Covid-19 Pandemisinde Bir Halk Sağlığı Önlemi Olarak Sokağa Çıkma Yasağı ve Kısıtlamalarının Normatif Analizi ve Etik Açıdan Değerlendirilmesi
Year 2021,
Volume: 4 Issue: S-1, 1 - 18, 31.10.2021
Ayşenur Daldaban Berberoğlu
,
Tuğba Doğan
,
İlhan İlkılıç
Abstract
Covid-19 Pandemisi ile mücadelede ülkeler çeşitli halk sağlığı önlemlerine başvurarak halkın sağlığını korumayı hedeflemişlerdir. Bu tedbirler bir taraftan halkın ve bireylerin sağlığını korumayı, hastalığın yayılımının önüne geçmeyi ve sınırlandırmayı amaçlarken diğer taraftan, temel hak ve özgürlükleri kısıtlamaktadırlar. Araştırmamızda Covid-19 Pandemisinde bir halk sağlığı önlemi olarak sokağa çıkma yasağı ve kısıtlamasının bazı kriterlere göre seçilen epidemiyolojik araştırmalar bağlamında normatif analizi ve etik değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Bu tür önlemlerin uygulamasında bir etik ilke olarak orantılılığın anlamı ve fonksiyonu incelenmiştir. Sorumluluk ve dayanışma gibi ahlaki erdemlerin pandemiyle mücadeledeki önemi ve gerekliliği ortaya konarak, etik oryantasyon için temel tezler ortaya konmuş ve tavsiyelerde bulunulmuştur. Amaç: Sokağa çıkma yasağı ve kısıtlaması önlemlerinin etkililiğini etik açıdan değerlendirmek, kültürel farklılıkların aynı zamanda dayanışma ve sorumluluk bilincinin salgın üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem: PubMed biyomedikal veri tabanında çeşitli ülkenin verilerini kullanan, önlemlerin etkililiğini karşılaştıran, salgının yayılımı üzerinde kısmi kapanma ve tam kapanma arasındaki etkililiği epidemiyolojik açıdan analiz eden ve Ocak 2020- Ağustos 2020 tarihleri arasındaki dönemi inceleyen (ilk dalga dönemi) çalışmalardan beşi seçilerek araştırmamızın amacı doğrultusunda etik açıdan analiz edilmiş ve değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Halkın sağlığını korumak ve sağlık hizmetlerini aksamadan sürdürmek için sokağa çıkma yasağı ve kısıtlaması temel hak ve özgürlükleri ihlal etmesine rağmen etik açıdan gereklidir. Bu amaçlarla değişik ülkelerdeki aynı veya benzeri önlemlerle farklı sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır. Alınan önlemlerin katılığı ile verimliliği arasında doğru bir orantı bulunmamaktadır. Sonuç: Bir halk sağlığı önlemi olarak sokağa çıkma yasağı ve kısıtlamaları, her ne kadar temel hak ve özgürlükler üzerinde ihlal edici ve kısıtlayıcı olsa dahi, etik açıdan değerlendirildiğinde kabul edilebilir uygulamalardır. Bu önlemlerin uygulanması sırasında ortaya çıkacak olan faydalı ve zararlı sonuçlar orantılılık ilkesine göre değerlendirilmelidir. Bunun yanında hızlı bir şekilde başarılı olmak ve mağduriyetleri mümkün olduğu kadar azaltmak için sorumluluk ve dayanışma ahlaki erdemlerine müracaat edilmelidir.
Supporting Institution
İÜ İstanbul Üniversitesi, Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi tarafından desteklenmiştir. Proje Başlığı: COVİD19 Pandemisiyle Mücadelede Etik Sorunlar. Pandemi Etiği ve Yoğun Bakım Etiği Bağlamında Ülkemizdeki COVİD-19 Pandemisiyle Mücadelenin Normatif Analizi ve Sağlık Hizmetleri İçin Etik Oryantasyonun Oluşturulması
Thanks
Proje toplantılarında çalışmamıza görüş ve eleştiriyle katkı sağlayan projenin danışma kurulu hocalarına ve çalışma grubu arkadaşlarımız Dr. Esra Aksoy, Dr. Orhan Önder ve Merve Nur Koçak ve İÜ SBE Halk Sağlığı Doktora Programından Dr. Abdullah Uçar’a teşekkür ederiz.
