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EXAMINING THE EFFECT OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES MEASURING WITH CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE SCALE (CQS) ON EMPLOYEES’ JOB SATISFACTION IN MULTI-CULTURAL COMPANIES

Year 2016, Volume: 3 Issue: 4, 267 - 276, 30.12.2016
https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2016.350

Abstract

In recent years, multiculturalism and management of
cultural differences issues have begun to gain importance with globalization
process and these issues become to two of main research topics in literature.
These topics especially have associated with the cultural intelligence which
has become the focus of much research. Within the framework of these issues,
this study was conducted with an aim to examine the effect of cultural
differences on job satisfaction in MNCs with cultural intelligence subscales. With
this purpose, the survey was prepared which comprised of three parts
(demographical questions, Cultural Intelligence Scale (CQS) questions and
Minnesota Job Satisfaction Scale questions). The survey of this study was
conducted on 100 employees working in different firms operating in different
industries in Turkey. The obtained data from the questionnaires were analyzed
through the SPSS statistical packaged software. The analyses results revealed
that both dimensions of cultural intelligence had effect on all dimensions of
job satisfaction. 

References

  • Adler, S. & Golan, J. (1981). Lateness As A Withdrawal Behavior, Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, pp.544-554.
  • Ang, S. Dyne, L. V., Koh, C., Chandrasekar, N. A. (2007), Cultural Intelligence: Its Measurement and Effects on Cultural Judgment and Decision Making, Cultural Adaptation and Task Performance, Management and Organization Review, 3 (3), pp.335-371.
  • Ang, S. & Dyne, L. V. (2008). Conceptualization of Cultural Intelligence: Definition, Distinctiveness, and Nomological Network, in Ang, S and Dyne, L. V. (Ed.) Handbook on Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement and Applications, NY: M.E. Sharpe, Armonk.
  • Ang, S. & Dyne, L. V. (2005). Cultural Intelligence: An Essential Capability for Individuals in Contemporary Organizations, Global EDGE, https://globaledge.msu.edu/newsAndViews/views/papers/cultural_intelligence.pdf (28.3.2016).
  • Barakat, L. L., Lorenz, M.P., Ramsey, J. R., Cretoiu, S.L. (2015). Global Managers: An Analysis Of The Impact Of Cultural Intelligence On Job Satisfaction And Performance, International Journal of Emerging Markets, 10(4), pp.781-800.
  • Clark, A. E. (1996). Job Satisfaction in Britain, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 34(2), pp.189-217.
  • Clegg, C. W. (1983). Psychology of Employee Lateness, Absence and Turnover: A Methodological Critique and An Empirical Study, Journal of Applied Psychology, 68, pp.88-101.
  • Connerley, M. L. & Pedersen, P. B. (2005), Leadership in a Diverse and Multicultural Environment. USA: Sage Publications.
  • Cox, T. and Blake, S. (1991). Managing cultural diversity: Implications for organizational competitiveness. Academy of Management Executive, 5(3), pp.45-56.
  • Çarıkçı, İ.H. (2000). Personality Characteristics and Its’ Organizational Results in Employees’ Job Satisfaction – A Research on Supermarket Supermarket Staff, The Journal of The Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences of Süleyman Demirel University, 5(2), pp.155-168.
  • Diemer, B. J. (2016). The Relationship Between Cultural Intelligence and Work Outcomes of Expatriates in China, Doctoral Thesis, Walden University.
