Research Article
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The Association of Parental Feeding Style and Sociodemographic Characteristics with Child Anxiety in Preschool Children

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 143 - 153, 31.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.54803/sauhsd.1491446

Abstract

Objective: This descriptive, cross-sectional study aims to determine the relationship between parent feeding style and anxiety in children.
Methods: The research was conducted with 338 mothers with children aged 3-6 years. Sociodemographic Information Form, Revised Preschool Anxiety Scale and the Parent Nutrition Style Questionnaire were used for data collection.
Results: The mean Preschool Anxiety Scale scores significantly differed concerning the number of children’s siblings, mothers’ employment, fathers’ employment, mothers’ education, fathers’ education and family income. There was a significant positive weak correlation between anxiety levels and the mean scores on emotional feeding, instrumental feeding and the Parent Nutrition Style Questionnaire.
Conclusion: Health professionals should be aware of several sociodemographic features that affect anxiety in children. Therefore, families at risk should be identified, their children should be closely monitored in terms of health problems like anxiety and depression, and appropriate interventions should be designed to prevent anxiety in children. Considering that parental feeding style affects eating habits in children, further studies are needed to examine the relationship between parental feeding behavior and anxiety in children.

References

  • Dattilo AM. Programming long-term health: Effect of parent feeding approaches on long-term diet and eating patterns. In: Saavedra JM, Dattilo AM, editors. Early nutrition and long-term health: mechanisms, consequences, and opportunities. Woodhead Publishing; 2017. p. 471-97.
  • Blissett J. Relationships between parenting style, feeding style and feeding practices and fruit and vegetable consumption in early childhood. Appetite. 2011;57:826-31.
  • Hurley KM, Black MM, Papas M, Caufield LE. Maternal symptoms of stress, depression, and anxiety are related to nonresponsive feeding styles in a statewide sample of WIC participants. J Nutr. 2008;138:799-805.
  • Haycraft E. Mental health symptoms are related to mothers’ use of controlling and responsive child feeding practices: A replication and extension study. Appetite. 2020;147:104523.
  • National Health Service Anxiety in children. 2019. Retrieved from https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/children-and-young-adults/advice-for-parents/anxiety-in-children/
  • Dacey JS, Mack MD, Fiore LB. Your anxious child: How parents and teachers can relieve anxiety in children. John Wiley & Sons; 2016.
  • Güngör H, Buluş M. Ebeveyn mükemmeliyetçiliğinin 5-6 yaş okul öncesi dönem çocuklarının algılanan kaygı düzeyini öngörmedeki rolü. PUJE. 2016;39:147-59.
  • Comer JS, Hong N, Poznanski B, Silva K, Wilson M. Evidence base update on the treatment of early childhood anxiety and related problems. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2019;48:1-15.
  • Ghandour RM, Sherman LJ, Vladutiu CJ, Ali MM, Lynch SE, Bitsko RH, et al. Prevalence and treatment of depression, anxiety, and conduct problems in US children. J Pediatr. 2019;206:256-67.
  • Paulus FW, Backes A, Sander CS, Weber M, von Gontard A. Anxiety disorders and behavioral inhibition in preschool children: A population-based study. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2015;46:150-7.
  • Tosun Ü. Zorlu A. A study on anxiety and depression levels of primary school third grade students. Folklor/Edebiyat. 2019;25:768-80.
  • Göker Z, Güney E, Dinç G, Hekim Ö, Şükran Üneri Ö. Çocuk ve ergenlerde anksiyete ile ilişkili bozukluklarin klinik ve demografik özellikleri: Bir yillik kesitsel bir örneklem Klinik Psikiyatri. 2015;18:7-14.
  • Luo Y, Chen F, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Li Y, et al. Profiles of maternal and paternal parenting styles in Chinese families: Relations to preschoolers’ psychological adjustment. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2021;121:105787.