References
- 1. Zhu H, Wei L, Niu P. The novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. Glob Health Res Policy 2020;5:6.
- 2. Wong CKH, Wong JYH, Tang EHM, Au CH, Lau KTK, Wai AKC. Impact of National Containment Measures on Decelerating the Increase in Daily New Cases of COVID-19 in 54 Countries and 4 Epicenters of the Pandemic: Comparative Observational Study. J Med Internet Res 2020;22(7):e19904.
- 3. Sanchez-Caballero S, Selles MA, Peydro MA, Perez-Bernabeu E. An Efficient COVID-19 Prediction Model Validated with the Cases of China, Italy and Spain: Total or Partial Lockdowns? J Clin Med 2020;9(5):1547.
- 4. Flaxman S, Mishra S, Gandy A, Unwin HJT, Mellan TA, Coupland H, et al. Estimating the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in Europe. Nat 2020;584(7820):257- 61.
- 5. Hsiang S, Allen D, Annan-Phan S, Bell K, Bolliger I, Chong T, et al. The effect of largescale anti-contagion policies on the COVID-19 pandemic. Nat 2020;584(7820):262-7.
- 6. Haug N, Geyrhofer L, Londei A, Dervic E, Desvars-Larrive A, Loreto V, et al. Ranking the effectiveness of worldwide COVID-19 government interventions. Nat Hum Behav 2020;4(12):1303-12.
- 7. Afolabi MO. Public Health Disasters: A Global Ethical Framework. Cham: Springer; 2018. Sayfa no ?
- 8. Holland S. Public Health Ethics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Polity Press; 2014.
- 9. İlkılıç İ. COVID-19 Sürecinde Etik Sorun Alanları. SD Derg 2020;56:112-5.
- 10. Mastroianni AC, Kahn JP, Kass NE, editors. The Oxford Handbook of Public Health Ethics, New York: Oxford University Press; 2019.
- 11. Horn C. Güterabwägung. In Handbuch Ethik Hg. Düwell M, Hübenthal Ch, Werner MH, editors. Stuttgart: Metzler; 2006.p.391-6.
- 12. Birnbacher D. Tun und Unterlassen. Stuttgart: Reclam; 1995.
- 13. Deutscher Ethikrat Solidarität und Verantwortung in der Corona-Krise Ad-hoc- Empfehlung. 2020 Mar (cited 2021 May 6) Available from: URL: https://www.ethikrat. org/publikationen/publikationsdetail/?tx_ wwt3shop_detail%5Bproduct%5D=135&tx_ wwt3shopdetail%5Baction%5D=index& tx_wwt3shop_detail%5Bcontroller%5D=Pr oducts&cHash=a37377aedcc6b8b131fce9a9 146f9095. (İngilizce metin için: https://www. ethikrat.org/fileadmin/Publikationen/Ad-hoc- Empfehlungen/englisch/recommendationcoronavirus- crisis.pdf)
- 14. CCNE. COVID-19 contribution du comité consultatif national d’éthique: enjeux éthiques face à une pandémie. 2020 Mar (cited 2021 May 6) Available from: URL: https://www.ccneethique. fr/fr/actualites/la-contribution-duccne- la-lutte-contre-covid-19-enjeux-ethiquesface- une-pandemie.
- 15. Nuffield Council on Bioethics. Ethical Considerations in Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic. 2020 Mar (cited 2021 May 6) Available from: URL: https://www.nuffieldbioethics. org/publications/ethical-considerations-inresponding- to-the-covid-19-pandemic.
- 16. Singer PA, Benatar SR, Bernstein M, Daar AS, Dickens BM, MacRae SK, et al. Ethics and SARS: lessons from Toronto. BMJ 2003;327(7427):1342- 4.
- 17. Cottier T, Echandi R, Liechti-McKee R, et al. The Principle of Proportionality in International Law: Foundations and Variations. JWIT 2017;18(4):628-72.
