Sağlık hizmeti üretimine doğrudan katılan sağlık meslek profesyonelleri ile hizmet üretimini destekleyen teknik ve destek hizmet profesyonelleri her gün hastalarla, hasta yakınlarıyla ve danışanlarla yoğun bir temas içerisindedirler. Bu etkileşimler sağlık profesyonellerinin psikososyal risklerle karşılaşma olasılığının artmasını da beraberinde getirmektedir. Psikososyal riskler işin içeriği, iş organizasyonu ve yönetimi ile işin sosyal bağlamlarını içerir. Bu nedenle sağlık profesyonellerinin sağlık ve iyilikleri açısından ciddi sonuçlar doğurabilirler. Avrupa İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Ajansı sağlık profesyonellerinin karşılaşabilecekleri başlıca psikososyal riskleri; iş stresi, tükenmişlik sendromu, mobbing/zorbalık, işte şiddet, çalışma saatleri ve madde bağımlılığı şeklinde sıralamıştır. Bu makalenin amacı, temel psikososyal riskler ve bunların hem sağlık çalışanları hem de hastalar açısından olası sonuçları hakkında kısaca bilgi vermektir.
ADDICTION CENTER (2020). “Addiction in Medical Professional”, https://www.addictioncenter.com/addiction/medical-professionals/, 22.08.2020.
AGUMBA, W. M. (2011). The Effects of Alcohol and Drug on Work Performance of Employees in Selected Star Rated Hotels at the Kenya Coast, Master’s Thesis, Hospitality Management in the School of Hospitality and Tourism of Kenyatta University, Nairobi.
ARISOY, A. (2011). Mobbingi Ortaya Çıkaran Faktörler: Isparta-Antalya-Burdur’da Sağlık Sektöründe Hemşireler Üzerine Çalışma, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Isparta.
BALDISSERI, M. R. (2007). “Impaired healthcare professionals”, Critical Care Medicine, 35(2): 106-116.
BİRGİLİ, F., SALIŞ, F. ve ÖZDEMİR, S. (2010). “Sağlık Çalışanlarının İş Doyumunu Etkileyen Bazı Etmenlerin İncelenmesi”, Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(2): 27-37.
CDC, “Exposure to Stress- Occupational Hazards in Hospitals”, Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2008, https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2008-136/pdfs/2008-136.pdf, 21.10.2019.
CLARAVALL, L. (1996). “Healthcare violence: a nursing administration perspective”, Journal of Nursing Administration, 26(2): 41‐46.
ÇOBANOĞLU, Ş. (2005). Mobbing, İşyerinde Duygusal Saldırı ve Mücadele Yöntemleri, Timas Yayınları, İstanbul.
DALKILIÇ, O. S. (2014). Çalışma Hayatında Tükenmişlik Sendromu- Tükenmişlikle Mücadele Teknikleri, Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, Ankara.
DİKMETAŞ, E., TOP, M. ve ERGİN, G. (2011). “Asistan Hekimlerin Tükenmişlik ve Mobbing Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi”, Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 22(3): 137-149.
DRYBE, L.N., SHANAFELT, T. D., SINSKY, C. A., CIPRIANO, P. F., BHATT, J., OMMAYA, A.,…MEYERS, D. (2017). “Burnout Among Health Care Professionals: A Call to Explore and Address This Underrecognized Threat to Safe, High-Quality Care” NAM Perspectives. Discussion Paper, National Academy of Medicine, Washington.
DRYBYE, L. N., SHANAFELT, T. D., BALCH, C. M., SATELE, D., SLOAN, J. ve FREISCHLAG, J. (2011). “Relationship Between Work-Home Conflicts and Burnout Among American Surgeons A Comparison by Sex”, Archives of Surgery, 146: 211-217.
EPSTEIN, P. M., BURNS, C. ve CONLON, H. A. (2010). “Sustance Abuse Among Registered Nurses”, American Association of Occupational Health Nurses, 58(12): 513-516.
ERDOĞAN, V. ve YILDIRIM, A. (2017). “Healthcare professionals’ exposure to mobbing behaviors and relation of mobbing with job satisfaction and organizational commitment”, Procedia Computer Science 120: 931–938.
