Çevrimiçi Alışveriş Tercihlerinin Mekânsal Dağılımında COVID-19 Pandemi Etkisi

Year 2021, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 120 - 132, 29.09.2021

Ege İmren , Berk Anbaroğlu

https://doi.org/10.48123/rsgis.944468

Abstract

Günümüzde bilgi iletişim teknolojileri (BİT) altyapılarındaki gelişmeler ve mobil cihaz kullanımının yaygınlaşmasıyla internet kullanımı artmıştır. İnternetin ticaret kanalı olarak kullanılmasıyla yüz yüze yapılan alışveriş sanal ortamlara doğru kaymış, bireylerin alışveriş yapma alışkanlıkları da değişmeye başlamıştır. İlgili literatür incelendiğinde; çevrimiçi alışveriş yapan bireylerin mekânsal dağılımını açıklayan iki hipotez belirtilmektedir; verimlilik ve yenillik hipotezleri. Verimlilik hipotezi; çevrimiçi alışverişe olan talebin ticari alanlara erişilebilirliğin düşük olmasından kaynaklandığını belirtirken, yenilik hipotezi teknolojik altyapının daha fazla olduğu bölgelerde bireylerin çevrimiçi alışveriş yapmaya daha eğilimli olduğunu savunmaktadır. Bu hipotezlerle kentsel ve kırsal alanlardaki çevrimiçi alışveriş tercihlerinin sebepleri ve coğrafya(mekân) ile nedensel ilişkileri bilimsel olarak ortaya konmaktadır. Çevrimiçi alışverişe olan talebin uzun vadede kentteki ulaşım planlaması ve perakende sektörüne etkileri olacağı düşünülmektedir. Bununla birlikte, COVID-19 salgını nedeniyle getirilen kısıtlamalar ve “evde kal” önlemleri nedeniyle internet kullanımı artmıştır. Bu çalışmada çevrimiçi alışverişin mekânsal dağılımıyla ilgili pandemiden önce ve sonra olmak üzere yapılan çalışmaların incelenerek, pandeminin çevrimiçi alışveriş ve mekân kullanımına etkisi ortaya çıkarılacaktır.

Keywords

Çevrimiçi alışveriş, BİT, Çevrimiçi alışverişin mekânsal dağılımı, COVID-19 coğrafi yansımaları

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Spatial Distribution of Online Shopping Preferences

Abstract

Today, internet usage has increased with the developments in information communication technologies (ICT) infrastructures and the widespread use of mobile devices. With the use of the Internet as a commercial channel, face-to-face shopping has shifted to virtual environments, and individuals' shopping habits have begun to change. When the relevant literature is examined; Two hypotheses are stated to explain the spatial distribution of individuals who shop online; efficiency and innovation hypotheses. While the efficiency hypothesis states that the demand for online shopping is due to low access to commercial areas, the innovation hypothesis argues that individuals are more likely to shop online in regions with more technological infrastructure. With these hypotheses, the reasons for online shopping preferences in urban and rural areas and their causal relationships with geography (place) are scientifically revealed. It is thought that the demand for online shopping will have long-term effects on the transportation planning and retail sector in the city. Along with these, internet usage has increased due to the restrictions imposed due to the COVID-19 outbreak and "stay at home" measures. In this study, the effects of the pandemic on online shopping and space use will be revealed by examining the studies on the spatial distribution of online shopping, both before and after the pandemic.

Keywords

Online shopping, ICT, Spatial distribution of online shopping, Geographical reflections of COVID-19