- 18. Huscroft G, Miller B, Webber G. Introduction. In: Huscroft G, Miller B, Webber G, editors. Proportionality and the Rule of Law: Rights, Justification, Reasoning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2014.p.1-18.
- 19. Luterán M. The Lost Meaning of Proportionality. In: Huscroft G, Miller B, Webber G, editors. Proportionality and the Rule of Law: Rights, Justification, Reasoning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2014.p.21-42.
- 20. Arunachalam MA, Halwai A. An analysis of the ethics of lockdown in India. Asian Bioeth Rev 2020;12(4):481–9.
- 21. Ivic S. Vietnam’s Response to the COVID-19 Outbreak. Asian Bioeth Rev 2020;12(3):341–7.
- 22. Prah Ruger J. Positive Public Health Ethics: Toward Flourishing and Resilient Communities and Individuals. Am J Bioeth 2020;20(7):44–54.
- 23. Çengel SM. Eğitimliler daha bağımlı! Habertürk 2016 Feb. (cited 2021 May 6) Available from: URL: https://www.haberturk.com/saglik/ haber/1191226-egitimliler-daha-bagimli
Normative Analysis and Ethical Evaluation of Curfew and Restrictions as a Public Health Measure During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Year 2021,
Volume: 4 Issue: S-1, 1 - 18, 31.10.2021
Ayşenur Daldaban Berberoğlu
,
Tuğba Doğan
,
İlhan İlkılıç
Abstract
Countries have declared various public health measures and have taken measures to protect public health in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. These measures aim to protect the health of society and individuals, prevent and restrict the spread of the disease; on the other hand, they also restrict fundamental rights and freedoms. Our research aimed at conducting normative analysis and ethical evaluation of curfew and restrictions as a public health measure during the COVID-19 pandemic with focusing on some epidemiological research results. The definition and function of proportionality as an ethical principle in the application of such measures were examined. Basic theses were developed and some recommendations were made for ethical orientation by revealing the importance and necessity of moral virtues such as responsibility and solidarity in the fight against the pandemic. Objective: Evaluating the effectiveness of curfew and restriction measures from an ethical perspective reveals the impact of cultural differences and the sense of solidarity and responsibility on the pandemic. Materials and Methods: Five studies in the PubMed biomedical database that used data from various countries, compared the effectiveness of the measures, epidemiologically analyzed the effectiveness of partial lockdown and complete lockdown on the spread of the pandemic, and examined the period between January 2020 and August 2020 (approximately the period of first-wave) were selected in accordance with the purpose of our research, analyzed and evaluated in terms of ethics. Results: Although curfew and restrictions violate fundamental rights and freedoms, they are ethically necessary to protect public health and maintain health services without failures. To this end, different results have been achieved after the same or similar measures in different countries. The strictness of the measures taken is not directly proportional to their efficiency. Conclusion: Curfew and restrictions, which have been declared as a public health measure, violate and restrict fundamental rights and freedoms; however, they are acceptable when evaluated ethically. The beneficial and harmful consequences of these measures should be evaluated according to the principle of proportionality. Furthermore, the moral merits of responsibility and solidarity should be consulted in order to be successful expeditiously and reduce aggrievements as much as possible.
References
- 1. Zhu H, Wei L, Niu P. The novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. Glob Health Res Policy 2020;5:6.
- 2. Wong CKH, Wong JYH, Tang EHM, Au CH, Lau KTK, Wai AKC. Impact of National Containment Measures on Decelerating the Increase in Daily New Cases of COVID-19 in 54 Countries and 4 Epicenters of the Pandemic: Comparative Observational Study. J Med Internet Res 2020;22(7):e19904.
- 3. Sanchez-Caballero S, Selles MA, Peydro MA, Perez-Bernabeu E. An Efficient COVID-19 Prediction Model Validated with the Cases of China, Italy and Spain: Total or Partial Lockdowns? J Clin Med 2020;9(5):1547.
- 4. Flaxman S, Mishra S, Gandy A, Unwin HJT, Mellan TA, Coupland H, et al. Estimating the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in Europe. Nat 2020;584(7820):257- 61.
