BibTex RIS Cite
Year 2015, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 185 - 203, 29.06.2015

Abstract

References

  • Bolino, M., C., Turnley, W., H., Gilstrap, J., B., Suazo. (2010). Citizenship Under Pressure: What’s A “Good Soldier”
  • To Do? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31, 835–855. Bolino, M., C., Turnley, W., H., Bloodgood, J., M. (2002).Citizenship Behavior and the Creation of Social Capital in
  • Organizations. Academy of Management Review, 27, 505–522. Bolino, M., C., Klotz, A., C., Turnley, W., H., Harvey, J. (2013).Exploring the Dark Side of Organizational Citizenship
  • Behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34, 542–559. Bolino, M., C., Turnley, W., H., Niehoff, B., P. (2004). The Other Side of the Story: Reexamining Prevailing
  • Assumptions About Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Human Resource Management Review, 14, 229-246. Bolino, M., C. (1999). Citizenship and Impression Management: Good Soldiers or Good Actors? Academy of
  • Management Review, 24, 82–98. Bowler, W., M., Halbesleben, J., R., B., Paul, J., R., B. (2010). If You're Close With the Leader, You Must Be a
  • Brown Nose: The Role of Leader–Member Relationships in Follower, Leader, and Coworker Attributions of Organizational Citizenship Behavior Motives. Human Resource Management Review, 20, 309–316. Carmeli, A., Brueller, D., Dutton, J. (2009). Learning Behaviours in the Workplace: The Role Of High-Quality
  • Interpersonal Relationships and Psychological Safety. Systems Research & Behavioral Science, 26(1), 81–98. Chang, C., H., Rosen, C., C., Levy, P., E. (2009). The relationship between perceptions of organizational politics and employee attitudes, strain, and behavior: A meta-analytic examination. Academy of Management Journal, 52, 779–801.
  • Cropanzano, R., Howes, J. C., Grandey, A. A., Tooth, P. (1997). The Relationship of Organizational Politics and Support to Work Behaviors, Attitudes, and Stress. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 159–180.
  • Dollard, M., F., Bakker, A., B. (2010). Psychosocial Safety Climate as a Precursor to Conducive Work
  • Environments, Psychological Health Problems, and Employee Engagement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83, 579–599. Eastman, K., K. (1994). In The Eyes of the Beholder: An Attributional Approach to Ingratiation and Organizational
  • Citizenship Behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 1379–1391.
  • Edmondson, A., C. (1999). Psychological Safety and Learning Behavior in Work Teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 350-383.
  • Finkelstein, M., A., Penner, L., A. (2004). Predicting organizational citizenship behavior: Integrating the functional and role identity approaches. Social Behavior and Personality, 32, 383–398.
  • Finkelstein, M., A. (2011). Instrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A
  • Functional Approach to Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Journal of Psychological Issues in Organizational Culture, Volume 2, Number 1. Ferris, G., R., Russ, G., S. Fandt, P., M. (1989).Politics in Organizations.Pp. 143-170 in R.A. Giacalone & P.
  • Rosenfeld (Ed.), Impression Management in the Organization. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Gadot, E., V. (2007). Redrawing the Boundaries of OCB? An Empirical Examination of Compulsory Extra-Role
  • Behavior in the Workplace. Journal of Business and Psychology, Volume 21, Issue 3, 377-405. Gadot, E., V. (2006). Compulsory Citizenship Behavior: Theorizing Some Dark Sides of the Good Soldier Syndrome in Organizations. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 36:10021–8308.
  • Gadot, E., V. (2000). Internal Politics in Public Administration Systems: An Empirical Examination of Its
  • Relationship with Job Congruence, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, and In-Role Performance. Public Personnel Management, 29, 185–210. Harris, K., J., Kacmar, K., M. (2005).Easing the Strain: The Buffer Role of Supervisors in the Perceptions of Politics–
  • Strain Relationship. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78, 337–354. Hsiung, H., H., Lin, C., W., Lin, C., S. (2012). Nourishing or Suppressing? The contradictory Influences of
