A qualitative research about employees’ responses to stereotype threat

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 1 - 5, 30.06.2020

Dilek Işılay Üçok

Abstract

Stereotype threat refers to a psychological experience that is associated with the fear of being evaluated by a negative stereotype about one’s social group/identity (religion, language, race, gender, political opinion, etc.). In this article, the qualitative research method is preferred and in-depth interviews are conducted with the participants to determine their emotional/behavioral responses to stereotype threat in the workplace. The results of the interviews revealed some strategies that employees employed against stereotype threats that are classified as; (a) Fending off the stereotype, (b) Discouraged by the stereotype, and (c) Resilient to the stereotype. It is also believed that this study will contribute to the national literature as it is the first study that has been conducted with a qualitative method on the stereotype threat and will shed further light on future research on this topic.

Keywords

Stereotype, Stereotype Threat, Stereotype Threat at Work

Çalışanların basmakalıp yargı tehdidine yönelik geliştirdikleri tepkiler üzerine nitel bir araştırma

Abstract

Basmakalıp yargı tehdidi, bir kişinin içinde bulunduğu sosyal grup/kimlik (din, dil, ırk, cinsiyet, politik görüş vb.) nedeniyle kendisine yönelik olarak geliştirilen önyargılardan haberdar olması ve bu durum sonucunda yaşadığı korku temelli psikolojik bir deneyim olarak ifade edilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın; kurumlarda çalışanların basmakalıp yargı tehdidine maruz kalmaları durumunda geliştirebilecekleri duygusal/davranışsal tepkileri tespit etmektir. Söz konusu tehdit algısının çalışanlar/örgütler üzerindeki olası etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla nitel araştırma yöntemi tercih edilmiş ve katılımcılarla derinlemesine mülakatlar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan görüşmeler sonucunda katılımcıların; (a) Basmakalıp Yargıyı Savuşturmaya Yönelik Tepkiler, (b) Basmakalıp Yargıyla İlgili Bezginlik Göstermeye Yönelik Tepkiler ve (c) Basmakalıp Yargıya Direnç Göstermeye Yönelik Tepkiler olarak adlandırılan tepki türlerini sergiledikleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışmanın, çalışanların basmakalıp yargı tehdidine karşı geliştirdikleri tepkileri belirlemeye yönelik yapılan ilk nitel araştırma olması nedeniyle ulusal yazına katkıda bulunacağına ve konuyla ilgili gelecekte yapılacak araştırmalara zemin oluşturacağına inanılmaktadır.

