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Vulnerability of Cultural Heritage Against the Climate Change

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 455 - 463, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.32569/resilience.1196873

Abstract

With the Industrial Revolution, the spread of fossil fuel consumption and the modernization and globalization movements that followed accelerated the urbanization rate. The increasing amount of production and consumption has increased the use of non-renewable energy sources, causing the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This situation has led to the warming of the world and has prepared the environment for climatic changes to occur. Therefore, the earth has faced the threat of climate change. In this context, climate change is one of the most important global problems of the 21st century and is a crisis that affects the entire ecosystem. These effects are felt more and more today. Especially as global warming continues, increases in the number and severity of unusual atmospheric events, fires and floods are observed around the world. For this reason, the damages caused by natural disasters have begun to manifest themselves in a concrete way. In addition, historical buildings, ancient cities, historical environments and cultural landscapes that have survived to the present day by resisting many difficulties and negative conditions have universal value and are the common heritage of all humanity. As a matter of fact, it is important that these heritages, which are documents, are protected and transferred to the future. But cultural heritage is among those affected by climate change and is now and in danger in the future. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of climate change on cultural heritage. In the study, a comprehensive literature review was carried out and graduate theses, articles, books were utilized, and a conceptual framework was established. In the light of the surveys, the effects of climate change on cultural heritage were explained. The obtained data are presented within the scope of the research.

References

  • Artık, K., Turan, M. T. (2018). Karbonatlı Yapı Taşlarında Görülen Kimyasal Alterasyonlar, Bilim ve Gençlik Dergisi, ISSN: 2148-0273, Cilt 6, Sayı 1, Munzur Üniversitesi.
  • Bigio, A. G., Ochoa, M. C., Amirtahmasebi, R. (2014). Climate-resilient, Climate-friendly World Heritage Cities, USA: Urban Development Series, World Bank Group.
  • Brimblecombe, P., Grossi, C. M., Harris, I. (2011). Climate Change Critical to Cultural Heritage, Survival and Sustainability: Environmental concerns in the 21st Century, 195-205, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
  • Cassar, M., Pender, R., (2005). The impact of climate change on cultural heritage: evidence and response, ICOM-CC Meeting 2005: 14th triennial meeting, The Hague, 12-16 September 2005.
  • Cassar, M. (2005). Climate Change and the Historic Environment, UCL Centre for Sustainable Heritage, Nottingham: The Russell Press, ISBN 0-9544830-6-5. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/2082/1/2082.pdf
  • Chelariu, O. E., Romanescu, G., Ionuț, M., Iosub, M., Enea, A. ve Sandu, I. (2016). Flood susceptibility analysis of the cultural heritage in the Sucevita catchment (Romania), International Journal of Conservation Science, Volume 7, Issue 2, April-Ju 2016: 501-510.
  • Dassanayake, D., Burzel, A. ve Oumeraci, H. (2012). Evaluation of Cultural Losses, XtremRisK Project Report.
  • Erdoğan, B. G. (2022). ‘‘İklim Değişikliği Etkisiyle Artan Sellerde Risk Yönetimi İçin Bir Model Önerisi ve Edirne Örneği Üzerinden İncelenmesi’’. Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, Mimarlık ABD, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul.
  • Etyemezian, V., Davidson, C.I., Zufall, M., Dai, W., Finger, S., Striegel, M. (2000). Impingement of rain drops on a tall building, Atmospheric Environment. 34, 2399-2412 doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00443-4.
  • FATORİC, S., SEEKAMP, E. (2017). Are cultural heritage and resources threatened by climate change? A systematic literature review, Climatic Change, 142: 227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-017-1929-9
  • Grossi, C. M., Brimblecombe, P., Harris, I. (2007) Predicting Long Term Freeze-Thaw Risks on Europe Built Heritage and Archeological Sites in a Changing Climate, Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 377, 2–3, 273-281, ISSN 0048-9697, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.02.014
  • Gruber, S. (2011). The Impact of Climate Change on Cultural Heritage Sites: Environmental Law and Adaptation, Carbon&Climate Law Review, 2011, Vol. 5, No. 2, s: 209-219.
  • IPCC, (2014). AR5 Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. 23.09.2022 tarihinde https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/ adresinden alındı.
  • Kurnaz, L. (2019), Son Buzul Erimeden: İklim Değişikliği Hakkında Merak Ettiğiniz Herşey, İstanbul: Doğan Egmont Yayıncılık.
  • Lee, C., Schaaf, T. (2006). The Future of Drylands, International Scientific Conference on Desertification and Drylands Research, 19-21 Temmuz, Tunus. Springer Science and Business Media.
  • Lefevre, R. A., Sabbioni, C. (2010). Climate Change and Cultural Heritage, Edipuglia Press, ISBN: 978-88-7228- 601-2.
  • Lefevre, R. A., Sabbioni, C. (2018). Cultural Heritage Facing Climate Change: Experiences and Ideas for Resilience and Adaptation, Edipuglia Press, ISBN: 978-88-7228- 862-7.
  • Reimann, L., Vafeidis, A.T., Brown, S., Jochen Hinkel, Richard S. J. Tol (2018). Mediterranean UNESCO World Heritage at Risk from Coastal Flooding and Erosion Due to Sea-level Rise, Nature Communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06645-9
  • Rockman, M. (2015). An NPS Framework for Addressing Climate Change with Cultural Resources, The George Wright Forum, 32(1), 37-50. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43598399.
  • Sabbioni, C., Brimblecombe, P, Cassar, M., (2012). The Atlas of Climate Change Impact of European Cultural Heritage Scientific Analysis and Management Strategies, UK: ANTHEM Press, ISBN-1O: 0 85728 283 2 (Pbk).
  • Stovel, H. (1998). Risk Preparedness: A Management Manual for World Cultural Heritage, ICCROM, ISBN 92-9077-152-6
  • URL-1: 23.09.2022 tarihinde https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/heritage/research/projects/ project-archive /noahs-ark-project adresinden alındı.
  • Wang, X., Meng, J., Zhu, T., Zhang, J. (2019). Prediction of Wind Erosion over a Heritage Site: A Case Study of Yongling Mausoleum, China, Built Heritage, 41–57. https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03545718
  • WHC, (2007a). Climate Change and World Heritage Report on Predicting and Managing the Impacts of Climate Change on World Heritage and Strategy to Assist States Parties to Implement Appropriate Management Responses, World Heritage Reports 22, https://whc.unesco.org/en/series/22/
  • WHC, (2007). Case Studies on Climate Change and World Heritage, UNESCO, Fransa ISBN: 978-92-3-104125-9.
  • WHC, (2008). Policy Document on the Impacts of Climate Change on World Heritage Properties, Paris, France.

