Year 2011,
Volume: 18 Issue: 3, 110 - 115, 30.09.2011
Mustafa Saygın
,
Sadettin Çalışkan
,
Halis Köylü
Abstract
Günümüzde teknolojik gelişmelerin geldiği bu noktada, iletişim araçları çeşitli ve yaygın kullanım alanlarına sahip olarak günlük yaşantımıza çeşitli kolaylıklar getirmiştir. Son yıllarda iletişim çağının inanılmaz bir hızla gelişimine paralel olarak yaşamımıza giren elektronik cihazlar; telsiz, cep telefonu, internet ağları gibi teknoloji ürünleridir. Yaşantımıza kolaylıklar sağlarken birtakım olumsuzlukları da beraberinde getirmişlerdir. Bu etkiler, çoğu kişi tarafından önemsenmeyen ve etkisini uzun zaman sonunda gösteren elektromanyetik alanın (EMA) zararlarıdır. Kablosuz yerel alan ağları (WLAN, Wireless Local Area Networks), iki yönlü geniş bant veri iletişimi sağlayan, iletim ortamı olarak fiber optik veya bakır kablo yerine telsiz frekansı (RF, Radio Frequency) veya kızılötesi ışınları kullanan ve salon bina veya kampüs gibi sınırlı bir alanda çalışan iletişim ağlarıdır. Kablosuz ağların testis dokusu ile ilişkisini incelememizde; testis dokusunun sperm üretiminin gerçekleştiği doku olması ve bu dokuda oluşabilecek olası tahribatın üreme sistemini etkileyeceği, testis dokusunun gerek iyonize gerekse noniyonize radyasyona duyarlı organ olması ve kullanıcıların dizüstü bilgisayarlarda kablosuz ağlar aracılığı ile internet bağlantısını kullanması büyük bir rol oynamıştır. Manyetik alanın etkilerinden biri olan ısı artışının testis dokusunda histopatolojik değişiklikler meydana getirmesidir.
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- Gasinska A, Hill S. The effect of hyperthermia on the mouse testis, Neoplasma 1990; 37 (3),: 357366.
- Saunders R.D and Kowalczuk C.I. The efect of acute far fýeld exposure at 2.45 GHz on the mouse testis. Int. J. Radiat. Biol 1981; 39 (6),: 587596.
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- Saunders R.D and Kowalczuk C.I, Beechey C.V, Dunford R. Studies of the induction of dominant lethals and translocations in male mice after chronic exposure to microwave radiation, Int. J. Radiat. Biol 1988; 53 (6),: 98392.
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- Cliowdhury A.K, and Steinberger E. Early chages in the germinal epithelium of rat testes followingexposure to heat, J.Reprod. Fert 1970; 22,: 205212.
- Setchell B.P, Waites G.M. H. The effect of local heating of the testis on the flow and composition of rete testis fluid in the rat with some observation on the effect of age and unilateral castration, J.Reprod. Fertil 1972; 30,: 225.
- Meistrich M.L, Eng V.W.S and Loir M. Temperature effects on the kinetics of spermatogenesis in the mouse, Cell Tissue Kinet 1970; 6,: 379393.
- Barron C.I and Baraff A.A. Medical considerations of exposure to microwaves (radar). Journal of American Medical Association 1958; 168,: 1194.
- Rosenthal D.S and Beering S.C. Hypogonadism after Microwave Radiation, Journal of the American Medicine Association (JAMA) 1968; 205 (4),: 245247.
- M. Saygin, S. Caliskan, N.Karahan, A. Koyu, N.
- Gumral, A.C. Uguz. Testicular apoptosis and histopathological changes induced by a 2.45 GHz electromagnetic field.Toxicology and Industrial Health, 2011, 10.1177/0748233710389851
- K.H. Moon, H.J. Shin, H.S. Ahn, J.Y. Kim, S.O. Shin, S.M. Yun, Y.D. H wang., Long-Term Exposure of Rats to 2.45 GHz Electromagnetic Field: Effects on Reproductive Function. Korean J Urol. Dec 2007; 48(12):13081314.
- Margonato V, Veicsteinas A, Conti R, Nicolini P, Cerretelli P. Biologic efects of prolonged exposure to ELF electromagnetic fields in rats.I. 50 Hz electric fields. Bioelectromagnetics 1995; 16:343-355.
- Navakatikian MA, Tomashevskaya. Biological effects of electric and magnetic fields.Sources and Mechanisms. Academic Press 1994.
- Marha K, Musil J. Tuha H. Electromagnetic fields and the life Environment, San Francisco Press, Inc, San Francisco, California 1971; 2947.
- Sarkar S, Ali S, Behari J. Effect of low power microwave on the mouse genome: a direct DNA analysis. Mutat Res. Jan 1994; 320(12): 1417.
Year 2011,
Volume: 18 Issue: 3, 110 - 115, 30.09.2011
Mustafa Saygın
,
Sadettin Çalışkan
,
Halis Köylü
References
- Öngel K, Gümral N, Özgüner F., The Potential Effects of Electromagnetic Field on Human Body: A Review of Turkish Literature. First Conference of Association of the GP/FM South-East Europa Abstract book, Ohrid- Macedonia, 2009; 105.