  • Dilek, N. K. (2014). The Efficiency of Cultural Intelligence in Management Process of Cultural Differences: A Field Research on Class Tourism Agency Managers, Master Thesis, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Social Sciences Institute, The Department of Tourism Management, Muğla.
  • Earley, P.C. & Ang, S. (2003). Cultural Intelligence: Individual Interactions Across Cultures. Paloalto: Stanford University Press.
  • Earley, P. C. & Mosakowski, E.(2004). Cultural Intelligence, Harvard Business Review.
  • Earley, P.C. & Peterson, R.S. (2004). The Elusive Cultural Chameleon: Cultural Intelligence As A New Approach To Intercultural Training For The Global Manager. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 3, pp.100-115.
  • Ehtiyar, R. (2003). Cultural Synergy: An Conceptual Examination for International Companies, The Journal of The Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences of Akdeniz University, 3 (5), pp.66-78
  • Ersoy A. & Ehtiyar V.R. (2015). The Role of Cultural Intelligence in Management of Cultural Differences: A Research on Turkish Managers and Expatriates, Anatolia: The Journal of Tourism Researches, 26, pp.42-60.
  • Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence, New York: Bantam Books.
  • Gültekin, Z. & Ulukan, C. (2012). Management of Cultural Differences in Multinational Teams, The Journal of Anadolu University Social Sciences, 12(1), pp.89-102.
  • Gürbüz, S. & Yüksel, M. (2008). Emotional Intelligence at Working Area: The Relationship with Job Performance, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Some Demographical Characteristics, The Journal of Dogus University, 9(2), pp.174-190.
  • Harris, M.M. (2006). Cultural Skill: An Emerging Construct for the 21st Century, Global Forum, 43(3).
  • Hofstede G. (1980). Cultural consequences: International differences in work related values. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Humpries, M. & Grice, S. (1995). Equal Employment Opportunity and The Management of Diversity, Journal of Organizational Change, 8, pp.17-32.
  • Hüseyinova, K. (2006). Cultural Differences and Its’ Effects on International Trade, Master Thesis, Marmara University, Social Sciences Institute, The Department of Business Management, Istanbul.
  • İşçi, E., Söylemez, Ö., Kaptanoğlu, A.Y. (2013). Cultural Intelligence and A Research For Determining Cultural Intelligence Level in Hospitals, The Journal of Kafkas Üniversitesi The Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 4 (5), pp.1-18.
  • James P., Johnson, J. P., Lenartowicz, T., Apud, S. (2006). Cross-Cultural Competence In International Business: Toward A Definition And A Model, Journal of International Business Studies , 37, pp.525–543.
  • Judge, Timothy A., Sharon Parker, Amy E. Colbert, Daniel Heler, Remus Ilies (Eds.). (2002). Job Satisfaction: A Cross-Cultural Review, Handbook of Industrial, Work & Organizational Psychology, Volume 2: Organizational Psychology, SAGE Publications, London, Thosand Oaks, New Delhi, Second Edition, pp.25-52.
  • Köroğlu, Ö. (2012). Determination Of The Relationship Between The Levels of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Job Satisfaction with Level of General Job Satisfaction: An Investigation On Tour Guides, The Journal of Dogus University, 13(2), pp. 275-289.
  • Lawler III, E. E. (1994). Motivation In Work Organizations. First Edition. San Francisco: JosseyBass Publishers.
  • Luthans, F. (1992). Organizational Behavior, New York:Mc Graw –Hill Press.
  • Mercan, N. (2016). A Research For The Relationship With Cultural Intelligence and Intercultural Sensitivity in Multicultural Areas, The Journal of The Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences of Niğde University, 9(1), pp.1-13.
