Yapay Zekâ ile Üretilen Görsel Sanatlar Eserlerinde Fikrî Mülkiyet
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 13 Sayı: 26, 490 - 516, 31.12.2020
Güllü Yakar
,
Mustafa Kınık
Öz
Yapay zekâ (YZ); sanat ve tasarım gibi yaratıcılık gerektiren alanlarda özerk üretim yapabilmektedir. Ancak özerkliği hukuken tanınmadığı için, üretimler YZ’ya tescil edilememektedir. Çalışma; YZ ile üretilen görsel sanat eserlerinin, fikrî mülkiyet paylaşım usullerini belirlemek amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. Derleme türündeki çalışmada; nitel araştırma veri toplama tekniklerinden doküman incelemesi kullanılmıştır. Farklı yargı bölgelerinin konuya yaklaşımları, hukuki ve felsefi doktrinler, uygulamaya dönük düzenlemeler incelenmiştir. Mevcut yasal rejimlerde telif koşullarını açıklayan araştırmalardan faydalanılmıştır. Literatür incelemesi neticesinde; yasaların, teknolojik gelişmeleri değerlendirebilecek içeriğe sahip olmadığı yönünde görüşler tespit edilmiştir. Gelecekte YZ’ya atanabilecek kişilik statüleri ve bu statülerle üretilecek eserlerin mülkiyetine ilişkin tavsiyeler sunulmuştur. Avrupa Parlamentosu’nun 2017 yılında önerdiği elektronik kişilik statüsünün, yakın gelecekte yürürlüğe gireceği ve YZ’nın telif hakları için makul çözümler sağlayacağı öngörülmektedir.
Kaynakça
- Abbott, R. (2016). “I Think, Therefore I Invent: Creative Computers and the Future of Patent Law”, Boston College Law Review, Sayı 57(4), s.1079-1126.
- Akdemir Kamalı, T. (2019). Fikri Hukuk Kapsamında Bilgisayar Programlarındaki Değişikliklerin Sonuçları. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
- Alpaydın, E. (2016). Machine Learning: The New AI. Massachusetts: MIT Press.
- Bodens, M. A. (2004). “How Creativity Works”, The Creativity: Innovation and Industry Conference, 6-9 Aralık. Creativity East Midlands.
- Bozkurt Yüksel, A. E. (2018). “Yapay Zekânın Buluşlarının Patentlenmesi”, Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi Dergisi, Sayı 11, s.585-622.
- Bozkurt Yüksel, A. E. ve Bak, B. (2018). “Yapay Zekâ”, Futurist Hukuk, İstanbul: Aristo Yayınevi, s.5-35.
- Bridy, A. (2012). “Coding Creativity: Copyright and the Artificially Intelligent Author”, Stanford Technology Law Review, Sayı 5, s.1-28.
- Bridy, A. (2016). “The Evolution of Authorship: Work Made by Code”, Columbia Journal of Law & ARTS, Sayı 39, s.395-401.
- Brown, N. I. (2018). “Artificial Authors: Case for Copyright in Computer-Generated Works”, Columbia Science and Technology Law Review, Sayı 20 (1), s.1-41.
- Chiou, T. (2019). “Copyright Lessons on Machine Learning: What Impact on Algorithmic Art”, Journal of Intellectual Property, Information Technology and Electronic Commerce Law, Sayı 10(3), s.398-412.
- Clifford, R. D. (2018). “Creativity Revisited”, IDEA, Sayı 59, (1), s.25-39.
- Davies, C. R. (2011). “An Evolutionary Step in İntellectual Property Rights - Artificial İntelligence and Intellectual Property”, Computer Law & Security Review, Sayı 27, s.601-619.
- Dee, C. A. (2018). “Examining Copyright Protection of AI-Generated Art”, Delphi Interdisciplinary Review of Emerging Technologies, Sayı 1, s.31-37.
- Deltorn, J. M. ve Macrez, F. (2018). “Authorship in the Age of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence”, Center for International Intellectual Property Studies Research Paper No 10, s.1-24.
- Denicola, R. C. (2016). “Ex Machina: Copyrıght Protection for Computer Generated Works”. Rutgers University Law Review, Sayı 69, s.251-287.
- Dennis, C. A. (2020). “AI-Generated Fashion Designs: Who or What Owns the Goods?” Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal, Sayı 30(2), s.593-644.