  • Perception of Organizational Politics on Organizational Citizenship Behaviour. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 85, 258–276. Kacmar, K., M., Carlson, D., S. (1997). Further Validation of the Perceptions of Politics Scale (POPS): A Multi
  • Sample Approach. Journal of Management, 23, 627- 658. Kahn, W., A. (1990).Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work. Academy of
  • Management Journal, 33(4): 692–724. Karik, R., Carmeli, A. (2009). Alive and Creating: The Mediating Role of Vitality and Aliveness in the Relationship
  • Between Psychological Safety and Creative Work Involvement. Journal of Organization Behavior, 30: 785–804. Li, N.,Yan, J. (2009). The Effects of Trust Climate on Individual Performance. Frontiers of Business Research In China, 3, 27-49.
  • Ning, L., Jin, Y. (2009). The Effects of Trust Climate on Individual Performance. Front. Bus. Res. China, 3(1): 27–49.
  • O’Neill, O., A. (2009). Workplace Expression of Emotions and Escalation of Commitment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39, 2396–2424.
  • Organ, D., W., Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (2006). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Its Nature,
  • Antecedents, and Consequences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Organ, D., W. (1988). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
  • Organ, D., W., Konovsky, M. (1989).Cognitive Versus Affective Determinants of Organizational Citizenship
  • Behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 157-164. Organ, D., W., Konovsky, M. (1996).Dispositional and Contextual Determinants of Organizational Citizenship
  • Behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol.17, 253-266. Podsakoff, N., P., Podsakoff, P., M., Whiting, S., W., Blume, B., D. (2009). Individual- and Organizational-Level
  • Consequences of Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 94, No. 1, 122–141. Porpara, D.,V. (1989). Four Concepts of Social Structure. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 19, 195–211.
  • Rioux, S., M., Penner, L., A. (2001). The Causes of Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Motivational Analysis.
  • Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 1306–1314.
  • Rosen, C., C., Chang, C., H., Johnson, R., E., Levy, P., E. (2009a). Perceptions of the Organizational Context and Psychological Contract Breach: Assessing Competing Perspectives. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 108, 202–217.
  • Rosen, C. C., Harris, K. J., & Kacmar, K. M. (2009b). The Emotional Implications of Perceived Organizational
  • Politics: A Process Model. Human Relations, 62, 27–57. Rusbult, C., Campbell, M., Price, M. (1990). Rational selective exploitation and distress: Employee reactions to performance based and mobility-based reward allocations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 487– 500.
  • Salamon, S., D., Deutsch, Y. (2006). OCB as a Handicap: An Evolutionary Psychological Perspective. Journal of
  • Organizational Behavior, 27, 185– 199. Salancik, G., R., Pfeffer, J. (1978). A Social Information Processing Approach to Job Attitudes and Task Design.
  • Administrative Science Quarterly, 23, 224–253. Smith, C., A., Organ, D., W., Near, J., P. (1983). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Its Nature and Antecedents.
  • Journal of Applied Psychology, 68, 655–663. Tepper, B., J. (2000).Consequences of Abusive Supervision. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 178–190.
  • Tepper, B., J., Duffy, M., K., Hoobler, J., Ensley, M., D. (2004). Moderators of the Relationships Between
  • Coworkers’ Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Fellow Employees’ Attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 455–465. Zellars, K., L., Tepper, B., J., Duffy, M., K. (2002).Abusive Supervision and Subordinates’ Organizational Citizenship
  • Behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol.87, No.6, 1068-1076.
  • Zhao, H., Peng, Z., Chen, H., K. (2014). Compulsory Citizenship Behavior and Organizational Citizenship Behavior:
  • The Role of Organizational Identification and Perceived Interactional Justice. The Journal of Psychology, 148(2), 177-1
  • Zhao, H., Peng, Z., Han, Y., Sheard, G., Hudson, A. (2013). Psychological Mechanism Linking Abusive Supervision and Compulsory Citizenship Behavior: A Moderated Mediation Study. The Journal of Psychology, 147(2), 177- 1

