A Psychological Perspective on Infidelity in the Context of a Literary Work: Anna Karenina-Lev Tolstoy

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 254 - 267, 31.12.2022

Fadim Büşra Keleş , Şahin Kesici , Mehmet Ak

https://doi.org/10.54535/rep.1213058

Abstract

Literature and psychology, which have different characteristics from each other, often try to study common issues. Both fields benefit from each other in terms of subject analysis. Just like in this regard, studies on the subject of deception, which are studied in both areas, are not considered sufficient in the literature. Studies in the field on the subject of infidelity are not considered sufficient and more factors that may be effective in infidelity are discoursed. The main purpose of this study is to examine the infidelity behaviors in the novel Anna Karenina written by Lev Tolstoy within the framework of psychoanalytic, attachment, schema theories, and risk factors. As a result, it was seen that risk factors such as attachment, psychoanalytic perspective, schema concepts, and gender corresponded to the examples of infidelity in the book. A similar result could not be reached with the duration of the marriage and the number of children, which are among the risk factors.

Keywords

Anna Karenina, Tolstoy, Infidelity, Tolstoy

References

• Acar, H. (1998). Ankara’da sosyal hizmetler ve çocuk esirgeme kurumu genel müdürlüğüne bağlı sosyal hizmet kuruluşlarında çalışan üniversite mezunu evli personelin evlilik doyumları/Marital satisfaction of university-graduated married personnel working in social service organizations affiliated to the general directorate of social services and child protection agency. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
• Afifi, W., Falato, W., & Weiser, J. (2001). Identity concerns following a severe relational transgression: The role of discovery method for the relational outcomes of infidelity. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 18 (2), 291-308. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407501182007
• Aktürk, E. B. (2006). Yeniden evlenen Türk ailelerde evlilik doyumu: medeni duruma göre karşılaştırma, üvey çocukların etkisi ve yordayan faktörler/ Marital satisfaction in Turkish remarried families: comparison among marital status, effect of stepchildren, and contributing factors. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi.
• Aliabadi, M. R. R. & Sharef, H. (2014). Mindfulness-based schema therapy and forgiveness therapy among women affected by infidelity: A randomized clinical trial. Psychotherapy Research 32(1), 104-116. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2021.1913294
• Allen, E., & Baucom, D. H. (2004). Adult attachment and patterns of extradyadic involvement. Family Process, 43(4), 467-488. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2004.00035.x
• Askari, M., & Bajlan, L. (2014). The effectiveness of forgiveness therapy program on marital conflicts and life quality. Journal of Counseling Research, 13(50). 118-139.
• Atkins, D.C., Baucom, D. H., & Jacobson, N. S. (2001). Understanding infidelity: Correlates in a national random sample. Journal of Family Psychology, 15(4), 735-749. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.15.4.735.
• Bible, (2012). Günahların bağışlanması/ Sin Absolution. Yeni Yaşam Yayınları. https://www.die-bibel.de/media/articles/pdf/8266.pdf
• Bogaert, A. F., & Sadava, S. (2002). Adult attachment and sexual behaviour. Personal Relationships, 9(2), 191-204. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6811.00012
• Boekhout, B. A., Hendrick, S. S., & Hendrick, C. (2003). Exploring infidelity: Developing the relationship issues scale. Journal of Loss andTrauma, 8(4), 283-306. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325020305882
• Blow, A. J. (2005). Facing it head on: Helping couples move through the painful and pernicious effects of infidelity. Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy: Innovations in Clinical and Educational Interventions, 4(2-3), 91-102. https://doi.org/10.1300/J398v04n02_09
• Blow, A. J., & Hartnett, K. (2005). Infidelity in committed relationships I: A methodologıcal revıew. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 32(2), 183–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2005.tb01555.x
• Boon, S. D., Watkıns, S. J. & Scıban, R. S. (2014). Pluralistic ignorance and misperception of social norms concerning cheating in dating relationships. Personal Relationships, 21(3), 482-496. https://doi.org/10.1177/1089268021995168
• Bogaert, A.F., & Sadava, S. (2002) Adult attachment and sexual behavior. Personal Relationships, 9(2), 191-204. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6811.00012
• Bowbly, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: loss; sadness and depression (294-312) Basic Book.
• Buunk, B. P. ve Dijkstra, P. (2000). Extracyadic relationship and jelaous. (S. Hendric, Ed.). Close relationship: Sage.
• Callan, V.J. (1983). The voluntary childness and their perceptions of parenthood and childness. Journal of Comparative Family Studies,14(1), 87-96. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.14.1.87
• Collins, N. L., & Read, S. J. (1990). Adult attachment, working models and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(4), 644-663. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.4.644