- Elgammal, A., Liu, B., Elhoseiny & M., Mazzone, M. (2017). “CAN: Creative adversarial networks generating art by learning about styles and deviating from style norms”, Eighth International Conference on Computational Creativity, Georgia: Georgia Institute of Technology, s.96-103.
- Gervais, D. J. (2019). “The Machine as Author”, Iowa Law Review, Sayı 105, s.2053-2106.
- Golger, B. (2020). “Copyright in the Artificially İntelligent Author: Constitutional Approach Using Philip Bobbitt's Modalities of Interpretation”, University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law, Sayı 22(3), s.867-892.
- Gürkaynak, G., Yılmaz, İ., Doygun, T. ve İnce, E. (2017). “Questions of Intellectual Property in the Artificial Intelligence Realm”, Robotics Law Journal, Sayı 3 (2), s.9-11.
- Hegel, G.W.F. (2013) Anahatlarda Tüze Felsefesi ya da Doğal Hak ve Politik Bilim, 2. Basım, çev. Aziz Yardımlı, İstanbul: İdea Yayınları.
- Hristov, K. (2017). “Artificial Intelligence and the Copyright Dilemma”, IDEA The Journal of the Franklin Pierce Center For Intellectual Property, Sayı 57(3), s.431-454.
- Kaminski, M. E. (2017). “Authorship, Disrupted:
AI Authors in Copyright and First Amendment Law”, Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper, Sayı 51, s.589-616.
- Kara Kılıçarslan, S. (2019). “Yapay Zekânın Hukukı̇ Statüsü ve Hukukı̇ Kı̇şiliği Üzerı̇ne Tartışmalar”, Yıldırım Beyazıt Hukuk Dergisi, Sayı 2, s.363-389.
- Kaynak Balta, B. (2020). “Yapay Zekâ Ürünlerinin Hukuki Niteliği ve Fikri Eser Kavramı”. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı 24(3), s.205-230.
- Kreutzer, R. T. ve Sirrenberg, M. (2020). Understanding Artificial Intelligence Fundamentals, Use Cases and Methods for a Corporate AI Journey. Switzerland: Springer.
- Locke, J. (2012). Yönetim Üzerine İkinci İnceleme, 2. Baskı, çev. Fahri Bakırcı, Ankara: Ebabil Yayınları.
- Levy, D. (2005). Robots Unlimited: Life in a Virtual Age. Massachusetts: CRC Press.
- Li, Y., Zhang, K. ve Li, D. (2017). “Rule-Based Automatic Generation of Logo Design”, Leonardo, Sayı 50(2), s.177-181.
- Nilsson, N. J. (2019). Yapay Zekâ: Geçmişi ve Geleceği, 2. Baskı, çev. Mehmet Doğan, İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi.
- Ramalho, An. (2017). Will Robots Rule the (Artistic) World? A Proposed Model for the Legal Status of Creations by Artificial İntelligence Systems”, Journal of Internet Law, Sayı 21(1), s.12-25.
- Re, R. ve Solow-Niederman, A. (2019). “Developing Artificially Intelligent Justice”, Stanford Technology Law Review, Sayı 22, s.242- 289.
- Schank, R. ve Owens, C. “The Mechanics of Creativity”, The Age of Intelligent Machines, ed. Raymond Kurzweil, Massachusetts: MIT Press, s.394-397.
- Search, P. (1999). “Electronic Art and the Law: Intellectual Property Rights in Cyberspace”, Leonardo, Sayı 32(3), s.191–195.
- Svedman, M. (2019). “Artificial Creativity: Case Against Copyright for AI-Created Visual Artwork”, IP Theory, Sayı 9(1), s.1-22.
- Yamamoto, T. B. (2018). “AI Created Works and Copyright”, Patents & Licensing, Sayı 48(1), 1-16.
- Yanisky-Ravid, S. (2017). “Generating Rembrandt: Artificial Intelligence, Copyright, and Accountability in the 3A Era —the Human-like Authors are Already Here —A New Model”, Michigan State Law Review, Sayı 4, s.659-726.
- Yanisky-Ravid, S. ve ve Liu, X. (2018). “When Artificial Intelligence Systems Produce Inventions: An Alternative Model for Patent Law at the 3A Era”, Cardozo Law Review, Sayı 39(6). s.2215-2262.