References

• Alaimo, L. S., Fiore, M., & Galati, A. (2020). How the Covid-19 Pandemic Is Changing Online Food Shopping Human Behaviour in Italy. Sustainability, 12(22), 9594. doi: 10.3390/su12229594.
• Anderson, W. P., Chatterjee, L., & Lakshmanan, T. R. (2003). E-commerce, Transportation, and Economic Geography. Growth and Change, 34(4), 415-432. doi: 10.1046/j.0017-4815.2003.00228.x.
• Bjørgen, A., Bjerkan, K. Y., & Hjelkrem, O. A. (2019). E-groceries: Sustainable last mile distribution in city planning. Research in Transportation Economics, 100805. doi: 10.1016/j.retrec.2019.100805.
• Brandtner, P., Darbanian, F., Falatouri, T., & Udokwu, C. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on the Customer End of Retail Supply Chains: A Big Data Analysis of Consumer Satisfaction. Sustainability, 13(3), 1464. doi: 10.3390/su13031464.
• Buldeo Rai, H. (2021). The net environmental impact of online shopping, beyond the substitution bias. Journal of Transport Geography, 93, 103058. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.103058.
• Cao, J., Douma, F., Cleaveland, F., & Xu, Z. (2010). The Interactions between E-Shopping and Store Shopping: A Case Study of the Twin Cities (Report No. CTS 10-12). Minneapolis, MN: Intelligent Transportation Systems Institute, University of Minnesota.
• Cao, X. J., Chen, Q., & Choo, S. (2013). Geographic Distribution of E-Shopping: Application of Structural Equation Models in the Twin Cities of Minnesota. Transportation Research Record, 2383(1), 18-26. doi: 10.3141/2383-03.
• Chua, G., Yuen, K. F., Wang, X., & Wong, Y. D. (2021). The Determinants of Panic Buying during COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 3247. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18063247.
• Conway, M. W., Salon, D., da Silva, D. C., & Mirtich, L. (2020). How Will the COVID-19 Pandemic Affect the Future of Urban Life? Early Evidence from Highly-Educated Respondents in the United States. Urban Science, 4(4), 50. doi: 10.3390/urbansci4040050.
• Dannenberg, P., Fuchs, M., Riedler, T., & Wiedemann, C. (2020). Digital Transition by COVID-19 Pandemic? The German Food Online Retail. Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie, 111(3), 543-560. doi: 10.1111/tesg.12453.
• Ercoskun, Ö. Y. & Özüduru, B. H. (2013). Alışveriş Mekanlarındaki Değişimin Sosyal Sürdürülebilirliğe Etkisi: Ankara Örneği. Ankara: TMMOB Şehir Plancıları Odası Ankara Şubesi Yayını.
• Erkip, F. (2005). The rise of the shopping mall in Turkey: The use and appeal of a mall in Ankara. Cities, 22(2), 89-108. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2004.10.001.
• E-Ticaret Bilgi Platformu. (2021, Mayıs 3). 2020 Yılı İstatistikleri (Ocak-Aralık). Retrieved from https://www.eticaret.gov.tr/istatistikler
• Farag, S., Weltevreden, J., van Rietbergen, T., Dijst, M., & van Oort, F. (2006). E-Shopping in the Netherlands: Does Geography Matter? Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 33(1), 59-74. doi: 10.1068/b31083.
• Galhotra, B., & Dewan, A. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on digital platforms and change in E-commerce shopping trends. In 2020 Fourth International Conference on I-SMAC (IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud) (I-SMAC). Proceedings. (pp. 861-866). IEEE.
• Guo, H., Liu, Y., Shi, X., & Chen, K. Z. (2020). The role of e-commerce in the urban food system under COVID-19: Lessons from China. China Agricultural Economic Review, 13(2), 436-455. doi: 10.1108/CAER-06-2020-0146.
• Gürün, B. A. (2005). Alışveriş Merkezlerine Karşı Kent Merkezi. Ankara: TMMOB Şehir Plancıları Odası Ankara Şubesi Yayını. Hao, N., Wang, H. H., & Zhou, Q. (2020). The impact of online grocery shopping on stockpile behavior in Covid-19. China Agricultural Economic Review, 12(3), 459-470. doi: 10.1108/CAER-04-2020-0064.
• Hobbs, J. E. (2020). Food supply chains during the COVID-19 pandemic. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue Canadienne d’agroeconomie, 68(2), 171-176. doi: 10.1111/cjag.12237.
• Hood, N., Urquhart, R., Newing, A., & Heppenstall, A. (2020). Sociodemographic and spatial disaggregation of e-commerce channel use in the grocery market in Great Britain. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 55, 102076. doi: 10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102076.
• Kirby-Hawkins, E., Birkin, M., & Clarke, G. (2019). An investigation into the geography of corporate e-commerce sales in the UK grocery market. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 46(6), 1148-1164. doi: 10.1177/2399808318755147.
• Krizek, K. J., Li, Y., & Handy, S. L. (2005). Spatial Attributes and Patterns of Use in Household-Related Information and Communications Technology Activity. Transportation Research Record, 1926(1), 252-259. doi: 10.1177/0361198105192600129.