- 5. Hsiang S, Allen D, Annan-Phan S, Bell K, Bolliger I, Chong T, et al. The effect of largescale anti-contagion policies on the COVID-19 pandemic. Nat 2020;584(7820):262-7.
- 6. Haug N, Geyrhofer L, Londei A, Dervic E, Desvars-Larrive A, Loreto V, et al. Ranking the effectiveness of worldwide COVID-19 government interventions. Nat Hum Behav 2020;4(12):1303-12.
- 7. Afolabi MO. Public Health Disasters: A Global Ethical Framework. Cham: Springer; 2018. Sayfa no ?
- 8. Holland S. Public Health Ethics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Polity Press; 2014.
- 9. İlkılıç İ. COVID-19 Sürecinde Etik Sorun Alanları. SD Derg 2020;56:112-5.
- 10. Mastroianni AC, Kahn JP, Kass NE, editors. The Oxford Handbook of Public Health Ethics, New York: Oxford University Press; 2019.
- 11. Horn C. Güterabwägung. In Handbuch Ethik Hg. Düwell M, Hübenthal Ch, Werner MH, editors. Stuttgart: Metzler; 2006.p.391-6.
- 12. Birnbacher D. Tun und Unterlassen. Stuttgart: Reclam; 1995.
- 13. Deutscher Ethikrat Solidarität und Verantwortung in der Corona-Krise Ad-hoc- Empfehlung. 2020 Mar (cited 2021 May 6) Available from: URL: https://www.ethikrat. org/publikationen/publikationsdetail/?tx_ wwt3shop_detail%5Bproduct%5D=135&tx_ wwt3shopdetail%5Baction%5D=index& tx_wwt3shop_detail%5Bcontroller%5D=Pr oducts&cHash=a37377aedcc6b8b131fce9a9 146f9095. (İngilizce metin için: https://www. ethikrat.org/fileadmin/Publikationen/Ad-hoc- Empfehlungen/englisch/recommendationcoronavirus- crisis.pdf)
- 14. CCNE. COVID-19 contribution du comité consultatif national d’éthique: enjeux éthiques face à une pandémie. 2020 Mar (cited 2021 May 6) Available from: URL: https://www.ccneethique. fr/fr/actualites/la-contribution-duccne- la-lutte-contre-covid-19-enjeux-ethiquesface- une-pandemie.
- 15. Nuffield Council on Bioethics. Ethical Considerations in Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic. 2020 Mar (cited 2021 May 6) Available from: URL: https://www.nuffieldbioethics. org/publications/ethical-considerations-inresponding- to-the-covid-19-pandemic.
- 16. Singer PA, Benatar SR, Bernstein M, Daar AS, Dickens BM, MacRae SK, et al. Ethics and SARS: lessons from Toronto. BMJ 2003;327(7427):1342- 4.
- 17. Cottier T, Echandi R, Liechti-McKee R, et al. The Principle of Proportionality in International Law: Foundations and Variations. JWIT 2017;18(4):628-72.
- 18. Huscroft G, Miller B, Webber G. Introduction. In: Huscroft G, Miller B, Webber G, editors. Proportionality and the Rule of Law: Rights, Justification, Reasoning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2014.p.1-18.
- 19. Luterán M. The Lost Meaning of Proportionality. In: Huscroft G, Miller B, Webber G, editors. Proportionality and the Rule of Law: Rights, Justification, Reasoning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2014.p.21-42.
- 20. Arunachalam MA, Halwai A. An analysis of the ethics of lockdown in India. Asian Bioeth Rev 2020;12(4):481–9.
- 21. Ivic S. Vietnam’s Response to the COVID-19 Outbreak. Asian Bioeth Rev 2020;12(3):341–7.
- 22. Prah Ruger J. Positive Public Health Ethics: Toward Flourishing and Resilient Communities and Individuals. Am J Bioeth 2020;20(7):44–54.
- 23. Çengel SM. Eğitimliler daha bağımlı! Habertürk 2016 Feb. (cited 2021 May 6) Available from: URL: https://www.haberturk.com/saglik/ haber/1191226-egitimliler-daha-bagimli