• Çavuşoğlu, Z. Ş. (2011). Bağlanma stilleri evlilik uyumu ve aldatma eğilimi arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi / Examination of the relationship between marital adjustment and attachment styles and in infidelity tendency (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Maltepe Üniversitesi.
• Çıkıt, B. (2017). Evli bireylerde bağlanma stilleri ve aldatma eğiliminin şema terapi modeli çerçevesinde değerlendirilmesi/ Evaluation of attachment styles and infidelity tendency among married individuals with in the frame of schema therapy model. (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Haliç Üniversitesi.
• Daly, M., & Wilson, M. (1988). Homicide: Foundations of human behavior. Routledge.
• Drigotas, S. M., & Barta, W. (2001). The cheating heart: scientific explorations of infidelity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(5), 177–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00143
• Dollahite, D. C., & Lambert, N. M. (2007). Forsaking all others: How religious involvement promotes marital fidelity in Christian, Jewish, and Muslim couples. Review of Religious Research, 48(3), 290-307.
• Gentzler, A.L., & Kerns, K.A. (2004). Associations between ınsecure attachment and sexual experiences. Personal Relationships, 11(2), 249-265. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2004.00081.x
• Glass, S. P., & Wright, T. L. (1992). Justifications for extramarital relationships: The association between attitudes, behaviors, and gender. The Journal of Sex Research, 29(3), 361-387. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499209551654
• Grandon, J. R., Myers, J. E. & Hattie, J. A. (2004). The relationship between marital characteristics, marital ınteraction processes and marital satisfaction. Journal of Counseling and Development, 82 (1), 58–68. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2004.tb00286.x
• Goetz, A. T. & Shackelford, T. K. (2009). Sexual coercion in intimate relationships: A comparative analysis of the effects of women's infidelity and men's dominance and control. Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 38 (2), 226-234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9353-x
• Güler, K. (2022). Early period maladaptive schemas, psycological symptoms and examining the tendency of deception. The European Research Journal, 8(2), 232-241. https://doi.org/10.18621/eurj.1034350
• Günay, S. (2007). Evlilik çatışması, nedensellik-sorumluluk yüklemeleri, eşlerin evlilik ilişkisinden sağladıkları genel doyuma ilişkin görüşleri ve evliliğe ilişkin değerlendirmeler arasındaki ilişkiler/Marital conflict, casual-responsibility attributions,opinions of spouses about general satisfaction provided by marital relationship and the relationship between evaluationa about marriage, (Unpublished Masters Thesis). Ankara University.
• Güngören, M. Turan, G. (2018). Yahudilik’te zina suçunun karşılığı olan recm’in insan hayatı ve ailenin kutsallığı bağlamında incelenmesi/Stonıng (rajm) as a punıshment for the crıme of adultery ın judaısm: An examınatıon ın the context of human lıfe and the sanctıty of the famıly. Kafkas Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(5), 70-92. https://doi.org/10.17050/kafkasilahiyat.426000
• Güven, N. (2005). İlişkilerle İlgili bilişsel çarpıtmalar ve evlilikte problem çözme becerilerinin evlilik doyumu ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi [The relationship of interpersonal cognitive distortions and marital problem solving skills with marital satisfaction], (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi.
• Fışıloğlu, H. (1992): Lisansüstü öğrencilerin evlilik uyumu [Marital adjustment of post graduates students]. Psikoloji Dergisi, 28(7), 16-23.
• Freud, S. (1962). Cinsiyet üzerine üç deneme/ Three essays on gender. (Ali Avni Ö. Çev.). Yani Matbaa.
• Hall, H. J., ve Fincham, D. F. (2006) Relationship dissolution following infidelity: The roles of attributions and forgiveness. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(5), 508-522.
• Hatamy, A., Fathi, E., Gorjib, Z., & Esmaeily, M. (2011). The relationship between parenting styles and attachment styles in men and women with infidelity. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15(8), 3743-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.366
• Hatipoğlu, Z. (1993). Kadın ve erkeklerin evlilik doyumlarında evlilik çatışmasının ve bazı demografik değişkenlerin rolü/The Role of certain demographic variables and marital satisfaction of husbands and wives. (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi), Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi,
• Hazan, C., ve Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511-524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511
• Hendrick, S. S. (2016). Yakın ilişkiler psikolojisi/ Psychology of intimate relationships. (A. Dönmez, A. Büyükşahin Suna, Çev.). Nobel
• Horney, K. (1937). The neurotic personality of our time. Norton.
• Kantarcı, D. (2009). Evli bireylerin bağlanma stillerine göre aldatma eğilimleri ve çatışma yönetim biçimlerinin incelenmesi/ Investigating the married individuals? infidelity tendencies and conflict management styles in accordance with adult attachment styles. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi), İstanbul Üniversitesi.
• Kesici, Ş., Baloğlu, M. & Murat, M. (2019). Evlilikte aldatma vakalarında danışma süreci/ Counselıng ınfıdelıty cases ın marrıage. (17 Şubat 2019). 2. Atlas Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi, Mardin.
• Kelly, E. L., & Conley, J. J. (1987). Personality and compatibility: A prospective analysis of marital stability and marital satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(1), 27-40. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.1.27