EUROPEAN AGENCY FOR SAFETY AND HEALTH AT WORK (2010). “Workplace Violence and Harassment: A European Picture”, European Risk Observatory Report, Luxembourg: Publication Office of the European Unıon, https://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/workplace-violence-and-harassment-european-picture 02.11.2019.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2014). “Occupational health and safety risks in the healthcare sector- Guide to prevention and good practice”, https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/b29abb0a-f41e-4cb4-b787-4538ac5f0238, 18.10.2019.
FOXALL, M.J., ZIMMERMAN, L., STANDLEY, R. ve BENE, B. (1990). “A comparison of frequency and sources of nursing job stress perceived by intensive care, hospice and medical-surgical nurses”, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 15(5): 577-584.
GACKI-SMITH, J., JUAREZ, A., BOYETT, L., HOMEYER, C., ROBINSON, L. ve MAcLEAN, S. (2009). “Violence Against Nurses Working in US Emergency Departments”, The Journal of Nursing Administration, (307/8): 340-349.
HENRY, J. ve GINN, G. (2002). “Violence prevention in healthcare organizations within a total quality management framework”, Journal of Nursing Administration, 32(9): 479‐486.
HONKONEN, T., AHOLA, K., PERTOVAARA, M., ISOMETA, E., KALIMO, R., NYKYRI, E., AROMAA, A. ve LONNQVIST, J. (2006). “The association between burnout and physical illness in the generalpopulation—results from the Finnish Health 2000 Study”, Journal of Psychosomatic Research 61:59-66
HUTCHINSON, M., VICKERS, M., WILKES, L. ve JOCKSON, D. (2010). “A typology of bullying behaviors: the experiences of Australian nurses”. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19: 2319–2328.
ILIES, R., WILSON, K. ve WAGNER, D. (2009). “The spillover of daily job satisfaction onto employees’ family lives: the facilitating role of work-family integration”, Academy of Management Journal, 52(1): 87–102.
INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES (ICN). (2000). “Abuse and violence against nursing personnel”, ICN Position Statement https://static1.squarespace.com/static/579770cd197aea84455d6908/t/57d86320d1758e16f4e0f202/1473798944490/C01_Abuse_Violence_Nsg_Personnel.pdf, 21.08.2020.
INTERNATIONAL LABOR OFFICE (ILO), INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES (ICN) ve WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO), PUBLIC SERVICES INTERNATIONAL (PSI). (2002). “Workplace violence in the health sector”, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/ed_dialogue/sector/documents/normativeinstrument/wcms_160908.pdf, 21.08.2020.
NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (NIOSH) (2002). “Occupational Hazards in Hospitals. Violence” https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2002-101/default.html 21.08.2020.
İLHAN, M. N., DURUKAN, E., ARAS, E. ve TÜRKÇÜOĞLU, S. (2006). “ Long Working Hours Increase the Risk of Sharp and Needlestick Injury in Nurses: The Need for New Policy Implication”, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 56(5): 563-568.
JOHNSON, J. ve TRAD, M. (2014). “Bullying among radiation therapists: bully behavior and effects on personal health”, Radiation Therapist, 23(1): 11–20.
JUDGE, T. ve ILIES, R. (2004). “Affect and job satisfaction: a study of their relationship at work and at home”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(4): 661–673.
KARSAVURAN, S. (2014). “Sağlık Sektöründe Mobbing: Hastane Yöneticileri Üzerinde Bir Uygulama”, Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 11(26): 271-296.
KEYKALEH, M. S., SAFAPOUR, H., YOUSEFIAN, S., FAGHI SOLOUK, F., MOHAMMADI, E. ve GHOMIAN, Z. (2018). “The Relationship between Nurse’s Job Stress and Patient Safety”, Open Access Macedonian Journal of Mediacal Sciences, 6(11): 2228-2232.
KIRILMAZ, H., YORGUN, S. ve ATASOY, A. (2016). “Sağlık Çalışanlarında Psikososyal Risk Faktörlerini Belirlemeye Yönelik Bir Araştırma”, International Journal of Cultural and Social Studies, 2(1): 66-82.
