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Agents Isolated in Septic Arthritis and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibilities: A Five-Year Study

Year 2024, Volume: 14 Issue: 3, 321 - 325, 19.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.33631/sabd.1439162

Abstract

Aim: Our study aims to contribute to the literature by examining the cell counts, Gram staining results, isolated microorganisms and antibiotic resistance patterns of joint fluid samples sent to our laboratory.
Material and Methods: Synovial fluid samples of 299 patient evaluated with suspicion of septic arthritis between January 2018 and June 2023 were retrospectively examined. The demographic characteristics of the patients, the cell count of the samples showing growth in the joint fluid culture, the detection of the agent in the Gram stain, and the antibiogram results of the isolated microorganisms were analyzed. Microorganisms were identified using conventional methods and an automated system (VITEK 2 Compact- BioMerieux-France).
Results: 53.2% of the patients were female and the average age was 60.36. The agent was isolated in the synovial fluid culture of 11.4% of the patients. The average leukocyte value of culture positive samples was 82854/mm³ and was found to be significantly higher (p<0.001). The agent was detected in Gram staining in 38.3% of culture-positive samples. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently detected bacteria with 58.8%. When looking at the Antimicrobial susceptibility, methicillin resistance was approximately 71.5% in Gram positive bacteria, while vankomycin resistance was not found. Resistance to piperacilin/tazobactam, ceftazidime, gentamicin and imipenem was not detected in Gram negative bacteria.
Conclusion: A low leukocyte count or a negative Gram stain in synovial fluid analysis does not rule out septic arthritis, but only reduces its probability. It should not be forgotten that monitoring patients' blood cultures as well as joint fluid culture and empiric antibiotic administration may be useful in the diagnosis and treatment process.

Project Number

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References

  • Yeşil E, Celebi S, Özcan N, Arife Ö, Turan C, Bülbül B, et al. Artritli çocuk olgularin değerlendirilmesi: 9 yillik retrospektif çalişma. Güncel Pediatri Dergisi. 2020; 18(2): 140-52.
  • Mathews CJ, Weston VC, Jones A, Field M, Coakley G. Bacterial septic arthritis in adults. The Lancet. 2010; 375(9717): 846-55.
  • Margaryan D, Renz N, Gwinner C, Trampuz A. Septic arthritis of the native joint and after ligamentoplasty: Diagnosis and treatment. Der Orthopäde. 2020; 49: 660-8.
  • Atalar H. Çocuklarda osteomiyelit ve septik artritler. J Pediatr Inf 2009; 3 (Suppl 1): 101-4.
  • Ölmez S. Nocardia enfeksiyonlarının tanısında Gram boyanmış yaymaların önemi. Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni. 2023; 57(1): 108-18.
  • Bauer T, Boisrenoult P, Jenny J-Y. Post-arthroscopy septic arthritis: current data and practical recommendations. Orthopaedics Traumatology: Surgery Research. 2015; 101(8): 347-50.
  • Combs K, Cox K. Clinical outcomes involving patients that develop septic arthritis with methicillin sensitive staphylococcus aureus versus methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Orthopaedics. 2018; 15(1): 9-12.
  • García-Arias M, Balsa A, Mola EM. Septic arthritis. Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology. 2011; 25(3): 407-21.
  • Kandemir Ö. Protez eklem enfeksiyonları. ANKEM Dergisi. 2014; 28(Ek 2): 18-26.
  • Stefani S, Varaldo P. Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant staphylococci in Europe. Clinical Microbiology Infection. 2003; 9(12): 1179-86.
  • McBride S, Mowbray J, Caughey W, Wong E, Luey C, Siddiqui A, et al. Epidemiology, management, and outcomes of large and small native joint septic arthritis in adults. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2020; 70(2): 271-9.
  • Fukushima K, Uekusa Y, Koyama T, Ohashi Y, Uchiyama K, Takahira N, et al. Efficacy and safety of arthroscopic treatment for native acute septic arthritis of the hip joint in adult patients. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2021; 22(1): 318.
  • Tarkowski A. Infectious arthritis. Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology. 2006; 20(6): 1029-44.
  • Li S, Cassidy C, Chang C, Gharib S, Torres J. Diagnostic utility of laboratory tests in septic arthritis. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2007; 24(2): 75-7.
  • Margaretten ME, Kohlwes J, Moore D, Bent S. Does this adult patient have septic arthritis? Jama. 2007; 297(13): 1478-88.
  • Abdullah S, Young-Min SA, Hudson SJ, Kelly CA, Heycock CR, Hamilton JD. Gross synovial fluid analysis in the differential diagnosis of joint effusion. Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2007; 60(10): 1144-7.
  • Coutlakis PJ, Roberts WN, Wise CM. Another look at synovial fluid leukocytosis and infection. Journal of Clinical Rheumatology. 2002; 8(2): 67-71.
  • Kortekangas P, Aro H, Tuominen J, Toivanen A. Synovial fluid leukocytosis in bacterial arthritis vs. reactive arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis in the adult knee. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 1992; 21(6): 283-8.
  • Söderquist B, Jones I, Fredlund H, Vikerfors T. Bacterial or crystal-associated arthritis? Discriminating ability of serum inflammatory markers. Scandinavian Journal of İnfectious Diseases. 1998; 30(6): 591-6.
  • Ünlü N, Can Sarınoğlu R, Duman N, Küçüksu U, Karahasan Yağcı A. Evaluation of the molecular assays for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in extrapulmonary specimens. Tuberkuloz ve Toraks Dergisi. 2021; 69(3): 314-20.
  • Yıldırım C, Muslu DC, Muratoğlu OG, Ordu S, Aydın ÖA, Bayram E. Haseki Ortopedi ve travmatoloji kliniği'ndeki akut septik artrit epidemiyolojisi, tanı ve tedavi yönetimi. Med Bull Haseki. 2020; 58(1): 21-6.
  • Weston V, Jones A, Bradbury N, Fawthrop F, Doherty M. Clinical features and outcome of septic arthritis in a single UK Health District 1982–1991. Annals of The Rheumatic Diseases. 1999; 58(4): 214-9.
  • Aydın Ö, Çelik A, Erhan O, Ergen P, Özkan K. The management of patients with acute septic arthritis: An epidemiological study. Sağlık Bil Değer. 2023; 13(2): 165-71.
  • Parlak M, Binici İ, Çikman A, Karahocagil MK, Bayram Y, Berktaş M. Vankomisine dirençli enterokoklarda linezolid, tigesiklin ve daptomisin duyarlılığının E-Test yöntemiyle araştırılması. Dicle Tıp Derg. 2014; 41(3): 534-7.
  • Korten V. Çok ilaca dirençli gram pozitif bakteriler (mrsa ve vre): tedavi ve kontrol. ANKEM Derg. 2013; 27(Ek 2): 57-62.

