The Role of Economic Freedom in Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Emerging Market Economies
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 9 Sayı: 17, 181 - 202, 28.06.2019
Ali Altıner
,
Oğuzhan Sungur
Öz
Neo-liberal economics concept that marks the last thirty years of world history is the basis of macroeconomic policies in terms of wealth and prosperity. When it is thought that the neo-liberal economic concept depends on the free market economy and therefore economic freedoms, it is important to determine the effects of economic freedoms on economic growth. In this study, it is aimed to examine the effects of economic freedoms on growth in selected 17 emerging market economies. Coefficient estimation results made by the fixed effects model using data for 1995-2015 period show that economic freedoms have positive and statistically significant effects on growth. However, research findings also show that economic freedoms contribute to the growth process to a limited extent.
Kaynakça
- Abraham, B. A. & Lewis, K. A. (1998). Cultural and Institutional Determinants of Economic Growth: A Cross Section Analysis, Public Choice, 83, 276-284.
- Alston, P. (1990). U.S. Ratification of the Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights: The Need for an Entirely New Strategy, The American Journal of International Law, 84(2), 365-393.
- Barro, R. J. (1994). Democracy and Growth, NBER Working Paper, No. 4909, NBER.
- Bengoa, M. & Sanchez-Robles B. (2003). Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Freedom and Growth: New Evidence from Latin America, European Journal of Political Economy, 19(3),529-545.
- Carlsson, F. & Lundström, S. (2002). Economic Freedom and Growth: Decomposing The Effect, Public Choice, 112, 335-344.
- Çemrek, F. & Burhan, E. (2014). Petrol Tüketiminin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisinin Panel Veri Analizi ile İncelenmesi, Uluslararası Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(3), 47-58.
- Çetin, M. & Ecevit, E. (2010). Sağlık Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: OECD Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Panel Regresyon Analizi, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 11(2), 166-182.
- Dawson, J. W. (1998). Institutions, Investment and Growth: New Cross-Country and Panel Data Evidence, Economic Inquiry, 36, 603-619.
- De Vanssay X. & Splinder, Z. A. (1994). Freedom and Growth: Do Constitutions Matter?, Public Choice, 78(3-4), 359-372.
- Easton, S. T. & Walker, M. A. (1997). Income, Growth and Economic Freedom, The American Economic Review, 87(2), 328-332.
- Eichengreen, B. (2004). Capital Flows and Crises, Cambridge: The MIT Press.
- Friedman, M. (2002). Economic Freedom Behind the Scenes, J. Gwartney, R. Lawson, C. Edwards, W. Park, V. Rugy, ve S. Wagh (eds.) Economic Freedom of the World: 2002 Annual Report (içerisinde), Vancouver: The Fraser Institute.
- Goldsmith, A. A. (1995). Democracy, Property Rights and Economic Growth, Journal of Development Studies, 32, 157-174.
- Gorga, C. (1999). Toward the Definition of Economic Rights, Journal of Markets & Morality, 2(19), 88-101.
- Gounder, R. (2002). Political and Economic Freedom, Fiscal Policy and Growth Nexus: Some Empirical Results for Fiji, Contemporary Economic Policy, 20(3), 234-245.
- Gujarati, D. N. & Porter D. C. (2009). Basic Econometrics, Fifth Edition, New York: McGraw Hill Educations,
- Gwartney, J. & Lawson R. (2003). The Concept and Measurement of Economic Freedom, European Journal of Political Economy, 19, 405-430.
- Hadri, K. & Kurozumi, E. (2012). A Simple Panel Stationarity Test in the Presence of Serial Correlation and a Common Factor, Economics Letters, 115(1), 31–34.
- Hill, R. C., Griffiths, W. E. & Lim, G. C. (2011). Principles of Econometrics, Fourth Edition, United States of America: John Wiley & Sons.
- Islam, S. (1996). Economic Freedom, per capita Income and Economic Growth, Applied Economics Letters, 3, 595-597.
- Ismail, N. (2010). Income Inequality, Economic Freedom and Economic Growth, European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 25, 144-157.
- Keynes, J. M. (1980). The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Mahmood, K. & Azid, T. (2011). Economic Freedom Verses Economic Growth: Cross Countrşes Analysis in the form of ARDL Approach, Asian Economic and Financial Review, 1(1), 14-25.
- Mankiw, N. G., Romer, D. & Weil, D. N. (1992). A Countribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(2), 407-437.
- Mercan, M. (2014). Feldstein-Horioka Hipotezinin AB-15 ve Türkiye Ekonomisi için Sınanması: Yatay Kesit Bağımlılığı Altında Yapısal Kırılmalı Dinamik Panel Veri Analizi”, Ege Akademik Bakış, 14(2), 231-245.