KOINIS, A., GIANNOU, V., DRANTAKI, V., ANGELAINA S.,STRATOU, E. ve SARIDI, M. (2015). “The Impact of Healthcare Workers Job Environment on Their Mental-emotional Health. Coping Strategies: The Case of a Local General Hospital”, Health Psychology Research, 3(1):12-17.
LEYMANN, H. (1996). “The Content and Development of Mobbing at Work”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5 (2): 165-184.
LIEBER, L. (2010). “How workplace bullying affects the bottom line”, Employee Relations Today, 37(3): 91-101.
LOWE, T. (2013). “Shift Work, Stress, and Violence: Stress” in Controlling Health Hazards to Hospital Workers- A Reference Guide, New Solutions – A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy, 23: 126-136.
MACINTOSH, J., WUEST, J., GRAY, M. ve CRONKHITE, M. (2010). “Workplace bullying in healthcare affects the meaning of work” Qualitative Health Research Journal, 20(8): 1128–1141.
MASLACH, C. ve P. G. ZIMBARDO, P.G. (1982). Burnout – The Cost of Caring, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
MASLACH, C. ve P. M. LEITER, P.M. (1997). The Truth about Burnout, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, Ca.
MERLO, L. J. ve GOLD, M. S. (2008). “Prescription Opioid Abuse and Dependence among Physicians: Hypotheses and Treatment”, Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 16(3): 181-194.
NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (2020). “Health Consequences of Drug Misuse”, https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/health-consequences-drug-misuse/introduction, 22.08.2020.
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION (OSHA) (2016). “Guidelines for Preventing Workplace Violence for Healthcare and Social Service Workers”, https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3148.pdf, 04.11.2019.
ÖZAĞAÇ, G. S. (2013). İşyerinde Psikososyal Sağlık: Tekirdağ İli Örneği, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Tekirdağ.
ÖZAYDIN BÜLBÜL, P., ÜNAL, E., BOZAYKUT, T., KORKMAZ, M. ve YÜCEL, A. S. (2013). “Sağlık Çalışanlarında Mobbing: Kamu ve Özel Sağlık Kurum Çalışanlarının Karşılaştırmalı Türküye Örneği”, Uluslararası Hakemli Akademik Spor Sağlık ve Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(3) https://openaccess.firat.edu.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11508/8179/1791_89307.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y 07.11.2019.
ÖZEN BEKAR, E. (2014). “Bağımlılık Yapıcı Madde Kullanımı Olan Hemşireler ve Hemşirelik Hizmetleri Yönetiminin Yaklaşımı: Bir Literatür İncelemesi”, Sağlık ve Hemşirelik Yönetimi Dergisi, 1(1): 43-47.
PAVLAKIS, A., RAFTOPOULOS, V. ve THEODOROU, M. (2010). “Burnout syndrome in Cypriot physiotherapists: a national survey”, BMC Health Services Research, 10(63): 1-8
RAMIREZ, M. R., OTERO, P., BLANCO, V., ONTANEDA, M. P., DIAZ, O. ve VASQUEZ, F. L. (2018). “Prevalance and Corralates of Burnout in Health Profesionals in Ecuador”, Comprehensive Psychiatry, 82: 73-83.
ROSENSTEIN, A. ve O’DANIEL, M. (2005). “Disruptive behavior and clinical outcomes: perceptions of nurses and physicians” American Journal of Nursing, 105: 54–64.
SAINES, J.C. (1999). “Violence and aggression in A&G: Recomendations for Action”, Accidentand Emergency Nursing, 7(1): 8-12.
SAYGUN, M. (2012). “Sağlık Çalışanlarında İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Sorunları”, TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 11(4): 373-382.
SCHAUFELI, W. (2007). “Burnout in Health Care” s:217-232 (Ed.) CARAYON, P., Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care and Patient Safety, Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah.
SCHULZ, M., DAMKROGER, A., VOLTMER, E., LOWE, B. DRIESSEN, M. ve WARD, M. (2011). “Work‐related behaviour and experience pattern in nurses: impact on physical and mental health”, Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 18(5): 411-417.