Keywords

Basmakalıp Yargı, Basmakalıp Yargı Tehdidi, İşyerinde Basmakalıp Yargı

References

• Aronson, J., Fried, C.B., & Good, C. (2002). Reducing the effects of stereotype threat on African American college students by shaping theories of intelligence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 113-125.
• Berkery E., Morley M. & Tiernan, S. (2013). Beyond gender role stereotypes and requisite managerial characteristics. Gender in Management, 28(5), 278-298.
• Bell, E. L. J. & Nkomo, S. M. (2003). Our separate ways: Black and white women and the struggle for professional identity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business Press.
• Block, C., Koch, S., Liberman, B., Merriweather, T., & Roberson, L. (2011). Contending with stereotype threat at work: a model of long-term responses. The Counseling Psychologist, 39, 570–600.
• Davies, P. G., Spencer, S. J., & Steele, C. M. (2005). Clearing the air: Identity safety moderates the effects of stereotype threat on women’s leadership aspirations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 276-287.
• Ensher, E. A., Grant-Vallone, E. J., & Donaldson, S. I. (2001). Effects of perceived discrimination on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, and grievances. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 12, 53-72.
• Gonzales, P. M., Blanton, H., & Williams, K. J. (2002). The effects of stereotype threat and double-minority status on the test performance of Latino women. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 659-670.
• Harlak, H. (2000). Önyargılar. Ankara: Sistem Yayıncılık.
• Hofstede, G. (1984). Cultural differences in management and planning. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 1, 81-99.
• Hogg, M. & Vaughan, G. (2011). Social Psychology. London: Prentice Hall.
• Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2013). Günümüzde İnsan ve İnsanlar: Sosyal Psikolojiye Giriş. İstanbul: Evrim Yayınevi.
• Kamisah A.B. & Wafa, S. A. (2014). The leadership style preference among sabah ethnicities. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 4(1), 259-365.
• Keller, J. (2002). Blatant stereotype threat and women’s math performance: Selfhandicapping as a strategic means to cope with obtrusive negative performance expectations. Sex Roles, 47, 193-198.
• Klinger, E. (1975). Consequences of commitment to and disengagement from incentives. Psychological Review, 82(1), 1-25.
• Kray, L. J., Reb, J., Galinsky, A. D., & Thompson, L. (2004). Stereotype reactance at the bargaining table: The effect of stereotype activation and power on claiming and creating value. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 399-411.
• Kray, L. J. & Shirako, A. (2009). Stereotype Threat in Organizations: An Examination of its Scope, Triggers, and Possible Interventions. In
M.
Inzlicht,
&
T.
Schmader
(Eds.),
Stereotype
Threat:
Theory,
Process,
and
Application(pp.195-199).
NY:Oxford
University Press.
• Lankau, M. J. & Chung-Herrera, B. (2009). A comparison of American and international prototypes of successful managers. Journal of Leadership Studies, 3(1), 7-18.
• Limon, S., Oral Kara, N., & Antalyalı, Ö. L. (2019). Yönetim literatüründe stereotip (kalıpyargı) kavramı: Ulusal ve uluslararası alandaki yönetim araştırmaları üzerine bir inceleme. Vizyoner Dergisi, 10(23), 195-211.
• Mutlu, E. (1998). İletişim sözlüğü. Ankara: Ark Yayınevi.
• Pronin, E., Steele, C. M., & Ross, L. (2004). Identity bifurcation in response to stereotype threat: Women and mathematics. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 142-168.
• Roberts, L. M. (2005). Changing faces: Professional image construction in diverse organizational settings. Academy of Management Review, 30, 685-711.
• Roberson, L. & Kulik, C. T. (2007). Stereotype threat at work. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 21(2), 24-40.
• Sargut, S. (2001). Kültürlerarası Farklılaşma ve Yönetim. Verso Yayınları. Ankara.
• Schein, V. E. (1973). The relationship between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 57(2), 95-100.
• Schein, V. E. (2001). A global look at psychological barriers to women’s progress in management. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), 675-688.
• Schein V. E. & Mueller R. (1992). Sex role stereotyping and requisite management characteristics: A cross cultural look. Journal of Organizational Behavior,13, 439-447.
• Schein, V.E., Mueller, R., Lituchy, T., & Liu, J. (1996). Think manager – think male: A global phenomenon?. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 17, 33-41. Shapiro, J. R. & Neuberg, S. L. (2007). From stereotype threat to stereotype threats: Implications of a multi-threat framework for causes, moderators, mediators, consequences, and interventions. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11, 107-130.
• Spencer, S. J., Steele, C. M., & Quinn, D. M. (1999). Stereotype threat and women’s math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 4-28.
• Steele, C. M., Spencer, S. J., & Aronson, J. (2002). Contending with group image: The psychology of stereotype and social identity threat. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 34, pp. 379-440). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
• Steele, C. M. & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 440-452.
• Stone, J. (2002). Battling doubt by avoiding practice: The Effect of stereotype threat on self-handicapping in White athletes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1667-1678.
• Walsh, M., Hickey, C., & Duffy, J. (1999). Influence of item content and stereotype situation on gender differences in mathematical problem solving. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 41(3-4), 219–240.
• Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2008). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
• Yurdakul, B. (2008). Yapılandırmacı Öğrenme Yaklaşımının Sosyal-Bilişsel Bağlamda Bilgiyi Oluşturmaya Katkısı. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20, 39-67.