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Connectionism, Artificial Neural Networks and Reading

Year 2018, Issue: 12, 276 - 283, 21.10.2018
https://doi.org/10.29000/rumelide.472778

Abstract

Connectionism, which is a novel approach to human
intellectual abilities, has challenged the basic assumptions and tenets of
top-down and interactive approaches of the 1960s and 1970s to human cognitive
processing and reading. Connectionism has specifically dealt with reading in
order to understand and model the cognitive processes and intellectual
properties underlying this significant skill. It has also embraced a more
bottom-up approach to reading, an orientation which attaches great importance
to pattern recognition governed by parameters, weights, connections and
constraints in lieu of rules and symbols. Although the great majority of
studies which applied connectionism have concentrated on how words are
recognized, a considerable amount of scholarly work also has targeted at
understanding syntactic parsing and pronouncing words. To date, connectionism
has contributed to the understanding and modeling human reading and attracted
the attention of researchers working in various fields such as linguistics,
psychology, and artificial intelligence to a considerable extent. This paper
aims to provide fundamental information about the connectionist approaches and
neural network modeling that suggest an alternative to the classical theory of
the mind while accounting for the cognitive processes that underlie human
reading.  The paper also compares the
connectionist approaches to traditional approaches to reading, such as
bottom-up, top-down and interactive approaches. Finally, it reviews several
connectionist models that have proved to be highly influential in the relevant
literature. 

References

  • Carver, R. P. (1977). Toward a theory of reading comprehension and raiding. Reading Research Quarterly, 13, 8-63. Eysenck, M. W., & Keane, M. T. (2010). Cognitive psychology: A student's handbook (6th ed.). New York: Psychology Press. Foorman, B. R. (1994). The relevance of a connectionist model of reading for “The great debate”. Educational Psychology Review, 6(1), 25-47. Gao, L. (2006). Toward a cognitive processing model of MELAB reading test item performance. Spaan Fellow Working Papers in Second or Foreign Language Assessment, 4, 1-40. Goodman, K. S. (1967). Reading: A psycholinguistic guessing game. Journal of the Reading Specialist, 6, 126-135. Gough, P. B. (1972). One second of reading. Visible Language, 6(4), 291-320. Hebb, D. O. (1949). The organization of behavior. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Hinton, G. E., & Shallice, T. (1991). Lesioning an attractor network: Investigations of acquired dyslexia. Psychological Review, 98(1), 74-95. Hulme, C., Snowling, M., & Quinlan, P. (1991). Connectionism and learning to read: Steps towards a psychologically plausible model. Reading and Writing, 3(2), 159-168. Hutzler, F., Ziegler, J. C., Perry, C., Wimmer, H., & Zorzi, M. (2004). Do current connectionist learning models account for reading development in different languages? Cognition, 91(3), 273-296. LaBerge, D., & Samuels, S. (1974). Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading. Cognitive Psychology, 6, 293-323. McClelland, J. L., & Rumelhart, D. E. (1981). An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: Part 1. An account of basic findings. Psychological Review, 88(5), 375-407. McNeil, L. (2012). Extending the compensatory model of second language reading. System, 40, 64-76. Perfetti, R. (1991). A neural network to design neural networks. IEEE transactions on circuits and systems, 38(9), 1099-1103. Plaut, D. C. (2005) Connectionist approaches to reading, Eds. M. J. Snowling and C. Hulme. The Science of Reading: A Handbook. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 24–38. Plaut, D. C. (1996). Relearning after damage in connectionist networks: Toward a theory of rehabilitation. Brain and Language, 52, 25-82. Plaut, D. C., McClelland, J. L., Seidenberg, M. S., & Patterson, K. (1996). Understanding normal and impaired word reading: Computational principles in quasi-regular domains. Psychological Review, 103, 56-115. Rumelhart, D. E. (1977). Toward and interactive model of reading. Ed. S. Dornic. Attention and performance. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Seidenberg, M. S., & McClelland, J. L. (1989). A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming. Psychological Review, 96, 523-568. Sejnowski, T. J., & Rosenberg, C. R. (1987). Parallel networks that learn to pronounce English text. Complex Systems, 1, 145-168. Smith, F. (1971). Understanding reading. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Stanovich, K. E. (1980). Towards an interactive compensatory model of individual differences in the development of reading fluency. Reading Research Quarterly, 16, 32-71.

Bağlantıcılık, Yapay Sinir Ağları ve Okuma

Year 2018, Issue: 12, 276 - 283, 21.10.2018
https://doi.org/10.29000/rumelide.472778