  • Ng, Kok-Yee., Earley, P. C. (2006). Culture+Intelligence: Old Constructs, New Frontiers, Group & Organisation Management, 31(1), pp.4-19.
  • Özsoy, E., Uslu, O., Karakiraz, A., Aras, M. (2014). Scale Using In Measuring Job Satisfaction: An Examination on Graduate Theses, The Journal of Business Researches, 6(1), pp.232-250.
  • Robbins, S.P. (1998). Organizational Behavior: Concepts, Controversies, Applications, Eighth Edition (International Edition), Prentice HallInternational, New Jersey.
  • Sudak, M. & Zehir, C. (2013). A Research on Types of Personality, Emotional Intelligence and Job Satisfaction, The Journal of Management Sciences, 11(22), pp.141-165.
  • Sürgevil, O. & Budak, G. (2008). A Research for Determining Management of Differences Approach Styles of Companies, The Journal of Dokuz Eylül University Social Sciences Institute, 10 (4), pp.65-96.
  • Şahin, F. (2011). The effect of Leaders’ Cultural Intelligence on Employees’ Oganizational Citizenship Behavior with Job Satisfaction, The Journal of Defence Sciences, 10(2), pp.80-104.
  • Şahin, F., Gürbüz, S., Köksal, O. & Ercan, Ü. (2013). Measuring Cultural Intelligence in the Turkish context, International Journal of Selection and Assessment. 21(2), pp.135-144.
  • Sternberg, R.J. & Detterman, D.K. (1986). What is intelligence? Contemporary viewpoints on its nature and definition. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
  • Tan, Joo-Seng, (2004). Issues & observations: Cultural intelligence and the global economy, Leadership in Action, 24(5), pp.19-21.
  • Templer, K, J., Tay, C, Chandrasekar, N. A. (2006), Motivational Cultural Intelligence, Realistic Job Preview, Realistic Living Condition preview, and Crosscultural adjustment. Group & Organization Management; 31(1), pp.154-173.
  • Thomas, D. C. & Inkson, K. (2005). Cultural Intelligence: people skills for a global workplace. Consulting to Management, 16 (1).
  • Thomas, Sy, Tram, S., O’hara, L.A. (2006). Relation Of Employee and Manager Emotional Intelligence To Job Satisfaction and Performance, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(3), pp.461-473.
  • Thorenou, P. (1993). A Test of Reciprocal Causality for Absenteeism, Journal ıf Organizational Behavior, 14, pp.269-287.
  • Triandis, H. C. (2006). Cultural intelligence in organisations, Group& Organisations Management, 31(1), pp.20-26. Trompenaars, F. & Hampden-Turner, C. (1997). Riding the waves of culture. Nicholas Brealey Publishing, London.
  • Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., Livermore, D. (2010). Cultural intelligence: A pathway for leading in a rapidly globalizing world. K. M. Hannum, B. McFeeters, & L. Booysen (Eds) in, Leading across differences: Cases and perspectives (pp.131-138). San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer.
  • Vieira, J. A. C. (2005). Skill mismatches and job satisfaction, Economic Letters, 89, pp.39-47.
  • Yeşil, S. (2009). The Management of Cultural Differences and An Alternative Strategy: Cultural Intelligence, The Journal of The Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences of Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, 11(16), pp.100-131.
  • Yeşil, S. (2010). Cultural Intelligence for Global Companies in 21st Century, The Journal of Social Sciences Institute of Çukurova University, 19 (2), pp.147-168.
  • Zorel, F.İ. (2014). Intercultural Competence As A Qualification That International Company Employees Have To Have, The Journal of International Social Research, 7(30), pp.122-135.
Year 2016, Volume: 3 Issue: 4, 267 - 276, 30.12.2016
https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2016.350