SEZGİN, T. (2013). “Çalışma Süresi Modellerindeki Değişim ve Çalışan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri”, ÇSGB Çalışma Dünyası Dergisi, 1(1):137-143.
SHANAFELT, T.D., BALCH, C.M., BECHAMPS, G.J., RUSSELL, T., DYRBYE, L., SATELE, D., COLLICOTT, P., NOVOTNY, P.J., SLOAN, J. ve FREISCHLAG, A.J. (2009). “Burnout and Career Satisfaction Among American Surgeons”, Annals of Surgery, 250(3): 463-471.
SNYDER, R. (2016). “Drug Abuse Among Health Professionals”, Duquesne University Pharm. D Candidate, https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/papharmacists.site-ym.com/resource/resmgr/CE_Home_Studies/HP_Drug_Abuse_CE_Article.pdf,12.11.2019.
SOLER, J.K., YAMAN, H., ESTEVA, M., DOBBS, F., ASENOVA, R.S., KATIC, M.,… UNGAN, M. (2008). “Burnout in European family doctors: the EGPRN study”, Family Practice, 25(4): 245-265.
SONG, Z., FOO, M. ve UY, M. (2008). “Mood spillover and crossover among dual-earner couples: A cell phone event sampling study”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(2), 2008: 443–452.
TEL, H., KARADAĞ, M., TEL, H. ve AYDIN, Ş. (2003). “Sağlık Çalışanlarının Çalışma Ortamındaki Stres Yaşantıları ile Başetme Durumlarının Belirlenmesi”, Hemşirelikte Araştırma Geliştirme Dergisi, 5(2): 13-23.
TYLER, P. A. ve ELLISON, R. N. (1994). “Sources of stress and psychological well-being in high-dependency nursing”, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 19(3): 469-476.
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VAN DER HEIJDEN, B.I., DEMEROUTI, E. ve BAKKER, A. B. NEXT Study Group Coordinated by Hans-Martin Hasselhorn, (2008). “Work-home interference among nurses: Reciprocal relationships with job demans and health” Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62: 572-584.
WEST, C. P., HUSCHKA, M. M., NOVOTNY, P. J., SLOAN, J., KOLARS, J. C., HABERMANN, T. M. ve SHANAFELT, T. D. (2006). “Association of Perceived Medical Errors With Resident Distress and Empathy, A Prospective Longitudinal Study”, Journal of the American Medical Association, 296:1071-1078.
WIEDERHOLD, B. K., CIPRESSO, P., PIZZIOLI, D., WIEDERHOLD, M. ve RIVA, G. (2018). “Intervention for pyhsician burnout: a systematic rewiev”, Open Medicine, 13: 253-263.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WH0) (2020). “Violence against health workers”, https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/workplace/en/, 21.08.2020.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO) (2020). “Substance Abuse”, https://www.who.int/topics/substance_abuse/en/, 21.08.2020.
YARGIÇ, İ. (2009). “Sağlık Çalışanlarında Bağımlılıkla İlgili Sorunlar ve Çözüm Yolları”, Klinik Gelişim, 22(4): 84-87.
YILDIZ, M. S. (2019). “Türkiye’de Sağlık Çalışanlarına Yönelik Şiddet: Ankara İlinde Araştırma”, Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 22(1): 135-156.
YİĞİTBAŞ, Ç. ve DEVECİ, S. E. (2011). “Sağlık Çalışanlarına Yönelik Mobbing”, Mesleki Sağlık ve Güvenlik Dergisi, 11(2) :23-28.
Year 2020,
Volume: 25 Issue: 4, 451 - 467, 19.10.2020
ADDICTION CENTER (2020). “Addiction in Medical Professional”, https://www.addictioncenter.com/addiction/medical-professionals/, 22.08.2020.
AGUMBA, W. M. (2011). The Effects of Alcohol and Drug on Work Performance of Employees in Selected Star Rated Hotels at the Kenya Coast, Master’s Thesis, Hospitality Management in the School of Hospitality and Tourism of Kenyatta University, Nairobi.