Abstract

Bağlantıcılık (connectionism) insanın bilişsel
becerilerini anlamaya ve modellemeye yönelik alternatif bir yaklaşımdır. Bağlantıcılığın
uygulandığı alanlar arasında insanoğlunun gerçekleştiği en önemli eylemlerden
biri olan okumanın temelinde yatan bilişsel süreçleri anlama ve modelleme de
bulunmaktadır. Bağlantıcılık, 1960 ve 1970'lerde yaygın bir şekilde kullanılan
ve insanın bilişsel işleme süreçlerini ve okuma becerisini açıklamaya çalışan
yukarıdan-aşağıya (top-down) ve etkileşimli (interactive) yaklaşımların temel
varsayımlarını sorgulamıştır. Bağlantıcılık yaklaşımı, okuma süreçlerinin nasıl
gerçekleştiğini açıklarken aşağıdan-yukarıya (bottom-up) bir yaklaşımı
benimsemiş, kurallar ve semboller yerine parametreler, ağırlıklar, bağlantılar
ve kısıtlamalar tarafından yönetilen bir örüntü tanıma yöntemini benimsemiştir
(artificial neural networks). Dilbilim, psikoloji, felsefe ve yapay zeka
literatüründe bağlantıcılık yaklaşımını temel alarak insanın okuma süreçlerini
irdelemeyi hedefleyen önemli sayıda akademik çalışma bulunmasına ve bu
yaklaşımın okuma becerisini anlamaya yönelik büyük bir katkı potansiyeli
olmasına rağmen, bağlantıcılık yaklaşımının tanınırlığı henüz düşük düzeydedir.
Bu makalede, okuma becerisinin altında yatan bilişsel süreçleri anlamaya ve
açıklamaya çalışan bağlantıcılık yaklaşımları ve yapay sinir ağ modellemesi
hakkında temel bilgiler sunulmuştur. Buna ek olarak, bağlantıcılık yaklaşımı,
özellikle okuma alanyazında yaygın bir biçimde kullanılan geleneksel yapıdaki
aşağıdan yukarıya, yukarıdan aşağıya ve etkileşimli yaklaşımlar gibi diğer
yaklaşımlarla karşılaştırılmıştır. Son olarak, ilgili alanyazında oldukça
etkili olduğu kanıtlanmış bağlantıcılık modellerine de yer verilmiş ve bu
yaklaşımın okuma becerisini anlama ve modellemeye ilişkin potansiyeline ve
kısıtlılıklarına değinilmiştir. 

References

  • Carver, R. P. (1977). Toward a theory of reading comprehension and raiding. Reading Research Quarterly, 13, 8-63. Eysenck, M. W., & Keane, M. T. (2010). Cognitive psychology: A student's handbook (6th ed.). New York: Psychology Press. Foorman, B. R. (1994). The relevance of a connectionist model of reading for “The great debate”. Educational Psychology Review, 6(1), 25-47. Gao, L. (2006). Toward a cognitive processing model of MELAB reading test item performance. Spaan Fellow Working Papers in Second or Foreign Language Assessment, 4, 1-40. Goodman, K. S. (1967). Reading: A psycholinguistic guessing game. Journal of the Reading Specialist, 6, 126-135. Gough, P. B. (1972). One second of reading. Visible Language, 6(4), 291-320. Hebb, D. O. (1949). The organization of behavior. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Hinton, G. E., & Shallice, T. (1991). Lesioning an attractor network: Investigations of acquired dyslexia. Psychological Review, 98(1), 74-95. Hulme, C., Snowling, M., & Quinlan, P. (1991). Connectionism and learning to read: Steps towards a psychologically plausible model. Reading and Writing, 3(2), 159-168. Hutzler, F., Ziegler, J. C., Perry, C., Wimmer, H., & Zorzi, M. (2004). Do current connectionist learning models account for reading development in different languages? Cognition, 91(3), 273-296. LaBerge, D., & Samuels, S. (1974). Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading. Cognitive Psychology, 6, 293-323. McClelland, J. L., & Rumelhart, D. E. (1981). An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: Part 1. An account of basic findings. Psychological Review, 88(5), 375-407. McNeil, L. (2012). Extending the compensatory model of second language reading. System, 40, 64-76. Perfetti, R. (1991). A neural network to design neural networks. IEEE transactions on circuits and systems, 38(9), 1099-1103. Plaut, D. C. (2005) Connectionist approaches to reading, Eds. M. J. Snowling and C. Hulme. The Science of Reading: A Handbook. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 24–38. Plaut, D. C. (1996). Relearning after damage in connectionist networks: Toward a theory of rehabilitation. Brain and Language, 52, 25-82. Plaut, D. C., McClelland, J. L., Seidenberg, M. S., & Patterson, K. (1996). Understanding normal and impaired word reading: Computational principles in quasi-regular domains. Psychological Review, 103, 56-115. Rumelhart, D. E. (1977). Toward and interactive model of reading. Ed. S. Dornic. Attention and performance. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Seidenberg, M. S., & McClelland, J. L. (1989). A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming. Psychological Review, 96, 523-568. Sejnowski, T. J., & Rosenberg, C. R. (1987). Parallel networks that learn to pronounce English text. Complex Systems, 1, 145-168. Smith, F. (1971). Understanding reading. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Stanovich, K. E. (1980). Towards an interactive compensatory model of individual differences in the development of reading fluency. Reading Research Quarterly, 16, 32-71.
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Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Turkish language, culture and literature
Authors

Tuğba Elif Toprak 0000-0003-0341-229X

Publication Date October 21, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Issue: 12

Cite

APA Toprak, T. E. (2018). Connectionism, Artificial Neural Networks and Reading. RumeliDE Dil Ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi(12), 276-283. https://doi.org/10.29000/rumelide.472778