A RESEARCH ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SAFETY AND ORGANIZATIONAL POLITICS PERCEPTION WITH COMPULSORY CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR AND THE PRESSURES BEHIND COMPULSORY CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR

Year 2015, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 185 - 203, 29.06.2015

Abstract

The main purpose of this study is to examine the relationship of Psychological Safety (PS) and Organizational Politics Perception (OPP) with Compulsory Citizenship Behavior (CCB). In order to investigate whether CCB exists or not in Turkish institutions, 27 item-OCB scale is considered with its dimensions and asked with an introduction that whether the respondents have experienced any pressure for displaying these behaviors. Moreover, the potential pressures such as respondents’ oneself, family, coworkers, organizational climate and supervisor were asked. Participants are composed of 170 employees working in Turkish finance institutions. CCB scale is divided into three factors which are labeled as Compulsory Harmony, Compulsory Devotion and Compulsory Conscientiousness. According to the results, PS does not make significant contribution on CCB but OPP makes a significant contribution. Results showed that CCB are not high among finance employees. However, employees mostly put pressure on themselves and secondly they feel the pressure of their family responsibilities for displaying CCB. Besides, self and family pressure both do not make significant contribution on CCB and its dimensions but manager, successful coworker and organizational climate pressures make significant contribution on CCB.