İklim Değişikliği Karşısında Kültürel Mirasın Etkilenebilirliği

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 455 - 463, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.32569/resilience.1196873

Abstract

Endüstri Devrimiyle birlikte fosil yakıt tüketiminin yaygınlaşması ve ardından yaşanan modernleşme ile küreselleşme akımları kentleşme oranını hızlandırmıştır. Gittikçe artan üretim ve tüketim miktarı, yenilenemez enerji kaynaklarının kullanımını arttırarak atmosferde sera gazlarının birikmesine neden olmuştur. Bu durum dünyanın gittikçe ısınmasına yol açmış ve iklimsel değişimlerin meydana gelmesine ortam hazırlamıştır. Dolayısıyla yer küre, iklim değişikliği tehdidi ile karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Bu bağlamda İklim değişikliği, 21. yüzyılın en önemli küresel problemlerinden biri olup tüm ekosistemi etkileyen bir krizdir. Söz konusu etkiler günümüzde gittikçe daha fazla hissedilmektedir. Özellikle küresel ısınma devam ettikçe dünya genelinde olağan dışı atmosferik olayların, yangınların ve sellerin sayısı ile şiddetinde artışlar gözlemlenmektedir. Bu nedenle doğal afetlerin bıraktığı hasarlar somut bir biçimde kendini göstermeye başlamıştır. Ayrıca pek çok zorluğa ve olumsuz şartlara direnerek günümüze kadar ulaşabilmiş tarihi yapılar, antik kentler, tarihi çevreler, kültürel peyzajlar evrensel değere sahip olup tüm insanlığın ortak mirasıdır. Nitekim birer belge niteliğindeki bu mirasların korunarak geleceğe aktarılmaları önem arz etmektedir. Ancak iklim değişikliğinden etkilenenler arasında kültürel miras da yer almakta olup, günümüzde ve gelecekte tehlike altındadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı iklim değişikliğinin kültürel miras üzerindeki etkilerini irdelemektir. Çalışmada kapsamlı bir literatür taraması yapılarak lisansüstü tezlerden, makalelerden, kitaplardan yararlanılmış ve kavramsal çerçeve oluşturulmuştur. Yapılan taramalar ışığında iklim değişikliğinin kültürel mirasa etkileri açıklanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler araştırma kapsamında sunulmuştur.