Abstract

References

  • Adler, S. & Golan, J. (1981). Lateness As A Withdrawal Behavior, Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, pp.544-554.
  • Ang, S. Dyne, L. V., Koh, C., Chandrasekar, N. A. (2007), Cultural Intelligence: Its Measurement and Effects on Cultural Judgment and Decision Making, Cultural Adaptation and Task Performance, Management and Organization Review, 3 (3), pp.335-371.
  • Ang, S. & Dyne, L. V. (2008). Conceptualization of Cultural Intelligence: Definition, Distinctiveness, and Nomological Network, in Ang, S and Dyne, L. V. (Ed.) Handbook on Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement and Applications, NY: M.E. Sharpe, Armonk.
  • Ang, S. & Dyne, L. V. (2005). Cultural Intelligence: An Essential Capability for Individuals in Contemporary Organizations, Global EDGE, https://globaledge.msu.edu/newsAndViews/views/papers/cultural_intelligence.pdf (28.3.2016).
  • Barakat, L. L., Lorenz, M.P., Ramsey, J. R., Cretoiu, S.L. (2015). Global Managers: An Analysis Of The Impact Of Cultural Intelligence On Job Satisfaction And Performance, International Journal of Emerging Markets, 10(4), pp.781-800.
  • Clark, A. E. (1996). Job Satisfaction in Britain, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 34(2), pp.189-217.
  • Clegg, C. W. (1983). Psychology of Employee Lateness, Absence and Turnover: A Methodological Critique and An Empirical Study, Journal of Applied Psychology, 68, pp.88-101.
  • Connerley, M. L. & Pedersen, P. B. (2005), Leadership in a Diverse and Multicultural Environment. USA: Sage Publications.
  • Cox, T. and Blake, S. (1991). Managing cultural diversity: Implications for organizational competitiveness. Academy of Management Executive, 5(3), pp.45-56.
  • Çarıkçı, İ.H. (2000). Personality Characteristics and Its’ Organizational Results in Employees’ Job Satisfaction – A Research on Supermarket Supermarket Staff, The Journal of The Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences of Süleyman Demirel University, 5(2), pp.155-168.
  • Diemer, B. J. (2016). The Relationship Between Cultural Intelligence and Work Outcomes of Expatriates in China, Doctoral Thesis, Walden University.
  • Dilek, N. K. (2014). The Efficiency of Cultural Intelligence in Management Process of Cultural Differences: A Field Research on Class Tourism Agency Managers, Master Thesis, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Social Sciences Institute, The Department of Tourism Management, Muğla.
  • Earley, P.C. & Ang, S. (2003). Cultural Intelligence: Individual Interactions Across Cultures. Paloalto: Stanford University Press.
  • Earley, P. C. & Mosakowski, E.(2004). Cultural Intelligence, Harvard Business Review.
  • Earley, P.C. & Peterson, R.S. (2004). The Elusive Cultural Chameleon: Cultural Intelligence As A New Approach To Intercultural Training For The Global Manager. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 3, pp.100-115.
  • Ehtiyar, R. (2003). Cultural Synergy: An Conceptual Examination for International Companies, The Journal of The Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences of Akdeniz University, 3 (5), pp.66-78
  • Ersoy A. & Ehtiyar V.R. (2015). The Role of Cultural Intelligence in Management of Cultural Differences: A Research on Turkish Managers and Expatriates, Anatolia: The Journal of Tourism Researches, 26, pp.42-60.
  • Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence, New York: Bantam Books.
  • Gültekin, Z. & Ulukan, C. (2012). Management of Cultural Differences in Multinational Teams, The Journal of Anadolu University Social Sciences, 12(1), pp.89-102.
  • Gürbüz, S. & Yüksel, M. (2008). Emotional Intelligence at Working Area: The Relationship with Job Performance, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Some Demographical Characteristics, The Journal of Dogus University, 9(2), pp.174-190.
  • Harris, M.M. (2006). Cultural Skill: An Emerging Construct for the 21st Century, Global Forum, 43(3).
  • Hofstede G. (1980). Cultural consequences: International differences in work related values. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Humpries, M. & Grice, S. (1995). Equal Employment Opportunity and The Management of Diversity, Journal of Organizational Change, 8, pp.17-32.
  • Hüseyinova, K. (2006). Cultural Differences and Its’ Effects on International Trade, Master Thesis, Marmara University, Social Sciences Institute, The Department of Business Management, Istanbul.
  • İşçi, E., Söylemez, Ö., Kaptanoğlu, A.Y. (2013). Cultural Intelligence and A Research For Determining Cultural Intelligence Level in Hospitals, The Journal of Kafkas Üniversitesi The Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 4 (5), pp.1-18.