Septik Artritte İzole Edilen Etkenler ve Antimikrobiyal Duyarlılıkları: Beş Yıllık Çalışma

Year 2024, Volume: 14 Issue: 3, 321 - 325, 19.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.33631/sabd.1439162

Abstract

Amaç: Çalışmamızda laboratuvarımıza gönderilen eklem sıvısı örneklerinin hücre sayımları, Gram boyama sonuçları, izole edilen mikroorganizmalar ve antibiyotik direnç paternleri incelenerek literatüre katkı sağlamak amaçlanmaktadır.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Ocak 2018 - Haziran 2023 tarihleri arasında septik artrit şüphesi ile değerlendirilen 299 hastanın eklem sıvısı örneği retrospektif olarak incelendi. Hastaların demografik özellikleri ile eklem sıvısı kültüründe üreme olan örneklerin hücre sayımı, Gram boyamada etken tespiti ve izole edilen mikroorganizmaların antibiyogram sonuçları analiz edildi. Mikroorganizmalar konvansiyonel yöntemler ve otomatize sistem (VITEK 2 Compact- BioMerieux-France) kullanılarak tanımlandı.
Bulgular: Hastaların %53,2’si kadın olup yaş ortalaması 60,36 yıldı. Hastaların %11,4’ünün sinovyal sıvı kültüründe etken izole edildi. Kültür pozitif örneklerin lökosit değeri ortalaması 82854/mm³ olup, anlamlı olarak daha yüksek bulundu (p<0,001). Kültür pozitif örneklerin % 38,3’ünde Gram boyamada etken saptandı. Staphylococcus aureus %58,8 ile en sık saptanan bakteri oldu. Antimikrobiyal duyarlılığına bakıldığında ise Gram pozitif bakterilerde metisilin direnci yaklaşık %71,5 iken vankomisin direncine rastlanmamıştır. Gram negatif bakterilerde ise piperasilin/tazobaktam, seftazidim, gentamisin ve meropenem direnci saptanmamıştır.
Sonuç: Sinovyal sıvı analizlerinde lökosit sayısının düşük olması ya da gram boyama negatifliği septik artriti ekarte ettirmez sadece olasılığını azaltır. Hastaların eklem sıvısı kültürü yanında kan kültürlerinin de takip edilmesinin ve ampirik antibiyotik uygulamasının tanı ve tedavi sürecinde yararlı olabileceği unutulmamalıdır.