ARISOY, A. (2011). Mobbingi Ortaya Çıkaran Faktörler: Isparta-Antalya-Burdur’da Sağlık Sektöründe Hemşireler Üzerine Çalışma, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Isparta.
BALDISSERI, M. R. (2007). “Impaired healthcare professionals”, Critical Care Medicine, 35(2): 106-116.
BİRGİLİ, F., SALIŞ, F. ve ÖZDEMİR, S. (2010). “Sağlık Çalışanlarının İş Doyumunu Etkileyen Bazı Etmenlerin İncelenmesi”, Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(2): 27-37.
CDC, “Exposure to Stress- Occupational Hazards in Hospitals”, Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2008, https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2008-136/pdfs/2008-136.pdf, 21.10.2019.
CLARAVALL, L. (1996). “Healthcare violence: a nursing administration perspective”, Journal of Nursing Administration, 26(2): 41‐46.
ÇOBANOĞLU, Ş. (2005). Mobbing, İşyerinde Duygusal Saldırı ve Mücadele Yöntemleri, Timas Yayınları, İstanbul.
DALKILIÇ, O. S. (2014). Çalışma Hayatında Tükenmişlik Sendromu- Tükenmişlikle Mücadele Teknikleri, Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, Ankara.
DİKMETAŞ, E., TOP, M. ve ERGİN, G. (2011). “Asistan Hekimlerin Tükenmişlik ve Mobbing Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi”, Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 22(3): 137-149.
DRYBE, L.N., SHANAFELT, T. D., SINSKY, C. A., CIPRIANO, P. F., BHATT, J., OMMAYA, A.,…MEYERS, D. (2017). “Burnout Among Health Care Professionals: A Call to Explore and Address This Underrecognized Threat to Safe, High-Quality Care” NAM Perspectives. Discussion Paper, National Academy of Medicine, Washington.
DRYBYE, L. N., SHANAFELT, T. D., BALCH, C. M., SATELE, D., SLOAN, J. ve FREISCHLAG, J. (2011). “Relationship Between Work-Home Conflicts and Burnout Among American Surgeons A Comparison by Sex”, Archives of Surgery, 146: 211-217.
EPSTEIN, P. M., BURNS, C. ve CONLON, H. A. (2010). “Sustance Abuse Among Registered Nurses”, American Association of Occupational Health Nurses, 58(12): 513-516.
ERDOĞAN, V. ve YILDIRIM, A. (2017). “Healthcare professionals’ exposure to mobbing behaviors and relation of mobbing with job satisfaction and organizational commitment”, Procedia Computer Science 120: 931–938.
EUROPEAN AGENCY FOR SAFETY AND HEALTH AT WORK (2010). “Workplace Violence and Harassment: A European Picture”, European Risk Observatory Report, Luxembourg: Publication Office of the European Unıon, https://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/workplace-violence-and-harassment-european-picture 02.11.2019.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2014). “Occupational health and safety risks in the healthcare sector- Guide to prevention and good practice”, https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/b29abb0a-f41e-4cb4-b787-4538ac5f0238, 18.10.2019.
FOXALL, M.J., ZIMMERMAN, L., STANDLEY, R. ve BENE, B. (1990). “A comparison of frequency and sources of nursing job stress perceived by intensive care, hospice and medical-surgical nurses”, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 15(5): 577-584.
GACKI-SMITH, J., JUAREZ, A., BOYETT, L., HOMEYER, C., ROBINSON, L. ve MAcLEAN, S. (2009). “Violence Against Nurses Working in US Emergency Departments”, The Journal of Nursing Administration, (307/8): 340-349.
HENRY, J. ve GINN, G. (2002). “Violence prevention in healthcare organizations within a total quality management framework”, Journal of Nursing Administration, 32(9): 479‐486.
HONKONEN, T., AHOLA, K., PERTOVAARA, M., ISOMETA, E., KALIMO, R., NYKYRI, E., AROMAA, A. ve LONNQVIST, J. (2006). “The association between burnout and physical illness in the generalpopulation—results from the Finnish Health 2000 Study”, Journal of Psychosomatic Research 61:59-66
HUTCHINSON, M., VICKERS, M., WILKES, L. ve JOCKSON, D. (2010). “A typology of bullying behaviors: the experiences of Australian nurses”. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19: 2319–2328.
