. (2005). On Determinism and Freedom. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
• Hood, B. (2009). Supersense: Why We Believe in the Unbelievable. New York: Harper Collins.
• Hume, D. (2010). A Treatise on the Human Nature: Being an Attempt to Introduce the Experimental Method of Reasoning into Moral Subjects; and Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, Vol. 1. London: Nabu Press.
• Humphrey, N. (1976). The Social Function of Intellect. In P. Bateson, & R. Hinde (Eds.), Growing Points in Ethology (pp. 303-317). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Kane, B. (2007). L’Object sonore maintenant: Pierre Schaeffer, sound objects and the phenomenological reduction. Organised Sound, 12(1), 15-24.
• Kistler, M. (2015). Analyzing causation in light of intuitions, causal statements, and science. In B. Copley, & F Martin (Eds.), Causation in Grammatical Structures (pp. 76- 99). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Kramer, A., Guillory, J., & Hancock, J. (2014). Experimental evidence of massivescale emotional contagion through social networks. PNAS, 111(24), 8788-8790.
• Laplace, P. S. (1902). A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
• Lebon, G. (1980). The French Revolution and the Psychology of Revolution. New Brunswick and London: Transaction Books.
• Leibniz, G. (1981). New Essays on Human Understanding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Lelong, G. (1988). Les dérives sonores de Gérard Grisey. Art Press, 123, 45-47.
• Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K., Seifert, C. M., Schwarz, N., & Cook, J. (2012). Misinformation and its correction: Continued influence and successful debiasing. Psychological science in the public interest, 13(3), 106-131.
• Libet, B. (1985). Unconscious cerebral initiative and the role of conscious will in voluntary action. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 8, 529-566.
• Lichtenberg, G. C. (2012). Philosophical Writings. Albany: State University of New York.
• Locke, J. (1979). The Correspondence of John Locke, vol. IV. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Loy, G. (1989). Composing with Computers: a Survey of Some Compositional Formalisms and Music Programming Languages. In M. Mathews, & R. John (Eds.), Current Directions in Computer Music Research (pp. 291-396). Cambridge/Massachusetts/London: The MIT Press.
• Mackay, D. (1991). Behind the Eye. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
• Mackie, J. (1965). Causes and conditions. American Philosophical Quarterly, 2(4), 245- 264.
• Malherbe, C. (1989). L’enjeu spectral. Entretemps, 8, 47-53.
• Masci, D. (2021). Public opinion on religion and science in the United States. Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. Retrieved from http://www. pewforum. org/Science-and-Bioethics/Public-Opinion-on-Religion-and-Science-in-the-United-States. aspx.
• McTaggart, J. (1915). The meaning of causality. Mind, 24(95), 326–344.
• Metamorphoses III. https: //www.amazon.com / Lilarama-M-C-Escher-Metamorphosisiii-Reproduction / dp / B078GQMM7Q
• Meyer, L. (1956). Emotion and Meaning in Music. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Miller, J., Scott, E., & Okamoto, S. (2006). Public acceptance of evolution. Science, 313(5788), 765-766.
• Miller, K. R. (2018). The Human Instinct. New York: Simon & Schuster.
• Mithen, S. (1996). The prehistory of the mind. London: Thames and Hudson.
• Molino, J. (1989). Analyser. Analyse musicale, 16, 11-13.
• Murail, T. (1989). Questions de cible. Entretemps, 8, 147-175.
• Murail, T. (2000). After-thoughts. Contemporary Music Review, 19(3), 5-9.
• Nattiez, J. J. (1987). Musicologie générale et sémiologie. Paris: Christian Bourgeois.
• Nettle, D. (2007). Empathizing and Systemizing: What Are They, and What Do They Contribute to Our Understanding of Psychological Sex Differences? British Journal of Psychology, 98(2), 237–255.
• Nono, L. (1958). Die Entwicklung des Reihentechnik. Darmstädter Beiträge zurneuen Musik, 1, 25-37.
• O’Brien, D. (2016). An Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge. Malden: Polity Press.