• Lubis, A. N. (2018). Evaluating The Customer Preferences of Online Shopping: Demographic Factors and Online Shop Application Issue. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 17(2), 1-13.
• Maat, K., & Konings, R. (2018). Accessibility or Innovation? Store Shopping Trips versus Online Shopping. Transportation Research Record, 2672(50), 1-10. doi: 10.1177/0361198118794044.
• Marangoz, M. (2011). Girişimciler İçin Sınırsız Ticaret: E-Ticaret. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 6(1), 181-201.
• Morganti, E., Dablanc, L., & Fortin, F. (2014). Final deliveries for online shopping: The deployment of pickup point networks in urban and suburban areas. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 11, 23-31. doi: 10.1016/j.rtbm.2014.03.002.
• Ms K Susmitha. (2021). Impact of COVID 19 on E-Commerce. Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research, 12(9), 1161-1165. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.20236.85127.
• Pettersson, F., Winslott Hiselius, L., & Koglin, T. (2018). E-commerce and urban planning – comparing knowledge claims in research and planning practice. Urban, Planning and Transport Research, 6(1), 1-21. doi: 10.1080/21650020.2018.1428114.
• Ren, F., & Kwan, M.-P. (2009). The Impact of Geographic Context on E-Shopping Behavior. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 36(2), 262-278. doi: 10.1068/b34014t.
• Sarkar, R., & Das, S. (2017). Online Shopping vs Offline Shopping : A Comparative Study. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology, 3(1), 424-431.
• Salomon, I. (1986). Telecommunications and travel relationships: A review. Transportation Research Part A: General, 20(3), 223-238. doi: 10.1016/0191-2607(86)90096-8.
• Shamshiripour, A., Rahimi, E., Shabanpour, R., & Mohammadian, A. (Kouros). (2020). How is COVID-19 reshaping activity-travel behavior? Evidence from a comprehensive survey in Chicago. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 7, 100216. doi: 10.1016/j.trip.2020.100216.
• Sim, L. L., & Koi, S. M. (2002). Singapore’s Internet shoppers and their impact on traditional shopping patterns. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 9(2), 115-124. doi: 10.1016/S0969-6989(01)00029-7.
• Sinai, T., & Waldfogel, J. (2004). Geography and the Internet: Is the Internet a substitute or a complement for cities? Journal of Urban Economics, 56(1), 1-24. doi: 10.1016/j.jue.2004.04.001.
• Thilmany, D., Canales, E., Low, S. A., & Boys, K. (2021). Local Food Supply Chain Dynamics and Resilience during COVID-19. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 43(1), 86-104. doi: 10.1002/aepp.13121.
• TÜBİSAD. (2021, Mayıs 3). Ekonominin dönüştürücü gücü: e-ticaret etki analizi. Retrieved from https://www.tubisad.org.tr/tr/images/pdf/tubisad-e-commerce_impact_assessment-launchpresentation.pdf TÜİK. (2020, Ağustos 25). Hanehalkı bilişim teknolojileri (BT) kullanım araştırması 2020. Retrieved from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Hanehalki-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-(BT)-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2020-33679 Türkiye Cumhuriyeti İçişleri Bakanlığı. (2021, Mayıs 3). Koronavirüs ile mücadele kapsamında - yeni kısıtlama ve tedbirler genelgeleri. Retrieved from https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/koronavirus-ile-mucadele-kapsaminda-sokaga-cikma-kisitlamalari---yeni-kisitlama-ve-tedbirler-genelgeleri
• Xi, G., Zhen, F., Cao, X. (Jason), & Xu, F. (2020). The interaction between e-shopping and store shopping: Empirical evidence from Nanjing, China. Transportation Letters, 12(3), 157-165. doi: 10.1080/19427867.2018.1546797.
• Webrazzi. (2021, Mayıs 3). Kullanıcı sayısı 2 milyona ulaşan Banabi'nin 2020'de öne çıkan verileri. Retrieved from https://webrazzi.com/2020/12/28/kullanici-sayisi-2-milyona-ulasan-banabinin-2020de-one-cikan-verileri/
• Weltevreden, J. W. J., & Rietbergen, T. V. (2007). E-Shopping Versus City Centre Shopping: The Role of Perceived City Centre Attractiveness. Journal of Economic and Human Geography, 98(1), 68-85. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9663.2007.00377.x.
• Vikipedi. (2021, Mayıs 3). COVID-19 pandemisi. Retrieved from https://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemisi&oldid=26137942
• Visser, E. J., & Lanzendorf, M. (2004). Mobility and accessibility effects of B2C E-commerce: A literature survey. Journal of Economic and Human Geography, 95(2), 189-205. doi: 10.1111/j.0040-747X.2004.00300.x.
• Zheng, H., & Ma, W. (2021). Click it and buy happiness: Does online shopping improve subjective well-being of rural residents in China? Applied Economics, 53(36), 4192-4206. doi: 10.1080/00036846.2021.1897513