  • Cucu Ciuhan G. Relationship between permissive parenting style and atypical behaviour in preschool children, with generalized anxiety as mediator. Early Child Dev Care. 2021;1-9.
  • Houldcroft L, Farrow C, Haycraft E. Perceptions of parental pressure to eat and eating behaviours in preadolescents: The mediating role of anxiety. Appetite. 2014;80:61-9.
  • Boucher NL. Feeding style and a child’s body mass index. J Pediatr Health Care. 2016;30:583-89.
  • World Health Organization. A healthy lifestyle - WHO recommendations [homepage on the Internet]. c2010 [updated 2010 May 06]. Available from A healthy lifestyle - WHO recommendations.
  • Neyzi O, Günöz H, Furman A, Bundak R, Gökçay G, Darendeliler F, et al. Weight, height, head circumference and body mass index references for Turkish children. Journal of Child Health and Diseases 2008;51:1-14.
  • Edwards SL, Rapee RM, Kennedy SJ, Spence SH. The assessment of anxiety symptoms in preschool-aged children: The revised preschool anxiety scale. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2010;39:400-9.
  • Güler M. Okul öncesi dönem 4-6 yaş çocukları için yeniden düzenlenen okul öncesi kaygı ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması Adnan Menderes University Unpublished Disseration; 2016.
  • Wardle J, Sanderson S, Guthrie CA, Rapoport L, Plomin R. Parental feeding style and the inter-generational transmission of obesity risk. Obes Res. 2002;10:453-62.
  • Özçetin M, Yılmaz R, Erkorkmaz Ü, Esmeray H. Ebeveyn besleme tarzı anketi geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Pediatri Ars. 2011;45:124-31.
  • Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using Multivariate Statistics. Pearson; 2019.
  • Pallant J. SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis Using SPSS for Windows (Version 12) (2nd ed.). Open University Press; 2007.
  • Demiriz S, Ulutaş İ. 9- 12 yaş çocuklarinin kaygı düzeylerinin bazı değişkenlere göre incelenmesi. Ege Eğitim Dergisi. 2003;3:1-9.
  • Teze S, Arslan E. Annesi çalışan 6 yaş çocukların ayrılık kaygısının bağlanma stilleri açısından incelenmesi. JASSS. 2016;52:417-35.
  • Bitsko RH, Holbrook JR, Ghandour RM, Blumberg, SJ, Visser SN., Perou R, et al. Epidemiology and impact of health care provider–diagnosed anxiety and depression among US children. JDBP. 2018;5:395-403.
  • Fitzsimons E, Goodman A, Kelly E, Smith JP. Poverty dynamics and parental mental health: Determinants of childhood mental health in the UK. Soc Sci Med. 2017;175:43-51.
  • Palmer FB, Graff JC, Jones TL, Murphy LE, Keisling BL, Whitaker TM, et al. Sociodemographic, maternal, and child indicators of socioemotional problems in 2-year-old children A cohort study. Medicine (US). 2018;97:e11468.
  • Dorfman J, Rosen D, Pine D, Ernst M. Anxiety and gender influence reward-related processes in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2016;26:380-90.
  • Gouveia MJ, Canavarro MC, Moreira H. How can mindful parenting be related to emotional eating and overeating in childhood and adolescence? The mediating role of parenting stress and parental child-feeding practices. Appetite. 2019;138:102-14.
  • Carlos M, Elena B, Teresa IM. Are adherence to the mediterranean diet, emotional eating, alcohol intake, and anxiety related in university students in Spain? Nutrients. 2020;12(8):1-15.
  • Mason TB, Smith KE, Dunton GF. Maternal parenting styles and ecological momentary assessment of maternal feeding practices and child food intake across middle childhood to early adolescence. Pediatr Obes. 2020;15:1-10.
  • Altan SS, Bektas M. The effects of parental feeding styles, children’s self-efficacy and social anxiety on adolescent obesity. Rev Nutr. 2017;30:759-69.
  • Maiz E, Balluerka N. Trait anxiety and self-concept among children and adolescents with food neophobia. Food Res Int. 2018;105:1054-9.
  • Menatti AR, DeBoer LBH, Weeks JW, Heimberg RG. Social anxiety and associations with eating psychopathology: Mediating effects of fears of evaluation. Body Image. 2015;14:20-8.

Ebeveyn Beslenme Tarzı ve Sosyodemografik Özelliklerin Okul Öncesi Çocuklarda Kaygı ile İlişkisi

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 143 - 153, 31.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.54803/sauhsd.1491446