• Oulhote, Y.,& Grandjean, P. (2016). Association Between Child Poverty and Academic Achievement. JAMA Pediatrics, 170(2), 179.
• Paste in Place. https://www.juniqe.com/collage-art- explaine
• Penrose, R. (2016). The Emperor’s New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Pink, T. (1996). The Psychology of freedom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Pink, T. (2004). Free will. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Pronin, E., Wegner, D. l., McCarthy, K., & Rodriguez, S. (2006). Everyday magical powers: The role of apparent mental causation in the overestimation of personal influence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(2), 218-231.
• Roads, C. (1979). Grammars as representations of music. Computer Music Journal, 3(1), 48-55.
• Russel, B. (1950). On the notion of cause: Mysticism and logic. London: Allen and Unwin.
• Sacks, O. (2017).The River of Consciousness. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
• Schaeffer, P. (1996). Traité des Objets Musicaux. Paris: Seuil.
• Schäffer, B. (1963) Präexistente und inexistente Strukturen. In G. Reichert, & J Martin (Eds.), Bericht über den Internationalen Musikwissenschaftlichen Kongress Kassel 1962, (pp. 263-268). Kassel: Bärenreiter.
• Schopenhauer, A. (1985). Essay on the Freedom of the Will. In J. Feinberg(Ed.), Reason and Responsibility (pp. 347-359). Belmont: Wadsworth.
• Schwanauer, S. & Levitt, D. (1993). Introduction. In S. Schwanauer, & D. Levitt (Eds.), Machine Models of Music (pp.1-6). Cambridge, Massachusetts, London: MIT Press.
• Searle, J. (2007). Freedom & Neurobiology. New York: Columbia University Press.
• Shermer, M. (2011). The Believing Brain. New York: Times Books.
• Shtulman, A. (2017). Scienceblind. New York: Basic Books.
• Smilansky, S. (2011). Free Will, Fundamental Dualism, and the Centrality of Illusion. In R.
• Kane (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Free Will (pp. 434-440). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Steinitz, R. (2003). György Ligeti. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
• Strawson, G. (2009). The Impossibility of Ultimate Moral Responsibility. In D. Pereboom (Ed.), Free Will (pp. 289-306). Indianapolis, Cambridge: Hackett.
• Szendy, P. (1996). De Schoenberg aux lendemains. In P. Szendy (Ed.), Lire l’IRCAM (pp. 20-39). Paris: Editions IRCAM-Centre Georges-Pompidou.
• Taylor, R. (1963). Causation. The Monist, 47(2), 287-313.
• Taylor, R. (1966). Action and purpose. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
• Taylor, R. (1967). Determinism. In P. Edward (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of philosophy 2 (pp. 359-373). New York: Macmillan & Free Press. Van Strien, M. (2014). On the Origins and Foundations of Laplacian Determinism. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 45(1), 24-31.
• Varki, A., & Brower, D. (2013). Denial. New York: Twelve.
• Weber, M. (1949). The Methodology of the Social Sciences. New York: Free Press.
• Wegner, D. (2004). Précis of the illusion of conscious will. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 27(5), 649-659.
• Whitehead, A. N. (1978). Process and Reality: An Essay in Cosmology. New York: Free Press.
• Wright, R. (1995). The Moral Animal. New York: Vintage Books.
• Photos
• Grisey, Gérard https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Grisey#/media/File:Gerardgrisey.jpg
• Hume, David https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume#/media/File:Painting_of_David_Hume.jpg
• Leibniz, Gottfried https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz#/media/File:Christoph_Bernhard_Francke_-_Bildnis_des_Philosophen_Leibniz_(ca._1695).jpg
• Penrose, Roger https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose#/media/File:Roger_Penrose_at_Festival_della_Scienza_Oct_29_2011.jpg
• Perry, Grayson https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayson_Perry#/media/File:Grayson_Perry_February_13,_2007.jpg
• Strawson, Galen John https://sites.google.com/site/galenstrawson/