- Yıldız, P. (2014). İç Mimarlıkta Yapay Zekâ ve Türkiye’den Seçilmiş Örneklerin Mekan Tasarımı Yönünden Kapsamlı Analizi Çalışması. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayınları.
- Zorluel, M. (2019). “Yapay Zekâ ve Telif Hakkı”, Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, Sayı 142, s.305-356.
- Cellan-Jones, R. (2016). “Stephen Hawking: Will AI Kill or Save Humankind?”, https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-37713629, Erişim tarihi: 20.08.2020.
- “Deepcoder”, (2017). https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/deepcoder-learning-write-programs/. Erişim tarihi: 13.05.2020.
- “Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu”, https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.3.5846.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 10.09.2020.
- “Barrat ve Caselles-Dupre Yazışmaları”, https://github.com/robbiebarrat/art-DCGAN/issues/3, Erişim tarihi: 17.07.2020.
- Guadamuz, A. (2017), “Artificial Intelligence and Copyright”, https://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2017/05/article_0003.html, Erişim tarihi: 24.07.2020.
- Sclackman, S. (2018), “Who Holds the Copyright in AI Created Art”, Artrepreneur Art Law Journal. https://alj.artrepreneur.com/the-next-rembrandt-who-holds-the-copyright-in-computer-generated-art/), Erişim tarihi: 24.07.2020.
- Simonite, T. (2018), “How a Teenager's Code Spawned a $432,500 Piece of Art”, https://www.wired.com/story/teenagers-code-spawned-dollar-432500-piece-of-art/, Erişim tarihi: 05.08.2020.
- “Kişi”, https://sozluk.adalet.gov.tr/kişi, Erişim tarihi: 24.07.2020.
- “Telif Hakkı Nedir?”, https://www.telifhaklari.gov.tr/Telif-Hakki-Nedir, Erişim tarihi: 24.07.2020.
- “The Next Rembrandt”, https://www.nextrembrandt.com, Erişim tarihi: 07.08.2019.
- Vincent, J. (2018). “How Three French Students Used Borrowed Code to Put the First AI Portrait in Christie’s”, https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/23/18013190/ai-art-portrait-auction-christies-belamy-obvious-robbie-barrat-gans, Erişim tarihi: 24.07.2020.
- “What is Intellectual Property?”, https://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/, Erişim tarihi: 24.07.2020.
- “Derivative Work”, https://www.wipo.int/tk/en/resources/glossary.html#18, Erişim tarihi: 13.08.2020.
Intellectual Property of Artificial Intelligence Generated Visual Art Works
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 13 Sayı: 26, 490 - 516, 31.12.2020
Güllü Yakar
,
Mustafa Kınık
Öz
Artificial intelligence (AI) is capable of autonomous production in areas which require creativity such as art and design. However, the products cannot be registered to AI as its autonomy is not legally recognized. This study aims to determine the intellectual property sharing methods of visual art works produced by AI. In this study of compilation, document analysis as one of the qualitative research data collection techniques is used. Approaches of different jurisdictions to the issue, legal and philosophical doctrines, and practical regulations are examined. Researches explaining the copyright conditions in contemporary legal regimes are used. As a result of the literature review, the assessments that the laws do not yet have the content to evaluate technological developments are observed. The personality statuses that can be assigned to artificial intelligence in the future and recommendations regarding the copyright of the works to be produced with these statuses are presented. It is predicted that the electronic personality status proposed by the European Parliament in 2017 will come into effect in the near future and provide reasonable solutions related to the copyright of AI.
Kaynakça
- Abbott, R. (2016). “I Think, Therefore I Invent: Creative Computers and the Future of Patent Law”, Boston College Law Review, Sayı 57(4), s.1079-1126.
- Akdemir Kamalı, T. (2019). Fikri Hukuk Kapsamında Bilgisayar Programlarındaki Değişikliklerin Sonuçları. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
- Alpaydın, E. (2016). Machine Learning: The New AI. Massachusetts: MIT Press.
- Bodens, M. A. (2004). “How Creativity Works”, The Creativity: Innovation and Industry Conference, 6-9 Aralık. Creativity East Midlands.
- Bozkurt Yüksel, A. E. (2018). “Yapay Zekânın Buluşlarının Patentlenmesi”, Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi Dergisi, Sayı 11, s.585-622.