Abstract

Giriş: Ebeveyn beslenme tarzı çocukların yeme davranışlarını etkilemektedir. Çocukların kaygılı hissetmelerine çeşitli faktörler neden olur ve yeme davranışı çocuklarda kaygıyla ilişkilidir. Tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel nitelikteki bu çalışmanın amacı, ebeveyn beslenme tarzı ile çocuklarda kaygı arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemektir.
Yöntem: Araştırma 3-6 yaş arası çocuğu olan 338 anne ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veriler Sosyodemografik Bilgi Formu, Revize Edilmiş Okul Öncesi Kaygı Ölçeği ve Ebeveyn Beslenme Tarzı Anketi ile toplanmıştır.
Bulgular: Okul Öncesi Kaygı Ölçeği ortalama puanları çocukların kardeş sayısına, annenin çalışmasına, babanın çalışmasına, annenin eğitim durumuna, babanın eğitim durumuna ve aile gelirine göre anlamlı farklılık göstermektedir. Anksiyete düzeyleri ile duygusal besleme, araçsal besleme ve kaygı ölçeği ortalama puanları arasında anlamlı, pozitif, zayıf bir korelasyon vardır.
Sonuç: Sağlık profesyonelleri çocuklarda kaygıyı etkileyen birçok sosyodemografik özelliğin farkında olmalıdır. Bu nedenle risk altındaki aileler belirlenmeli, çocuklar anksiyete, depresyon gibi sağlık sorunları açısından yakından takip edilmeli ve çocuklarda anksiyeteyi önlemeye yönelik uygun müdahaleler planlanmalıdır. Ebeveyn besleme tarzının çocuklarda yeme alışkanlıklarını etkilediği göz önüne alındığında, çocuklarda ebeveyn beslenme davranışı ile kaygı arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen ileri çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.