- Pesaran, M.H., Ullah, A. & Yamagata, T. (2008). A Bias-Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross-Section Independence, Econometrics Journal, 11, 105-127.
- Pourshahabi, F., Mahmoudinia, D. & Soderjani, E. S. (2011). FDI, Human Capital, Economic Freedom and Growth in OECD Countires, Research Journal of International Studies, 19, 71-81.
- Santhirasegaram, S. (2007). The Impact of Democratic and Economic Freedom on Economic Growth in Developing Countries: Pooled Cross Country Data Evidence, Journal of Applied Sciences, 7(11), 1484-1489.
- Savaş, V. F. (2012). Küresel Finans ve Makro İktisat, Ankara: Efil Yayınevi.
- Solow, R. M. (1956). A Countribution to the Theory of Economic Growth, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65-94.
- Sturm, J.-E. & De Haan J. (2001). How Robust is the Relationship Between Economic Freedom and Economic Growth, Applied Economics, 33(7), 839-844.
- Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2013a). İleri Panel Veri Analizi: Stata Uygulamalı, 2. Baskı, İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
- Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2013b). Panel Veri Ekonometrisi: Stata Uygulamalı, 2. Baskı, İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
- Türedi, S. (2013). The Effect of Economic Freedom on Economic Growth: A Panel Data Analysis for 12 Islamic Countries, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 107, 154-162.
- Verbeek, M. (2004). A Guide to Modern Econometrics, 2. Edition, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
- Yalman, N., Sandalcılar, A. R. & Demirkoparan F. (2011). Özgürlük ve Ekonomik Kalkınma: Latin Amerika ve Türkiye, Atatürk Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi 10. Ekonometri ve İstatistik Sempozyumu Özel Sayısı, 431-444.
Ekonomik Büyüme Sürecinde Ekonomik Özgürlüklerin Rolü: Yükselen Piyasa Ekonomilerinden Ampirik Kanıtlar
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 9 Sayı: 17, 181 - 202, 28.06.2019
Ali Altıner
,
Oğuzhan Sungur
Öz
Dünya tarihinin son 30 yılına
damgasına vuran Neo-liberal iktisat anlayışı, yüksek yaşam standartları,
zenginlik ve refah sağlamak bakımından makroekonomik politikaların ana eksenini
oluşturmaktadır. Neo-liberal iktisat anlayışının serbest piyasa ekonomisine ve
dolayısıyla ekonomik özgürlüklere bağlı olduğu düşünüldüğünde, ekonomik
özgürlüklerin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkilerinin belirlenmesi önemlidir. Bu
çalışmada, seçilmiş 17 yükselen piyasa ekonomisinde ekonomik özgürlüklerin
büyüme üzerindeki etkisi incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. 1995-2015 dönemine ait
veriler kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen paneli veri analizi kapsamında, ilk
olarak serilerin durağanlığı araştırılmıştır. Hadri-Kurozumi (2012) panel birim
kök testiyle yapılan durağanlık analizi sonucunda serilerin düzey değerlerinde durağan
bir yapıya sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Buna bağlı olarak sabit etkiler modeliyle
yapılan katsayı tahmin sonuçları, ekonomik özgürlüklerin büyüme üzerinde
pozitif ve istatistiki olarak anlamlı etkilere sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Ancak
ekonomik özgürlüklerin büyüme sürecine sınırlı düzeyde katkı sağladığı da
araştırma bulgularından elde edilmiştir.
Kaynakça
- Abraham, B. A. & Lewis, K. A. (1998). Cultural and Institutional Determinants of Economic Growth: A Cross Section Analysis, Public Choice, 83, 276-284.
- Alston, P. (1990). U.S. Ratification of the Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights: The Need for an Entirely New Strategy, The American Journal of International Law, 84(2), 365-393.
- Barro, R. J. (1994). Democracy and Growth, NBER Working Paper, No. 4909, NBER.
- Bengoa, M. & Sanchez-Robles B. (2003). Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Freedom and Growth: New Evidence from Latin America, European Journal of Political Economy, 19(3),529-545.
- Carlsson, F. & Lundström, S. (2002). Economic Freedom and Growth: Decomposing The Effect, Public Choice, 112, 335-344.
- Çemrek, F. & Burhan, E. (2014). Petrol Tüketiminin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisinin Panel Veri Analizi ile İncelenmesi, Uluslararası Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(3), 47-58.
- Çetin, M. & Ecevit, E. (2010). Sağlık Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: OECD Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Panel Regresyon Analizi, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 11(2), 166-182.