References

  • Artık, K., Turan, M. T. (2018). Karbonatlı Yapı Taşlarında Görülen Kimyasal Alterasyonlar, Bilim ve Gençlik Dergisi, ISSN: 2148-0273, Cilt 6, Sayı 1, Munzur Üniversitesi.
  • Bigio, A. G., Ochoa, M. C., Amirtahmasebi, R. (2014). Climate-resilient, Climate-friendly World Heritage Cities, USA: Urban Development Series, World Bank Group.
  • Brimblecombe, P., Grossi, C. M., Harris, I. (2011). Climate Change Critical to Cultural Heritage, Survival and Sustainability: Environmental concerns in the 21st Century, 195-205, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
  • Cassar, M., Pender, R., (2005). The impact of climate change on cultural heritage: evidence and response, ICOM-CC Meeting 2005: 14th triennial meeting, The Hague, 12-16 September 2005.
  • Cassar, M. (2005). Climate Change and the Historic Environment, UCL Centre for Sustainable Heritage, Nottingham: The Russell Press, ISBN 0-9544830-6-5. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/2082/1/2082.pdf
  • Chelariu, O. E., Romanescu, G., Ionuț, M., Iosub, M., Enea, A. ve Sandu, I. (2016). Flood susceptibility analysis of the cultural heritage in the Sucevita catchment (Romania), International Journal of Conservation Science, Volume 7, Issue 2, April-Ju 2016: 501-510.
  • Dassanayake, D., Burzel, A. ve Oumeraci, H. (2012). Evaluation of Cultural Losses, XtremRisK Project Report.
  • Erdoğan, B. G. (2022). ‘‘İklim Değişikliği Etkisiyle Artan Sellerde Risk Yönetimi İçin Bir Model Önerisi ve Edirne Örneği Üzerinden İncelenmesi’’. Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, Mimarlık ABD, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul.
  • Etyemezian, V., Davidson, C.I., Zufall, M., Dai, W., Finger, S., Striegel, M. (2000). Impingement of rain drops on a tall building, Atmospheric Environment. 34, 2399-2412 doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00443-4.
  • FATORİC, S., SEEKAMP, E. (2017). Are cultural heritage and resources threatened by climate change? A systematic literature review, Climatic Change, 142: 227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-017-1929-9
  • Grossi, C. M., Brimblecombe, P., Harris, I. (2007) Predicting Long Term Freeze-Thaw Risks on Europe Built Heritage and Archeological Sites in a Changing Climate, Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 377, 2–3, 273-281, ISSN 0048-9697, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.02.014
  • Gruber, S. (2011). The Impact of Climate Change on Cultural Heritage Sites: Environmental Law and Adaptation, Carbon&Climate Law Review, 2011, Vol. 5, No. 2, s: 209-219.
  • IPCC, (2014). AR5 Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. 23.09.2022 tarihinde https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/ adresinden alındı.
  • Kurnaz, L. (2019), Son Buzul Erimeden: İklim Değişikliği Hakkında Merak Ettiğiniz Herşey, İstanbul: Doğan Egmont Yayıncılık.
  • Lee, C., Schaaf, T. (2006). The Future of Drylands, International Scientific Conference on Desertification and Drylands Research, 19-21 Temmuz, Tunus. Springer Science and Business Media.
  • Lefevre, R. A., Sabbioni, C. (2010). Climate Change and Cultural Heritage, Edipuglia Press, ISBN: 978-88-7228- 601-2.
  • Lefevre, R. A., Sabbioni, C. (2018). Cultural Heritage Facing Climate Change: Experiences and Ideas for Resilience and Adaptation, Edipuglia Press, ISBN: 978-88-7228- 862-7.
  • Reimann, L., Vafeidis, A.T., Brown, S., Jochen Hinkel, Richard S. J. Tol (2018). Mediterranean UNESCO World Heritage at Risk from Coastal Flooding and Erosion Due to Sea-level Rise, Nature Communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06645-9
  • Rockman, M. (2015). An NPS Framework for Addressing Climate Change with Cultural Resources, The George Wright Forum, 32(1), 37-50. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43598399.
  • Sabbioni, C., Brimblecombe, P, Cassar, M., (2012). The Atlas of Climate Change Impact of European Cultural Heritage Scientific Analysis and Management Strategies, UK: ANTHEM Press, ISBN-1O: 0 85728 283 2 (Pbk).
  • Stovel, H. (1998). Risk Preparedness: A Management Manual for World Cultural Heritage, ICCROM, ISBN 92-9077-152-6
  • URL-1: 23.09.2022 tarihinde https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/heritage/research/projects/ project-archive /noahs-ark-project adresinden alındı.
  • Wang, X., Meng, J., Zhu, T., Zhang, J. (2019). Prediction of Wind Erosion over a Heritage Site: A Case Study of Yongling Mausoleum, China, Built Heritage, 41–57. https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03545718
  • WHC, (2007a). Climate Change and World Heritage Report on Predicting and Managing the Impacts of Climate Change on World Heritage and Strategy to Assist States Parties to Implement Appropriate Management Responses, World Heritage Reports 22, https://whc.unesco.org/en/series/22/
  • WHC, (2007). Case Studies on Climate Change and World Heritage, UNESCO, Fransa ISBN: 978-92-3-104125-9.
  • WHC, (2008). Policy Document on the Impacts of Climate Change on World Heritage Properties, Paris, France.
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Architecture
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Merve Deniz Demirel 0000-0002-6341-0264

Nur Umar 0000-0003-0296-3671

Publication Date December 31, 2023
Acceptance Date August 5, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Deniz Demirel, M., & Umar, N. (2023). İklim Değişikliği Karşısında Kültürel Mirasın Etkilenebilirliği. Resilience, 7(2), 455-463. https://doi.org/10.32569/resilience.1196873