  • James P., Johnson, J. P., Lenartowicz, T., Apud, S. (2006). Cross-Cultural Competence In International Business: Toward A Definition And A Model, Journal of International Business Studies , 37, pp.525–543.
  • Judge, Timothy A., Sharon Parker, Amy E. Colbert, Daniel Heler, Remus Ilies (Eds.). (2002). Job Satisfaction: A Cross-Cultural Review, Handbook of Industrial, Work & Organizational Psychology, Volume 2: Organizational Psychology, SAGE Publications, London, Thosand Oaks, New Delhi, Second Edition, pp.25-52.
  • Köroğlu, Ö. (2012). Determination Of The Relationship Between The Levels of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Job Satisfaction with Level of General Job Satisfaction: An Investigation On Tour Guides, The Journal of Dogus University, 13(2), pp. 275-289.
  • Lawler III, E. E. (1994). Motivation In Work Organizations. First Edition. San Francisco: JosseyBass Publishers.
  • Luthans, F. (1992). Organizational Behavior, New York:Mc Graw –Hill Press.
  • Mercan, N. (2016). A Research For The Relationship With Cultural Intelligence and Intercultural Sensitivity in Multicultural Areas, The Journal of The Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences of Niğde University, 9(1), pp.1-13.
  • Ng, Kok-Yee., Earley, P. C. (2006). Culture+Intelligence: Old Constructs, New Frontiers, Group & Organisation Management, 31(1), pp.4-19.
  • Özsoy, E., Uslu, O., Karakiraz, A., Aras, M. (2014). Scale Using In Measuring Job Satisfaction: An Examination on Graduate Theses, The Journal of Business Researches, 6(1), pp.232-250.
  • Robbins, S.P. (1998). Organizational Behavior: Concepts, Controversies, Applications, Eighth Edition (International Edition), Prentice HallInternational, New Jersey.
  • Sudak, M. & Zehir, C. (2013). A Research on Types of Personality, Emotional Intelligence and Job Satisfaction, The Journal of Management Sciences, 11(22), pp.141-165.
  • Sürgevil, O. & Budak, G. (2008). A Research for Determining Management of Differences Approach Styles of Companies, The Journal of Dokuz Eylül University Social Sciences Institute, 10 (4), pp.65-96.
  • Şahin, F. (2011). The effect of Leaders’ Cultural Intelligence on Employees’ Oganizational Citizenship Behavior with Job Satisfaction, The Journal of Defence Sciences, 10(2), pp.80-104.
  • Şahin, F., Gürbüz, S., Köksal, O. & Ercan, Ü. (2013). Measuring Cultural Intelligence in the Turkish context, International Journal of Selection and Assessment. 21(2), pp.135-144.
  • Sternberg, R.J. & Detterman, D.K. (1986). What is intelligence? Contemporary viewpoints on its nature and definition. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
  • Tan, Joo-Seng, (2004). Issues & observations: Cultural intelligence and the global economy, Leadership in Action, 24(5), pp.19-21.
  • Templer, K, J., Tay, C, Chandrasekar, N. A. (2006), Motivational Cultural Intelligence, Realistic Job Preview, Realistic Living Condition preview, and Crosscultural adjustment. Group & Organization Management; 31(1), pp.154-173.
  • Thomas, D. C. & Inkson, K. (2005). Cultural Intelligence: people skills for a global workplace. Consulting to Management, 16 (1).
  • Thomas, Sy, Tram, S., O’hara, L.A. (2006). Relation Of Employee and Manager Emotional Intelligence To Job Satisfaction and Performance, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(3), pp.461-473.
  • Thorenou, P. (1993). A Test of Reciprocal Causality for Absenteeism, Journal ıf Organizational Behavior, 14, pp.269-287.
  • Triandis, H. C. (2006). Cultural intelligence in organisations, Group& Organisations Management, 31(1), pp.20-26. Trompenaars, F. & Hampden-Turner, C. (1997). Riding the waves of culture. Nicholas Brealey Publishing, London.
  • Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., Livermore, D. (2010). Cultural intelligence: A pathway for leading in a rapidly globalizing world. K. M. Hannum, B. McFeeters, & L. Booysen (Eds) in, Leading across differences: Cases and perspectives (pp.131-138). San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer.
  • Vieira, J. A. C. (2005). Skill mismatches and job satisfaction, Economic Letters, 89, pp.39-47.
  • Yeşil, S. (2009). The Management of Cultural Differences and An Alternative Strategy: Cultural Intelligence, The Journal of The Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences of Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, 11(16), pp.100-131.
  • Yeşil, S. (2010). Cultural Intelligence for Global Companies in 21st Century, The Journal of Social Sciences Institute of Çukurova University, 19 (2), pp.147-168.
  • Zorel, F.İ. (2014). Intercultural Competence As A Qualification That International Company Employees Have To Have, The Journal of International Social Research, 7(30), pp.122-135.
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Articles
Authors