• Korkut-Naykı, N. (2012). Edebiyat çalışmaları ve psikoloji /Literary studies and psychology. PİVOLKA, 22(7), 1-3.
• Quran, (2010). Kuranı Kerim meali/The meaning of the Qur'an Karim. Damla Ofset.
• Levine, S. B. (2005). A clinical perspective on infidelity. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 20(2), 143-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681990500113203
• Liu, C. (2000). A theory of marital sexual life. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62,363-374. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00363.x
• Loose, C., Graaf, P. & Zarbock, G. (2018). Çocuk ve ergenler için şema terapi/ Schema Therapy with Children and Adolescents: A Practitioner's Guide. (A. Karaosmanoğlu, Ed.). Psikonet.
• Marín, R. A., Christensen, A., & Atkins, D. C. (2014). Infidelity and behavioral couple therapy: Relationship outcomes over 5 years following therapy. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 3(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1037/cfp0000012
• Martin, R., & Young, J. (2010). Schema therapy. K. S. Dobson (Ed.), Handbook of cognitive behavioral therapies, Guilford Press
• Norment, L. (1998). Infidelity II Why women cheat. Ebony, 54(2).148-152.
• Patrick, S. J. (2002). Intimacy, Differantiation, and Marital Satiafaction. [Ph.D. Thesis]. Department of Counseling, Adult and Health Education, Northern Illinois University.
• Pléchaty, M., Couturier, S., Côté, M., Roy, M.-A., Massicotte, J., & Freeston, M. H. (1996). Dimensional analysis of past and present satisfaction in relation to present marital satisfaction. Psychological Reports, 78(2), 657-658. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.78.2.657
• Rusbult, C. E., Martz, J. M. & Agnew, C. (1998). The ınvestment model scale: Measuring commitment level, satisfaction level, quality of alternatives, and investment size. Personal Relationship, 5(4), 357-387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1998.tb00177.x
• Sargın, N. (2008). Okul öncesi dönemde ruh sağlığı/ Pre school mental healt. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Buca Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 23 (2008), 177-183.
• Seal, D. W., Agostinelli, G., & Hannett, C. A. (1994). Extradyadic romantic involvement: Moderating effects of sociosexuality and gender. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 31(1-2), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01560274
• Schmitt, D. P. & Buss, D. M. (2001). Human mate poaching: Tacting and temptations for infiltrating existing mateship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 80(6), 894-917.
• Smith, J. A. (2010). Promiscuous Girls, Good Wives, and Cheating Husbands: Gender Inequality, Transitions to Marriage, and Infidelity in Southeastern Nigeria. Anthropological Quarterly, 83(1). 123-152.
• Sprecher, S., Regan, P. C., & McKinney, K. (1998). Beliefs about the outcomes of extramarital sexual relationships as a function of the gender of the "cheating spouse." Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 38(3-4), 301–311. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018793302286
• Terzi İlhan, S. & Işık, Ş. (2017). Evli bireylerin ilişki bağlanımları: yatırım modeli temelli bir çalışma / Relationship connections of married ındividuals: A qualitative study based on the ınvestment model. Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi. 15(2), 184-199.
• Treas, J. & Giesan, D. (2000). Sexual İnfidelity among married and cohabiting Americans. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62(1), 48-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00048.x
• Dökmen, Z. Y. ve Tokgöz, Ö. (2002). Cinsiyet, eğitim cinsiyet rolü ile evlilik doyumu, eşle algılanan benzerlik arasındaki ilişkiler/ The relationships between gender, educational gender role and marital satisfaction, perceived similarity with the spouse Decisively. XII. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi, 9–13 Eylül, ODTÜ, Ankara.
• Tolstoy, L. (2015). Anna Karenina. (Engin, A. çev.). İletişim Yayınları. Yeniçeri, Z., & Kökdemir, D. (2006). University students‟ perceptions of, and explanations for, infidelity: The development of the infidelity questionnaire. Social Behavior and Personality, 34(6), 639-650. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2006.34.6.639
• Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E., (2006) Schema Therapy: A Practitioner's Guide. The Guilford Press.
• Young, J. E., & Klosko, J. S. (1994). Reinventing Your Life: The Breakthrough Program to End Negative Behavior and Feel Great Again. Plume.
• Weil, M.W. (1975), Extramarital Relationships: A Reappraisal, Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31(4), 723 – 725. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(197510)31:4<723::AID-JCLP2270310437>3.0.CO;2-3
• Weeks, G. R., Gambescia, N., & Jenkins, R. (2003). Treating infidelity: Therapeutic dilemmas and effective strategies. W. W. Norton.
• Wiederman, M. W., ve Hurd, C. (1999). Extradyadic involvement during dating. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 16(2), 265-274. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407599162008
• Zink, D. W. (2008). The practice of marriage and family counseling and conservative Christianity. In J. Duba Onedera (Ed.), The role of religion and marriage and family counseling (pp. 55-72). New York: Taylor and Francis.