- Bozkurt Yüksel, A. E. ve Bak, B. (2018). “Yapay Zekâ”, Futurist Hukuk, İstanbul: Aristo Yayınevi, s.5-35.
- Bridy, A. (2012). “Coding Creativity: Copyright and the Artificially Intelligent Author”, Stanford Technology Law Review, Sayı 5, s.1-28.
- Bridy, A. (2016). “The Evolution of Authorship: Work Made by Code”, Columbia Journal of Law & ARTS, Sayı 39, s.395-401.
- Brown, N. I. (2018). “Artificial Authors: Case for Copyright in Computer-Generated Works”, Columbia Science and Technology Law Review, Sayı 20 (1), s.1-41.
- Chiou, T. (2019). “Copyright Lessons on Machine Learning: What Impact on Algorithmic Art”, Journal of Intellectual Property, Information Technology and Electronic Commerce Law, Sayı 10(3), s.398-412.
- Clifford, R. D. (2018). “Creativity Revisited”, IDEA, Sayı 59, (1), s.25-39.
- Davies, C. R. (2011). “An Evolutionary Step in İntellectual Property Rights - Artificial İntelligence and Intellectual Property”, Computer Law & Security Review, Sayı 27, s.601-619.
- Dee, C. A. (2018). “Examining Copyright Protection of AI-Generated Art”, Delphi Interdisciplinary Review of Emerging Technologies, Sayı 1, s.31-37.
- Deltorn, J. M. ve Macrez, F. (2018). “Authorship in the Age of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence”, Center for International Intellectual Property Studies Research Paper No 10, s.1-24.
- Denicola, R. C. (2016). “Ex Machina: Copyrıght Protection for Computer Generated Works”. Rutgers University Law Review, Sayı 69, s.251-287.
- Dennis, C. A. (2020). “AI-Generated Fashion Designs: Who or What Owns the Goods?” Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal, Sayı 30(2), s.593-644.
- Elgammal, A., Liu, B., Elhoseiny & M., Mazzone, M. (2017). “CAN: Creative adversarial networks generating art by learning about styles and deviating from style norms”, Eighth International Conference on Computational Creativity, Georgia: Georgia Institute of Technology, s.96-103.
- Gervais, D. J. (2019). “The Machine as Author”, Iowa Law Review, Sayı 105, s.2053-2106.
- Golger, B. (2020). “Copyright in the Artificially İntelligent Author: Constitutional Approach Using Philip Bobbitt's Modalities of Interpretation”, University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law, Sayı 22(3), s.867-892.
- Gürkaynak, G., Yılmaz, İ., Doygun, T. ve İnce, E. (2017). “Questions of Intellectual Property in the Artificial Intelligence Realm”, Robotics Law Journal, Sayı 3 (2), s.9-11.
- Hegel, G.W.F. (2013) Anahatlarda Tüze Felsefesi ya da Doğal Hak ve Politik Bilim, 2. Basım, çev. Aziz Yardımlı, İstanbul: İdea Yayınları.
- Hristov, K. (2017). “Artificial Intelligence and the Copyright Dilemma”, IDEA The Journal of the Franklin Pierce Center For Intellectual Property, Sayı 57(3), s.431-454.
- Kaminski, M. E. (2017). “Authorship, Disrupted:
AI Authors in Copyright and First Amendment Law”, Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper, Sayı 51, s.589-616.
- Kara Kılıçarslan, S. (2019). “Yapay Zekânın Hukukı̇ Statüsü ve Hukukı̇ Kı̇şiliği Üzerı̇ne Tartışmalar”, Yıldırım Beyazıt Hukuk Dergisi, Sayı 2, s.363-389.
- Kaynak Balta, B. (2020). “Yapay Zekâ Ürünlerinin Hukuki Niteliği ve Fikri Eser Kavramı”. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı 24(3), s.205-230.
- Kreutzer, R. T. ve Sirrenberg, M. (2020). Understanding Artificial Intelligence Fundamentals, Use Cases and Methods for a Corporate AI Journey. Switzerland: Springer.
- Locke, J. (2012). Yönetim Üzerine İkinci İnceleme, 2. Baskı, çev. Fahri Bakırcı, Ankara: Ebabil Yayınları.
- Levy, D. (2005). Robots Unlimited: Life in a Virtual Age. Massachusetts: CRC Press.