Acelya Telli

Cemal Zehir This is me

Publication Date December 30, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 3 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Telli, A., & Zehir, C. (2016). EXAMINING THE EFFECT OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES MEASURING WITH CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE SCALE (CQS) ON EMPLOYEES’ JOB SATISFACTION IN MULTI-CULTURAL COMPANIES. Research Journal of Business and Management, 3(4), 267-276. https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2016.350
AMA Telli A, Zehir C. EXAMINING THE EFFECT OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES MEASURING WITH CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE SCALE (CQS) ON EMPLOYEES’ JOB SATISFACTION IN MULTI-CULTURAL COMPANIES. RJBM. December 2016;3(4):267-276. doi:10.17261/Pressacademia.2016.350
Chicago Telli, Acelya, and Cemal Zehir. “EXAMINING THE EFFECT OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES MEASURING WITH CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE SCALE (CQS) ON EMPLOYEES’ JOB SATISFACTION IN MULTI-CULTURAL COMPANIES”. Research Journal of Business and Management 3, no. 4 (December 2016): 267-76. https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2016.350.
EndNote Telli A, Zehir C (December 1, 2016) EXAMINING THE EFFECT OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES MEASURING WITH CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE SCALE (CQS) ON EMPLOYEES’ JOB SATISFACTION IN MULTI-CULTURAL COMPANIES. Research Journal of Business and Management 3 4 267–276.
IEEE A. Telli and C. Zehir, “EXAMINING THE EFFECT OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES MEASURING WITH CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE SCALE (CQS) ON EMPLOYEES’ JOB SATISFACTION IN MULTI-CULTURAL COMPANIES”, RJBM, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 267–276, 2016, doi: 10.17261/Pressacademia.2016.350.
ISNAD Telli, Acelya - Zehir, Cemal. “EXAMINING THE EFFECT OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES MEASURING WITH CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE SCALE (CQS) ON EMPLOYEES’ JOB SATISFACTION IN MULTI-CULTURAL COMPANIES”. Research Journal of Business and Management 3/4 (December 2016), 267-276. https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2016.350.
JAMA Telli A, Zehir C. EXAMINING THE EFFECT OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES MEASURING WITH CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE SCALE (CQS) ON EMPLOYEES’ JOB SATISFACTION IN MULTI-CULTURAL COMPANIES. RJBM. 2016;3:267–276.
MLA Telli, Acelya and Cemal Zehir. “EXAMINING THE EFFECT OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES MEASURING WITH CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE SCALE (CQS) ON EMPLOYEES’ JOB SATISFACTION IN MULTI-CULTURAL COMPANIES”. Research Journal of Business and Management, vol. 3, no. 4, 2016, pp. 267-76, doi:10.17261/Pressacademia.2016.350.
Vancouver Telli A, Zehir C. EXAMINING THE EFFECT OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES MEASURING WITH CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE SCALE (CQS) ON EMPLOYEES’ JOB SATISFACTION IN MULTI-CULTURAL COMPANIES. RJBM. 2016;3(4):267-76.

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