Investigation of Breast Milk Use in Early Childhood and Its Psychobiochemical Effects

Year 2024, , 175 - 179, 22.05.2024

Duygu Vardağlı , Furkan Fatih Çetin

https://doi.org/10.33631/sabd.1266982

Abstract

Aim: The periods in which the infant is fed only by breast-feeding (food: breast milk), and the period in which the infant can stay in contact with breast milk (nutrient: breast milk + food X) maximum by breast-feeding, and KSS score distributions in these periods were investigated.
Material and Methods: In the research; Individuals between the ages of 18-25 were asked questions about the early childhood-infancy periods, to determine the duration of breast milk intake and breastfeeding, and the distribution of the scores they received was examined by applying the KSS. The Cronbach Alpha coefficient (0.723) was calculated to determine the Turkish validity and reliability of the Kerns Secure Scale. The data were collected digitally, and the minimum sample size was determined as 176 people with the G*Power (v3.1.9.7) program. In the research, data belonging to 209 people were studied, and SPSS 26 statistical program was used to determine the data. p<0.05 was considered statistically significant in the analyses.
Results: In our findings, although only breast milk intake is less than 6 months, breastfeeding at the age of 3-4 months has a positive effect on KSS (Mean: 47.38). When the breastfeeding period is 6 months or more, the rate of feeding only with breast milk is 47.7%. According to these data, the longer the breastfeeding period; breast milk intake is reduced, but mother-infant contact is maintained.
Conclusion: The application of this content, not the breast milk content alone, through breastfeeding and not less than 6 months, supports secure attachment.

Keywords

Breast milk, Kerns Secure Scale, Breastfeeding, İnfant-child feeding, Protective nutrition

Thanks

We would like to thank everyone who contributed to the study.

Erken Çocukluk Döneminde Anne Sütü Kullanımı ve Psikobiyokimyasal Etkilerinin İncelenmesi

Abstract

Amaç: Bebek beslenmesinin sadece emzirilerek (besin: anne sütü) yapıldığı dönemler ile bebeğin emzirilerek anne sütü (besin: anne sütü+ X besini) ile maksimum hangi döneme kadar temasta kalabildiği ve bu dönemlerdeki KSS skor dağılımları araştırılmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Araştırmada; 18-25 yaş arası bireylere erken çocukluk-bebeklik dönemleri ile ilgili, anne sütü alımı ve emzirilme sürelerini tespit edilmesini sağlayacak sorular yöneltilmiş ve KSS ölçeği uygulanarak, aldıkları skorların dağılımları incelenmiştir. Kerns Secure Scale'in Türkçe geçerlilik ve güvenirliğini belirlemek için Cronbach Alpha katsayısı (0,723) hesaplanmıştır. Veriler dijital ortamda toplanmış, minimum örneklem sayısı G*Power (v3.1.9.7) programı ile 176 kişi olarak tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmada, 209 kişiye ait veri ile çalışılmış, verilerin tespitinde SPSS 26 istatistik programı kullanılmıştır. Analizlerde p<0,05 istatistiksel olarak anlamlı kabul edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Bulgularımızda, sadece anne sütü alımının 6 ay’dan az olmasına rağmen, anne sütünün 3-4 ay’lık iken emzirme yolu ile verilmesi KSS skorlarına (Ort. 47,38) olumlu yansımıştır. Emzirilme süresi 6 ay ve üstü olduğunda, sadece anne sütü ile beslenmenin oranı %47,7’dir. Bu verilere göre emzirilme süresi uzadıkça anne sütü alımı azalmakta, fakat anne bebek teması korunmaktadır.
Sonuç: Tek başına anne sütü içeriğinin değil ama bu içeriğin emzirme aracılı ve 6 aydan az olmamak üzere uygulanması güvenli bağlanmayı desteklemektedir.

