Presbyter Johannes (Prester John) Efsanesi’ni Jacques De Vitry’ın Mart 1217 Tarihli Mektubu ve V. Haçlı Seferi Çerçevesinde Okumak

Year 2022, , 1075 - 1101, 08.01.2023

Fatih Durgun

https://doi.org/10.26791/sarkiat.1172490

Abstract

Bu çalışma, V. Haçlı Seferi’nin hemen öncesinde Presbyter Johannes Efsanesi’nin Batılılar tarafından nasıl alımlandığını, bu Sefer’in en önemli aktörlerinden olan Akka Piskoposu Jacques de Vitry’ın 1216 yılında göreve atanıp Akka’ya ulaştıktan sonra bölgedeki gelişmeler hakkında izlenimlerini aktarmak üzere Avrupa’ya gönderdiği Mart 1217 tarihli mektuptaki bilgiler ışığında değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. 12. yüzyılın ortalarında Avrupa’da ortaya çıkan Presbyter Johannes Efsanesi, Hindistan’da yaşadığına inanılan gizemli Hristiyan bir kralın Doğu’dan gelerek Haçlılara yardım edeceği düşüncesi temelinde gelişmişti. V. Haçlı Seferi’nin apokaliptik havası içinde Presbyter Johannes’in Doğu’dan, Kutsal-Roma İmparatoru II. Friedrich’in de Batı’dan gelerek Müslümanları yeneceği ve İsa’nın yeryüzüne ikinci gelişinden önce Hristiyanların Kudüs’e hâkim olacakları inancı çok güçlü hale gelmişti. Bu bağlamda, Presbyter Johannes’e iki kez atıf yapan Vitry’ın bu mektubu, Avrupa’da o güne kadar Nesturi olduğuna inanılan Presbyter Johannes’i “Yakubi” olarak tanımlayan ve bir anlamda onu Etiyopya ile ilişkilendiren ilk yazılı kaynak olması dolayısıyla da çok önemlidir. Bu makale, Vitry’ın mektubu temelinde Presbyter Johannes Efsanesi’ni V. Haçlı Seferi ideolojisi ve apokaliptik beklentiler çerçevesinde okumayı hedefleyerek Vitry’ın mektubunun V. Haçlı Seferi’nin apokaliptik ideolojisini besleyen bir dini ve siyasi araç olduğunu ortaya koyacaktır.

Keywords

Presbyter Johannes (Prester John),, Jacques de Vitry,, V. Haçlı Seferi,, Etiyopya,, Apokaliptik Düşünce

Supporting Institution

Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi- TÜBA

Thanks

Bu çalışmayı “Üstün Başarılı Genç Bilim İnsanlarını Ödüllendirme Programı (GEBİP)” çerçevesinde destekleyen Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi’ne (TÜBA) teşekkür ederim. Bu çalışmayı okuyarak değerli katkılar sunan Umut Var ve Eray Özer'e teşekkür ederim.

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