References

  • Bolino, M., C., Turnley, W., H., Gilstrap, J., B., Suazo. (2010). Citizenship Under Pressure: What’s A “Good Soldier”
  • To Do? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31, 835–855. Bolino, M., C., Turnley, W., H., Bloodgood, J., M. (2002).Citizenship Behavior and the Creation of Social Capital in
  • Organizations. Academy of Management Review, 27, 505–522. Bolino, M., C., Klotz, A., C., Turnley, W., H., Harvey, J. (2013).Exploring the Dark Side of Organizational Citizenship
  • Behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34, 542–559. Bolino, M., C., Turnley, W., H., Niehoff, B., P. (2004). The Other Side of the Story: Reexamining Prevailing
  • Assumptions About Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Human Resource Management Review, 14, 229-246. Bolino, M., C. (1999). Citizenship and Impression Management: Good Soldiers or Good Actors? Academy of
  • Management Review, 24, 82–98. Bowler, W., M., Halbesleben, J., R., B., Paul, J., R., B. (2010). If You're Close With the Leader, You Must Be a
  • Brown Nose: The Role of Leader–Member Relationships in Follower, Leader, and Coworker Attributions of Organizational Citizenship Behavior Motives. Human Resource Management Review, 20, 309–316. Carmeli, A., Brueller, D., Dutton, J. (2009). Learning Behaviours in the Workplace: The Role Of High-Quality
  • Interpersonal Relationships and Psychological Safety. Systems Research & Behavioral Science, 26(1), 81–98. Chang, C., H., Rosen, C., C., Levy, P., E. (2009). The relationship between perceptions of organizational politics and employee attitudes, strain, and behavior: A meta-analytic examination. Academy of Management Journal, 52, 779–801.
  • Cropanzano, R., Howes, J. C., Grandey, A. A., Tooth, P. (1997). The Relationship of Organizational Politics and Support to Work Behaviors, Attitudes, and Stress. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 159–180.
  • Dollard, M., F., Bakker, A., B. (2010). Psychosocial Safety Climate as a Precursor to Conducive Work
  • Environments, Psychological Health Problems, and Employee Engagement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83, 579–599. Eastman, K., K. (1994). In The Eyes of the Beholder: An Attributional Approach to Ingratiation and Organizational
  • Citizenship Behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 1379–1391.
  • Edmondson, A., C. (1999). Psychological Safety and Learning Behavior in Work Teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 350-383.
  • Finkelstein, M., A., Penner, L., A. (2004). Predicting organizational citizenship behavior: Integrating the functional and role identity approaches. Social Behavior and Personality, 32, 383–398.
  • Finkelstein, M., A. (2011). Instrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A
  • Functional Approach to Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Journal of Psychological Issues in Organizational Culture, Volume 2, Number 1. Ferris, G., R., Russ, G., S. Fandt, P., M. (1989).Politics in Organizations.Pp. 143-170 in R.A. Giacalone & P.
  • Rosenfeld (Ed.), Impression Management in the Organization. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Gadot, E., V. (2007). Redrawing the Boundaries of OCB? An Empirical Examination of Compulsory Extra-Role
  • Behavior in the Workplace. Journal of Business and Psychology, Volume 21, Issue 3, 377-405. Gadot, E., V. (2006). Compulsory Citizenship Behavior: Theorizing Some Dark Sides of the Good Soldier Syndrome in Organizations. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 36:10021–8308.
  • Gadot, E., V. (2000). Internal Politics in Public Administration Systems: An Empirical Examination of Its
  • Relationship with Job Congruence, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, and In-Role Performance. Public Personnel Management, 29, 185–210. Harris, K., J., Kacmar, K., M. (2005).Easing the Strain: The Buffer Role of Supervisors in the Perceptions of Politics–
  • Strain Relationship. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78, 337–354. Hsiung, H., H., Lin, C., W., Lin, C., S. (2012). Nourishing or Suppressing? The contradictory Influences of
  • Perception of Organizational Politics on Organizational Citizenship Behaviour. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 85, 258–276. Kacmar, K., M., Carlson, D., S. (1997). Further Validation of the Perceptions of Politics Scale (POPS): A Multi
  • Sample Approach. Journal of Management, 23, 627- 658. Kahn, W., A. (1990).Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work. Academy of
  • Management Journal, 33(4): 692–724. Karik, R., Carmeli, A. (2009). Alive and Creating: The Mediating Role of Vitality and Aliveness in the Relationship
  • Between Psychological Safety and Creative Work Involvement. Journal of Organization Behavior, 30: 785–804. Li, N.,Yan, J. (2009). The Effects of Trust Climate on Individual Performance. Frontiers of Business Research In China, 3, 27-49.
  • Ning, L., Jin, Y. (2009). The Effects of Trust Climate on Individual Performance. Front. Bus. Res. China, 3(1): 27–49.
  • O’Neill, O., A. (2009). Workplace Expression of Emotions and Escalation of Commitment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39, 2396–2424.
  • Organ, D., W., Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (2006). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Its Nature,
  • Antecedents, and Consequences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Organ, D., W. (1988). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
  • Organ, D., W., Konovsky, M. (1989).Cognitive Versus Affective Determinants of Organizational Citizenship
  • Behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 157-164. Organ, D., W., Konovsky, M. (1996).Dispositional and Contextual Determinants of Organizational Citizenship
  • Behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol.17, 253-266. Podsakoff, N., P., Podsakoff, P., M., Whiting, S., W., Blume, B., D. (2009). Individual- and Organizational-Level
  • Consequences of Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 94, No. 1, 122–141. Porpara, D.,V. (1989). Four Concepts of Social Structure. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 19, 195–211.
  • Rioux, S., M., Penner, L., A. (2001). The Causes of Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Motivational Analysis.
  • Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 1306–1314.
  • Rosen, C., C., Chang, C., H., Johnson, R., E., Levy, P., E. (2009a). Perceptions of the Organizational Context and Psychological Contract Breach: Assessing Competing Perspectives. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 108, 202–217.
  • Rosen, C. C., Harris, K. J., & Kacmar, K. M. (2009b). The Emotional Implications of Perceived Organizational
  • Politics: A Process Model. Human Relations, 62, 27–57. Rusbult, C., Campbell, M., Price, M. (1990). Rational selective exploitation and distress: Employee reactions to performance based and mobility-based reward allocations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 487– 500.
  • Salamon, S., D., Deutsch, Y. (2006). OCB as a Handicap: An Evolutionary Psychological Perspective. Journal of
  • Organizational Behavior, 27, 185– 199. Salancik, G., R., Pfeffer, J. (1978). A Social Information Processing Approach to Job Attitudes and Task Design.
  • Administrative Science Quarterly, 23, 224–253. Smith, C., A., Organ, D., W., Near, J., P. (1983). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Its Nature and Antecedents.
  • Journal of Applied Psychology, 68, 655–663. Tepper, B., J. (2000).Consequences of Abusive Supervision. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 178–190.
  • Tepper, B., J., Duffy, M., K., Hoobler, J., Ensley, M., D. (2004). Moderators of the Relationships Between
  • Coworkers’ Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Fellow Employees’ Attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 455–465. Zellars, K., L., Tepper, B., J., Duffy, M., K. (2002).Abusive Supervision and Subordinates’ Organizational Citizenship
  • Behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol.87, No.6, 1068-1076.
  • Zhao, H., Peng, Z., Chen, H., K. (2014). Compulsory Citizenship Behavior and Organizational Citizenship Behavior:
  • The Role of Organizational Identification and Perceived Interactional Justice. The Journal of Psychology, 148(2), 177-1
  • Zhao, H., Peng, Z., Han, Y., Sheard, G., Hudson, A. (2013). Psychological Mechanism Linking Abusive Supervision and Compulsory Citizenship Behavior: A Moderated Mediation Study. The Journal of Psychology, 147(2), 177- 1
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Articles
Authors