ILIES, R., WILSON, K. ve WAGNER, D. (2009). “The spillover of daily job satisfaction onto employees’ family lives: the facilitating role of work-family integration”, Academy of Management Journal, 52(1): 87–102.
INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES (ICN). (2000). “Abuse and violence against nursing personnel”, ICN Position Statement https://static1.squarespace.com/static/579770cd197aea84455d6908/t/57d86320d1758e16f4e0f202/1473798944490/C01_Abuse_Violence_Nsg_Personnel.pdf, 21.08.2020.
INTERNATIONAL LABOR OFFICE (ILO), INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES (ICN) ve WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO), PUBLIC SERVICES INTERNATIONAL (PSI). (2002). “Workplace violence in the health sector”, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/ed_dialogue/sector/documents/normativeinstrument/wcms_160908.pdf, 21.08.2020.
NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (NIOSH) (2002). “Occupational Hazards in Hospitals. Violence” https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2002-101/default.html 21.08.2020.
İLHAN, M. N., DURUKAN, E., ARAS, E. ve TÜRKÇÜOĞLU, S. (2006). “ Long Working Hours Increase the Risk of Sharp and Needlestick Injury in Nurses: The Need for New Policy Implication”, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 56(5): 563-568.
JOHNSON, J. ve TRAD, M. (2014). “Bullying among radiation therapists: bully behavior and effects on personal health”, Radiation Therapist, 23(1): 11–20.
JUDGE, T. ve ILIES, R. (2004). “Affect and job satisfaction: a study of their relationship at work and at home”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(4): 661–673.
KARSAVURAN, S. (2014). “Sağlık Sektöründe Mobbing: Hastane Yöneticileri Üzerinde Bir Uygulama”, Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 11(26): 271-296.
KEYKALEH, M. S., SAFAPOUR, H., YOUSEFIAN, S., FAGHI SOLOUK, F., MOHAMMADI, E. ve GHOMIAN, Z. (2018). “The Relationship between Nurse’s Job Stress and Patient Safety”, Open Access Macedonian Journal of Mediacal Sciences, 6(11): 2228-2232.
KIRILMAZ, H., YORGUN, S. ve ATASOY, A. (2016). “Sağlık Çalışanlarında Psikososyal Risk Faktörlerini Belirlemeye Yönelik Bir Araştırma”, International Journal of Cultural and Social Studies, 2(1): 66-82.
KOINIS, A., GIANNOU, V., DRANTAKI, V., ANGELAINA S.,STRATOU, E. ve SARIDI, M. (2015). “The Impact of Healthcare Workers Job Environment on Their Mental-emotional Health. Coping Strategies: The Case of a Local General Hospital”, Health Psychology Research, 3(1):12-17.
LEYMANN, H. (1996). “The Content and Development of Mobbing at Work”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5 (2): 165-184.
LIEBER, L. (2010). “How workplace bullying affects the bottom line”, Employee Relations Today, 37(3): 91-101.
LOWE, T. (2013). “Shift Work, Stress, and Violence: Stress” in Controlling Health Hazards to Hospital Workers- A Reference Guide, New Solutions – A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy, 23: 126-136.
MACINTOSH, J., WUEST, J., GRAY, M. ve CRONKHITE, M. (2010). “Workplace bullying in healthcare affects the meaning of work” Qualitative Health Research Journal, 20(8): 1128–1141.
MASLACH, C. ve P. G. ZIMBARDO, P.G. (1982). Burnout – The Cost of Caring, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
MASLACH, C. ve P. M. LEITER, P.M. (1997). The Truth about Burnout, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, Ca.
MERLO, L. J. ve GOLD, M. S. (2008). “Prescription Opioid Abuse and Dependence among Physicians: Hypotheses and Treatment”, Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 16(3): 181-194.
NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (2020). “Health Consequences of Drug Misuse”, https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/health-consequences-drug-misuse/introduction, 22.08.2020.
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