- Li, Y., Zhang, K. ve Li, D. (2017). “Rule-Based Automatic Generation of Logo Design”, Leonardo, Sayı 50(2), s.177-181.
- Nilsson, N. J. (2019). Yapay Zekâ: Geçmişi ve Geleceği, 2. Baskı, çev. Mehmet Doğan, İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi.
- Ramalho, An. (2017). Will Robots Rule the (Artistic) World? A Proposed Model for the Legal Status of Creations by Artificial İntelligence Systems”, Journal of Internet Law, Sayı 21(1), s.12-25.
- Re, R. ve Solow-Niederman, A. (2019). “Developing Artificially Intelligent Justice”, Stanford Technology Law Review, Sayı 22, s.242- 289.
- Schank, R. ve Owens, C. “The Mechanics of Creativity”, The Age of Intelligent Machines, ed. Raymond Kurzweil, Massachusetts: MIT Press, s.394-397.
- Search, P. (1999). “Electronic Art and the Law: Intellectual Property Rights in Cyberspace”, Leonardo, Sayı 32(3), s.191–195.
- Svedman, M. (2019). “Artificial Creativity: Case Against Copyright for AI-Created Visual Artwork”, IP Theory, Sayı 9(1), s.1-22.
- Yamamoto, T. B. (2018). “AI Created Works and Copyright”, Patents & Licensing, Sayı 48(1), 1-16.
- Yanisky-Ravid, S. (2017). “Generating Rembrandt: Artificial Intelligence, Copyright, and Accountability in the 3A Era —the Human-like Authors are Already Here —A New Model”, Michigan State Law Review, Sayı 4, s.659-726.
- Yanisky-Ravid, S. ve ve Liu, X. (2018). “When Artificial Intelligence Systems Produce Inventions: An Alternative Model for Patent Law at the 3A Era”, Cardozo Law Review, Sayı 39(6). s.2215-2262.
- Yıldız, P. (2014). İç Mimarlıkta Yapay Zekâ ve Türkiye’den Seçilmiş Örneklerin Mekan Tasarımı Yönünden Kapsamlı Analizi Çalışması. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayınları.
- Zorluel, M. (2019). “Yapay Zekâ ve Telif Hakkı”, Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, Sayı 142, s.305-356.
- Cellan-Jones, R. (2016). “Stephen Hawking: Will AI Kill or Save Humankind?”, https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-37713629, Erişim tarihi: 20.08.2020.
- “Deepcoder”, (2017). https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/deepcoder-learning-write-programs/. Erişim tarihi: 13.05.2020.
- “Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu”, https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.3.5846.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 10.09.2020.
- “Barrat ve Caselles-Dupre Yazışmaları”, https://github.com/robbiebarrat/art-DCGAN/issues/3, Erişim tarihi: 17.07.2020.
- Guadamuz, A. (2017), “Artificial Intelligence and Copyright”, https://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2017/05/article_0003.html, Erişim tarihi: 24.07.2020.
- Sclackman, S. (2018), “Who Holds the Copyright in AI Created Art”, Artrepreneur Art Law Journal. https://alj.artrepreneur.com/the-next-rembrandt-who-holds-the-copyright-in-computer-generated-art/), Erişim tarihi: 24.07.2020.
- Simonite, T. (2018), “How a Teenager's Code Spawned a $432,500 Piece of Art”, https://www.wired.com/story/teenagers-code-spawned-dollar-432500-piece-of-art/, Erişim tarihi: 05.08.2020.
- “Kişi”, https://sozluk.adalet.gov.tr/kişi, Erişim tarihi: 24.07.2020.
- “Telif Hakkı Nedir?”, https://www.telifhaklari.gov.tr/Telif-Hakki-Nedir, Erişim tarihi: 24.07.2020.
- “The Next Rembrandt”, https://www.nextrembrandt.com, Erişim tarihi: 07.08.2019.
- Vincent, J. (2018). “How Three French Students Used Borrowed Code to Put the First AI Portrait in Christie’s”, https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/23/18013190/ai-art-portrait-auction-christies-belamy-obvious-robbie-barrat-gans, Erişim tarihi: 24.07.2020.
- “What is Intellectual Property?”, https://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/, Erişim tarihi: 24.07.2020.
- “Derivative Work”, https://www.wipo.int/tk/en/resources/glossary.html#18, Erişim tarihi: 13.08.2020.