Keywords

Anne sütü, Kern güvenli bağlanma ölçeği, Emzirme, Bebek-çocuk beslenmesi, Koruyucu beslenme

References

• Casavale KO, Ahuja JKC, Wu X, Li Y, Quam J, Olson R, et al. NIH workshop on human milk composition: Summary and visions. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019; 110(3): 769-79.
• Cope MB, Allison DB. Critical review of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) 2007 report on ‘evidence of the long-term effects of breastfeeding: systematic reviews and meta-analysis’ with respect to obesity. Obes Rev. 2008; 9(6): 594-605.
• Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, Chew P, Magula N, DeVine D, et al. Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries. Evid Rep Technol Assess. 2007; 153(153): 1-186.
• Leung AK, Sauve RS. Breast is best for babies: Part 1. Can J Diagn. 2000; 18: 69-70.
• Binns C, Lee M, Low WY. The long-term public health benefits of breastfeeding. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2016; 28(1): 7-14.
• Leung AK, Sauve RS. Breast is best for babies: Part 2. Can J Diagn. 2001 b; 18: 65-73.
• Duerbeck NB. Breast-feeding. What you should know so you can talk to your patient. Comp Ther. 1998; 24: 310-18.
• WHO/UNICEF. Protecting, promoting and supporting breastfeeding: the special role of maternity services. A joint WHO/UNICEF statement. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1990; 31: 171-83.
• Work Group on Breastfeeding, American Academy of Pediatrics. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics.1997; 100: 1035-39.
• Piovanetti Y. Breastfeeding beyond 12 months: an historical perspective. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001; 48: 199-206.
• Duschinsky R. Disorganization, fear and attachment: working towards clarification. Infant Ment Health J. 2018; 39(1): 17-29.
• Kathleen R, Delaney. Following the affect: learning to observe emotional regulation. J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs. 2006 ;19(4): 175-81.
• Meg Jordan. The power of connection: Self-care strategies of social wellbeing. Journal of Interprofessional Education & Practice. 2023: 31: 1-6.
• Cohen, J. The t test for means. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences.1988.
• Arslan K. SPSS'de T-testi için etki değerini (effect size) hesaplama. 2019.
• Kerns K A, Klepac L, Cole A. Security Scale. APA PsycTests.1996.
• Sümer N, Anafarta-Şendağ M. Orta çocukluk döneminde ebeveynlere bağlanma, benlik algısı ve kaygı. Türk Psikoloji Derg. 2009; 24: 86-101.
• Warren T K Lee, Eric Wong, Susan S H Lui, Veronica Chan, Joseph Lau. Decision to breastfeed and early cessation of breastfeeding in infants below 6 months old – a population-based study of 3,204 infants in Hong Kong. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007; 16(1): 163-71.
• World Health Organization. Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding. 54th World Health Assembly Geneva, World Health Organization, 2001.
• Meg Jordan. The power of connection: self-care strategies of social wellbeing. Journal of Interprofessional Education & Practice 31. 2023; 100586.
• Harlow H F, Dodsworth R O, Harlow M K. Total social isolation in monkeys. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1965; 54(1); 90-7.
• Harlow H F, Zimmermann R R. The development of affective responsiveness in infant monkeys. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society.1958; 102: 501 -9.
• Lawal A M, Idemudia E S. Examining maternal age, breastfeeding self efficacy and health locus of control in psychological wellbeing of mothers. Psychology, Health and Medicine. 2017; 22(10): 1230-8.
• World Health Organization. Global nutrition targets 2025: low birth weight policy brief. World Health Organization. 2017.
• Mehta A, Rathi A K, Kushwaha K P, Singh A. Relactation in lactation failure and low milk supply. Sudan J Paediatr. 2018; 18(1): 39-47.
• Kaur J, Sodhi M K, Mahajan S, Singh K, Kumar A, Kaur A, et al. Evaluation of utility of various interventions related to relactation and assessment of outcomes of relactation practice in mothers with infants up to 6 months of age. Perinatology. 2020; 21(3): 105-11.
• Sara A. Q. Biological and behavioral predictors of exclusive breastfeeding duration. Med Anthropol.1985; 9: 139-51.
• Maternal, infant, and child health. Healthy People 2020.
• Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması 2018. Hacettepe Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü. Ankara: Türkiye, 2019.
• Gamze Y. Investigation of nutrition patterns of 0-24 months babies. Gümüşhane University Journal of Health Sciences. 2019; 8(4): 343-52.
• Lester BM, Conradt E, LaGasse LL, Tronick EZ, Padbury CF, Marsit CJ. Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior in the human infant. Pediatrics. 2008; 142: 1-8.