References

  • Dattilo AM. Programming long-term health: Effect of parent feeding approaches on long-term diet and eating patterns. In: Saavedra JM, Dattilo AM, editors. Early nutrition and long-term health: mechanisms, consequences, and opportunities. Woodhead Publishing; 2017. p. 471-97.
  • Blissett J. Relationships between parenting style, feeding style and feeding practices and fruit and vegetable consumption in early childhood. Appetite. 2011;57:826-31.
  • Hurley KM, Black MM, Papas M, Caufield LE. Maternal symptoms of stress, depression, and anxiety are related to nonresponsive feeding styles in a statewide sample of WIC participants. J Nutr. 2008;138:799-805.
  • Haycraft E. Mental health symptoms are related to mothers’ use of controlling and responsive child feeding practices: A replication and extension study. Appetite. 2020;147:104523.
  • National Health Service Anxiety in children. 2019. Retrieved from https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/children-and-young-adults/advice-for-parents/anxiety-in-children/
  • Dacey JS, Mack MD, Fiore LB. Your anxious child: How parents and teachers can relieve anxiety in children. John Wiley & Sons; 2016.
  • Güngör H, Buluş M. Ebeveyn mükemmeliyetçiliğinin 5-6 yaş okul öncesi dönem çocuklarının algılanan kaygı düzeyini öngörmedeki rolü. PUJE. 2016;39:147-59.
  • Comer JS, Hong N, Poznanski B, Silva K, Wilson M. Evidence base update on the treatment of early childhood anxiety and related problems. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2019;48:1-15.
  • Ghandour RM, Sherman LJ, Vladutiu CJ, Ali MM, Lynch SE, Bitsko RH, et al. Prevalence and treatment of depression, anxiety, and conduct problems in US children. J Pediatr. 2019;206:256-67.
  • Paulus FW, Backes A, Sander CS, Weber M, von Gontard A. Anxiety disorders and behavioral inhibition in preschool children: A population-based study. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2015;46:150-7.
  • Tosun Ü. Zorlu A. A study on anxiety and depression levels of primary school third grade students. Folklor/Edebiyat. 2019;25:768-80.
  • Göker Z, Güney E, Dinç G, Hekim Ö, Şükran Üneri Ö. Çocuk ve ergenlerde anksiyete ile ilişkili bozukluklarin klinik ve demografik özellikleri: Bir yillik kesitsel bir örneklem Klinik Psikiyatri. 2015;18:7-14.
  • Luo Y, Chen F, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Li Y, et al. Profiles of maternal and paternal parenting styles in Chinese families: Relations to preschoolers’ psychological adjustment. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2021;121:105787.
  • Cucu Ciuhan G. Relationship between permissive parenting style and atypical behaviour in preschool children, with generalized anxiety as mediator. Early Child Dev Care. 2021;1-9.
  • Houldcroft L, Farrow C, Haycraft E. Perceptions of parental pressure to eat and eating behaviours in preadolescents: The mediating role of anxiety. Appetite. 2014;80:61-9.
  • Boucher NL. Feeding style and a child’s body mass index. J Pediatr Health Care. 2016;30:583-89.
  • World Health Organization. A healthy lifestyle - WHO recommendations [homepage on the Internet]. c2010 [updated 2010 May 06]. Available from A healthy lifestyle - WHO recommendations.
  • Neyzi O, Günöz H, Furman A, Bundak R, Gökçay G, Darendeliler F, et al. Weight, height, head circumference and body mass index references for Turkish children. Journal of Child Health and Diseases 2008;51:1-14.
  • Edwards SL, Rapee RM, Kennedy SJ, Spence SH. The assessment of anxiety symptoms in preschool-aged children: The revised preschool anxiety scale. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2010;39:400-9.
  • Güler M. Okul öncesi dönem 4-6 yaş çocukları için yeniden düzenlenen okul öncesi kaygı ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması Adnan Menderes University Unpublished Disseration; 2016.
  • Wardle J, Sanderson S, Guthrie CA, Rapoport L, Plomin R. Parental feeding style and the inter-generational transmission of obesity risk. Obes Res. 2002;10:453-62.
  • Özçetin M, Yılmaz R, Erkorkmaz Ü, Esmeray H. Ebeveyn besleme tarzı anketi geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Pediatri Ars. 2011;45:124-31.
  • Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using Multivariate Statistics. Pearson; 2019.
  • Pallant J. SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis Using SPSS for Windows (Version 12) (2nd ed.). Open University Press; 2007.
  • Demiriz S, Ulutaş İ. 9- 12 yaş çocuklarinin kaygı düzeylerinin bazı değişkenlere göre incelenmesi. Ege Eğitim Dergisi. 2003;3:1-9.
  • Teze S, Arslan E. Annesi çalışan 6 yaş çocukların ayrılık kaygısının bağlanma stilleri açısından incelenmesi. JASSS. 2016;52:417-35.
  • Bitsko RH, Holbrook JR, Ghandour RM, Blumberg, SJ, Visser SN., Perou R, et al. Epidemiology and impact of health care provider–diagnosed anxiety and depression among US children. JDBP. 2018;5:395-403.
  • Fitzsimons E, Goodman A, Kelly E, Smith JP. Poverty dynamics and parental mental health: Determinants of childhood mental health in the UK. Soc Sci Med. 2017;175:43-51.
  • Palmer FB, Graff JC, Jones TL, Murphy LE, Keisling BL, Whitaker TM, et al. Sociodemographic, maternal, and child indicators of socioemotional problems in 2-year-old children A cohort study. Medicine (US). 2018;97:e11468.
  • Dorfman J, Rosen D, Pine D, Ernst M. Anxiety and gender influence reward-related processes in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2016;26:380-90.
  • Gouveia MJ, Canavarro MC, Moreira H. How can mindful parenting be related to emotional eating and overeating in childhood and adolescence? The mediating role of parenting stress and parental child-feeding practices. Appetite. 2019;138:102-14.
  • Carlos M, Elena B, Teresa IM. Are adherence to the mediterranean diet, emotional eating, alcohol intake, and anxiety related in university students in Spain? Nutrients. 2020;12(8):1-15.
  • Mason TB, Smith KE, Dunton GF. Maternal parenting styles and ecological momentary assessment of maternal feeding practices and child food intake across middle childhood to early adolescence. Pediatr Obes. 2020;15:1-10.
  • Altan SS, Bektas M. The effects of parental feeding styles, children’s self-efficacy and social anxiety on adolescent obesity. Rev Nutr. 2017;30:759-69.
  • Maiz E, Balluerka N. Trait anxiety and self-concept among children and adolescents with food neophobia. Food Res Int. 2018;105:1054-9.
  • Menatti AR, DeBoer LBH, Weeks JW, Heimberg RG. Social anxiety and associations with eating psychopathology: Mediating effects of fears of evaluation. Body Image. 2015;14:20-8.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Pediatric Health and Illnesses Nursing
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Perihan Solmaz 0000-0002-4659-6845

Hatice Başkale 0000-0003-4811-2098

Emsal Akgül Koç 0009-0002-7123-5483

Early Pub Date August 23, 2024
Publication Date August 31, 2024
Submission Date May 29, 2024
Acceptance Date August 17, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Solmaz, P., Başkale, H., & Akgül Koç, E. (2024). The Association of Parental Feeding Style and Sociodemographic Characteristics with Child Anxiety in Preschool Children. Sakarya Üniversitesi Holistik Sağlık Dergisi, 7(2), 143-153. https://doi.org/10.54803/sauhsd.1491446