Ethical Statement

ETİK KURUL BELGESİ YÜKLENMİŞTİR

Supporting Institution

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Project Number

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Thanks

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References

  • Yeşil E, Celebi S, Özcan N, Arife Ö, Turan C, Bülbül B, et al. Artritli çocuk olgularin değerlendirilmesi: 9 yillik retrospektif çalişma. Güncel Pediatri Dergisi. 2020; 18(2): 140-52.
  • Mathews CJ, Weston VC, Jones A, Field M, Coakley G. Bacterial septic arthritis in adults. The Lancet. 2010; 375(9717): 846-55.
  • Margaryan D, Renz N, Gwinner C, Trampuz A. Septic arthritis of the native joint and after ligamentoplasty: Diagnosis and treatment. Der Orthopäde. 2020; 49: 660-8.
  • Atalar H. Çocuklarda osteomiyelit ve septik artritler. J Pediatr Inf 2009; 3 (Suppl 1): 101-4.
  • Ölmez S. Nocardia enfeksiyonlarının tanısında Gram boyanmış yaymaların önemi. Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni. 2023; 57(1): 108-18.
  • Bauer T, Boisrenoult P, Jenny J-Y. Post-arthroscopy septic arthritis: current data and practical recommendations. Orthopaedics Traumatology: Surgery Research. 2015; 101(8): 347-50.
  • Combs K, Cox K. Clinical outcomes involving patients that develop septic arthritis with methicillin sensitive staphylococcus aureus versus methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Orthopaedics. 2018; 15(1): 9-12.
  • García-Arias M, Balsa A, Mola EM. Septic arthritis. Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology. 2011; 25(3): 407-21.
  • Kandemir Ö. Protez eklem enfeksiyonları. ANKEM Dergisi. 2014; 28(Ek 2): 18-26.
  • Stefani S, Varaldo P. Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant staphylococci in Europe. Clinical Microbiology Infection. 2003; 9(12): 1179-86.
  • McBride S, Mowbray J, Caughey W, Wong E, Luey C, Siddiqui A, et al. Epidemiology, management, and outcomes of large and small native joint septic arthritis in adults. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2020; 70(2): 271-9.
  • Fukushima K, Uekusa Y, Koyama T, Ohashi Y, Uchiyama K, Takahira N, et al. Efficacy and safety of arthroscopic treatment for native acute septic arthritis of the hip joint in adult patients. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2021; 22(1): 318.
  • Tarkowski A. Infectious arthritis. Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology. 2006; 20(6): 1029-44.
  • Li S, Cassidy C, Chang C, Gharib S, Torres J. Diagnostic utility of laboratory tests in septic arthritis. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2007; 24(2): 75-7.
  • Margaretten ME, Kohlwes J, Moore D, Bent S. Does this adult patient have septic arthritis? Jama. 2007; 297(13): 1478-88.
  • Abdullah S, Young-Min SA, Hudson SJ, Kelly CA, Heycock CR, Hamilton JD. Gross synovial fluid analysis in the differential diagnosis of joint effusion. Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2007; 60(10): 1144-7.
  • Coutlakis PJ, Roberts WN, Wise CM. Another look at synovial fluid leukocytosis and infection. Journal of Clinical Rheumatology. 2002; 8(2): 67-71.
  • Kortekangas P, Aro H, Tuominen J, Toivanen A. Synovial fluid leukocytosis in bacterial arthritis vs. reactive arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis in the adult knee. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 1992; 21(6): 283-8.
  • Söderquist B, Jones I, Fredlund H, Vikerfors T. Bacterial or crystal-associated arthritis? Discriminating ability of serum inflammatory markers. Scandinavian Journal of İnfectious Diseases. 1998; 30(6): 591-6.
  • Ünlü N, Can Sarınoğlu R, Duman N, Küçüksu U, Karahasan Yağcı A. Evaluation of the molecular assays for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in extrapulmonary specimens. Tuberkuloz ve Toraks Dergisi. 2021; 69(3): 314-20.
  • Yıldırım C, Muslu DC, Muratoğlu OG, Ordu S, Aydın ÖA, Bayram E. Haseki Ortopedi ve travmatoloji kliniği'ndeki akut septik artrit epidemiyolojisi, tanı ve tedavi yönetimi. Med Bull Haseki. 2020; 58(1): 21-6.
  • Weston V, Jones A, Bradbury N, Fawthrop F, Doherty M. Clinical features and outcome of septic arthritis in a single UK Health District 1982–1991. Annals of The Rheumatic Diseases. 1999; 58(4): 214-9.
  • Aydın Ö, Çelik A, Erhan O, Ergen P, Özkan K. The management of patients with acute septic arthritis: An epidemiological study. Sağlık Bil Değer. 2023; 13(2): 165-71.
  • Parlak M, Binici İ, Çikman A, Karahocagil MK, Bayram Y, Berktaş M. Vankomisine dirençli enterokoklarda linezolid, tigesiklin ve daptomisin duyarlılığının E-Test yöntemiyle araştırılması. Dicle Tıp Derg. 2014; 41(3): 534-7.
  • Korten V. Çok ilaca dirençli gram pozitif bakteriler (mrsa ve vre): tedavi ve kontrol. ANKEM Derg. 2013; 27(Ek 2): 57-62.
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Clinical Sciences (Other), Medical Microbiology (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Cengiz Kazdal 0000-0002-2121-4580

Soner Yıldız 0000-0002-7587-359X

Ömer Faruk Duran 0000-0003-1936-128X

Yunus Emre Alpdoğan 0000-0001-6040-3328

İlkay Bahçeci 0000-0003-3662-1629

Project Number -
Publication Date September 19, 2024
Submission Date February 18, 2024
Acceptance Date June 4, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 14 Issue: 3

Cite

Vancouver Kazdal C, Yıldız S, Duran ÖF, Alpdoğan YE, Bahçeci İ. Septik Artritte İzole Edilen Etkenler ve Antimikrobiyal Duyarlılıkları: Beş Yıllık Çalışma. VHS. 2024;14(3):321-5.