- Dawson, J. W. (1998). Institutions, Investment and Growth: New Cross-Country and Panel Data Evidence, Economic Inquiry, 36, 603-619.
- De Vanssay X. & Splinder, Z. A. (1994). Freedom and Growth: Do Constitutions Matter?, Public Choice, 78(3-4), 359-372.
- Easton, S. T. & Walker, M. A. (1997). Income, Growth and Economic Freedom, The American Economic Review, 87(2), 328-332.
- Eichengreen, B. (2004). Capital Flows and Crises, Cambridge: The MIT Press.
- Friedman, M. (2002). Economic Freedom Behind the Scenes, J. Gwartney, R. Lawson, C. Edwards, W. Park, V. Rugy, ve S. Wagh (eds.) Economic Freedom of the World: 2002 Annual Report (içerisinde), Vancouver: The Fraser Institute.
- Goldsmith, A. A. (1995). Democracy, Property Rights and Economic Growth, Journal of Development Studies, 32, 157-174.
- Gorga, C. (1999). Toward the Definition of Economic Rights, Journal of Markets & Morality, 2(19), 88-101.
- Gounder, R. (2002). Political and Economic Freedom, Fiscal Policy and Growth Nexus: Some Empirical Results for Fiji, Contemporary Economic Policy, 20(3), 234-245.
- Gujarati, D. N. & Porter D. C. (2009). Basic Econometrics, Fifth Edition, New York: McGraw Hill Educations,
- Gwartney, J. & Lawson R. (2003). The Concept and Measurement of Economic Freedom, European Journal of Political Economy, 19, 405-430.
- Hadri, K. & Kurozumi, E. (2012). A Simple Panel Stationarity Test in the Presence of Serial Correlation and a Common Factor, Economics Letters, 115(1), 31–34.
- Hill, R. C., Griffiths, W. E. & Lim, G. C. (2011). Principles of Econometrics, Fourth Edition, United States of America: John Wiley & Sons.
- Islam, S. (1996). Economic Freedom, per capita Income and Economic Growth, Applied Economics Letters, 3, 595-597.
- Ismail, N. (2010). Income Inequality, Economic Freedom and Economic Growth, European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 25, 144-157.
- Keynes, J. M. (1980). The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Mahmood, K. & Azid, T. (2011). Economic Freedom Verses Economic Growth: Cross Countrşes Analysis in the form of ARDL Approach, Asian Economic and Financial Review, 1(1), 14-25.
- Mankiw, N. G., Romer, D. & Weil, D. N. (1992). A Countribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(2), 407-437.
- Mercan, M. (2014). Feldstein-Horioka Hipotezinin AB-15 ve Türkiye Ekonomisi için Sınanması: Yatay Kesit Bağımlılığı Altında Yapısal Kırılmalı Dinamik Panel Veri Analizi”, Ege Akademik Bakış, 14(2), 231-245.
- Pesaran, M.H., Ullah, A. & Yamagata, T. (2008). A Bias-Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross-Section Independence, Econometrics Journal, 11, 105-127.
- Pourshahabi, F., Mahmoudinia, D. & Soderjani, E. S. (2011). FDI, Human Capital, Economic Freedom and Growth in OECD Countires, Research Journal of International Studies, 19, 71-81.
- Santhirasegaram, S. (2007). The Impact of Democratic and Economic Freedom on Economic Growth in Developing Countries: Pooled Cross Country Data Evidence, Journal of Applied Sciences, 7(11), 1484-1489.
- Savaş, V. F. (2012). Küresel Finans ve Makro İktisat, Ankara: Efil Yayınevi.
- Solow, R. M. (1956). A Countribution to the Theory of Economic Growth, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65-94.
- Sturm, J.-E. & De Haan J. (2001). How Robust is the Relationship Between Economic Freedom and Economic Growth, Applied Economics, 33(7), 839-844.
- Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2013a). İleri Panel Veri Analizi: Stata Uygulamalı, 2. Baskı, İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
- Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2013b). Panel Veri Ekonometrisi: Stata Uygulamalı, 2. Baskı, İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
- Türedi, S. (2013). The Effect of Economic Freedom on Economic Growth: A Panel Data Analysis for 12 Islamic Countries, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 107, 154-162.
- Verbeek, M. (2004). A Guide to Modern Econometrics, 2. Edition, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
- Yalman, N., Sandalcılar, A. R. & Demirkoparan F. (2011). Özgürlük ve Ekonomik Kalkınma: Latin Amerika ve Türkiye, Atatürk Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi 10. Ekonometri ve İstatistik Sempozyumu Özel Sayısı, 431-444.