Suzan Ece Alkan This is me

Tulay Turgut

Publication Date June 29, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 2 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Alkan, S. E., & Turgut, T. (2015). A RESEARCH ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SAFETY AND ORGANIZATIONAL POLITICS PERCEPTION WITH COMPULSORY CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR AND THE PRESSURES BEHIND COMPULSORY CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR. Research Journal of Business and Management, 2(2), 185-203. https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2015211506
AMA Alkan SE, Turgut T. A RESEARCH ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SAFETY AND ORGANIZATIONAL POLITICS PERCEPTION WITH COMPULSORY CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR AND THE PRESSURES BEHIND COMPULSORY CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR. RJBM. November 2015;2(2):185-203. doi:10.17261/Pressacademia.2015211506
Chicago Alkan, Suzan Ece, and Tulay Turgut. “A RESEARCH ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SAFETY AND ORGANIZATIONAL POLITICS PERCEPTION WITH COMPULSORY CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR AND THE PRESSURES BEHIND COMPULSORY CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR”. Research Journal of Business and Management 2, no. 2 (November 2015): 185-203. https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2015211506.
EndNote Alkan SE, Turgut T (November 1, 2015) A RESEARCH ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SAFETY AND ORGANIZATIONAL POLITICS PERCEPTION WITH COMPULSORY CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR AND THE PRESSURES BEHIND COMPULSORY CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR. Research Journal of Business and Management 2 2 185–203.
IEEE S. E. Alkan and T. Turgut, “A RESEARCH ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SAFETY AND ORGANIZATIONAL POLITICS PERCEPTION WITH COMPULSORY CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR AND THE PRESSURES BEHIND COMPULSORY CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR”, RJBM, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 185–203, 2015, doi: 10.17261/Pressacademia.2015211506.
ISNAD Alkan, Suzan Ece - Turgut, Tulay. “A RESEARCH ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SAFETY AND ORGANIZATIONAL POLITICS PERCEPTION WITH COMPULSORY CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR AND THE PRESSURES BEHIND COMPULSORY CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR”. Research Journal of Business and Management 2/2 (November 2015), 185-203. https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2015211506.
JAMA Alkan SE, Turgut T. A RESEARCH ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SAFETY AND ORGANIZATIONAL POLITICS PERCEPTION WITH COMPULSORY CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR AND THE PRESSURES BEHIND COMPULSORY CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR. RJBM. 2015;2:185–203.
MLA Alkan, Suzan Ece and Tulay Turgut. “A RESEARCH ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SAFETY AND ORGANIZATIONAL POLITICS PERCEPTION WITH COMPULSORY CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR AND THE PRESSURES BEHIND COMPULSORY CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR”. Research Journal of Business and Management, vol. 2, no. 2, 2015, pp. 185-03, doi:10.17261/Pressacademia.2015211506.
Vancouver Alkan SE, Turgut T. A RESEARCH ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SAFETY AND ORGANIZATIONAL POLITICS PERCEPTION WITH COMPULSORY CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR AND THE PRESSURES BEHIND COMPULSORY CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR. RJBM. 2015;2(2):185-203.

Research Journal of Business and Management (RJBM) is a scientific, academic, double blind peer-reviewed, quarterly and open-access online journal. The journal publishes four issues a year. The issuing months are March, June, September and December. The publication languages of the Journal are English and Turkish. RJBM aims to provide a research source for all practitioners, policy makers, professionals and researchers working in all related areas of business, management and organizations. The editor in chief of RJBM invites all manuscripts that cover theoretical and/or applied researches on topics related to the interest areas of the Journal. RJBM publishes academic research studies only. RJBM charges no submission or publication fee.

Ethics Policy - RJBM applies the standards of Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). RJBM is committed to the academic community ensuring ethics and quality of manuscripts in publications. Plagiarism is strictly forbidden and the manuscripts found to be plagiarized will not be accepted or if published will be removed from the publication. Authors must certify that their manuscripts are their original work. Plagiarism, duplicate, data fabrication and redundant publications are forbidden. The manuscripts are subject to plagiarism check by iThenticate or similar. All manuscript submissions must provide a similarity report (up to 15% excluding quotes, bibliography, abstract, method).

Open Access - All research articles published in PressAcademia Journals are fully open access; immediately freely available to read, download and share. Articles are published under the terms of a Creative Commons license which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Open access is a property of individual works, not necessarily journals or publishers. Community standards, rather than copyright law, will continue to provide the mechanism for enforcement of proper attribution and responsible use of the published work, as they do now.