- Guyton AC, Hall JE. Týbbi Fizyoloji. Dokuzuncu Baský Nobel Týp Kitabevleri Ltd. Þti. Ýstanbul: 1003-1015, 1996
- Berne RM, Levy MN, Kooppen BM, Stanton BA, Fizyoloji. Beþinci Baský Güneþ Týp Kitabevleri Ltd. Þti. Ýstanbul: 834-838, 920-946, 2008
- Lai H, Singh NP. Melatonin and a spin-trap compound block radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation-induced D N A s t r a n d b r e a k s i n r a t b r a i n c e l l s . Bioelectromagnetics 1997; 18: 44654.
- Robison JG, Pendieton AR Monson KO, Murray BK, O'neill KL., Decreased DNA repair rates and protection from heat induced apoptosis mediated by electromagnetic fýeld exposure. Bioelectromagnetics 2002; 23(2):10612.
- Blank M, Soo L, Lin H, Henderson AS, Goodman R., Changes in transcription in HL-60 cells following exposure to alternating currents from electric fýelds. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 1992; 28.:3019.
- Blank M, Goodman R. Do electromagnetic fýelds interact directly with DNA? 1997; 18(2): 1115.
- Maes A, Verschave L, Arroyo A, DeWagter C, Vercruyssen L., Ýn vitro cytogenetic effects of 2450 MHz waves on human peripheral blood lymphocytes. B i o e l e c t r o m a g ne t i c s 1 9 9 3 ; 1 4 . : 4 9 5 5 0 1 .
- Somosy Z. Radiation response of celi organelles. Micron 2000; 31:165-81.
- Allis JW, Sinha-Robinson BL. Temperature-specifýc inhibition of human celi Na+/K+ ATPase by 2450 MHz microwave radiation. Bioelectromagnetics 1987; 8.2037.
- Elder J.A, Czerski P.A, Stuchly M.A, Mild K.H, Sheppard A.R. Radiofrequency Radiation in: Nonionizing Radiation Protection. Ed Suess M.J. Bemvcll-Morison, D.A Second Edition. WHO, Copenhagen 1989; 117173.
- Saunders R.D and Kowalczuk C.I. Effects of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation and heat on mouse spermatogenic epithelium, Int. J. Radiat. Biol 1981; 40 (6),: 623632.
- Fahim M.S, Failim Z, Der R, Hail D.G, Harman J. Heat in male contraception (hot water 60 °C, infrared, microwave and ultrasound). Contraception 1975; 11,: 54962.
- Gasinska A, Hill S. The effect of hyperthermia on the mouse testis, Neoplasma 1990; 37 (3),: 357366.
- Saunders R.D and Kowalczuk C.I. The efect of acute far fýeld exposure at 2.45 GHz on the mouse testis. Int. J. Radiat. Biol 1981; 39 (6),: 587596.
- Kequn W.X.O, Wenyu C, Dehua Y, Jie Y, Guangrong L and Huaxun R. A morphologic study of microwave influence on male fertility. ÝÜ. Light microscopic study on the influence of microwave irradiation to rat testes upon ganadotroph cells, Açta Acad Med Sichvan 1985; 16 (3),: 199-203.
- Limin Y, Zigiang L. And Bangliang Y. Effect of microwave irradiation on spermatozoa of rat epididymis in vivo, J. West. China Univ. Med. Sci 1988; 19 (3),: 257260.
- Saunders R.D and Kowalczuk C.I, Beechey C.V, Dunford R. Studies of the induction of dominant lethals and translocations in male mice after chronic exposure to microwave radiation, Int. J. Radiat. Biol 1988; 53 (6),: 98392.
- Cleary S.F, Liu L.M, Graham R and East. J. Ýn vitro fertilization of mouse ova by spermatozoa Exposed Isothermally to Radio-frequency Radiation, Bioelectromagnetics 1989; 10,: 361369.
- Beechey C.V, Brooker D, Saunders R.D, Kowalczuk C.I and Searle A.G. Cytogenetic effects of microwave irradiation of male germ cells of the mause, Int. J. Radiat. Biol 1986; 50 (5),: 909918.
- Kowalczuk C.I, Saunders R.D, Stapleton, H.R. Sperm count and sperm abnormality in male mice after exposure to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation, Mutat Res 1983; 122 (2),: 15561.
- Hail C.A, Galvin M.J, Thaxton J.P, Mc Ree D.I. Interaction of microwave radiation with turkey sperm, Radiat. Environ. Biophys 1982; 20 (2),: 14552.
- Hail C.A, Mc Ree D.I, Galvin M.J, White N.B, Thaxton J.P, Christensen V.L. Influence of in vitro microwave radiation on the fertilizing capacity of turkey sperm, Bioelectromagnetics 1983; 4 (1),: 4354.
- Mc Ree D.I, Thaxton J.P, Parkhurst C.R. Reproduction in male Japanese Quail exposed to microwave radiation during embriyogency. Radiation Research 1983; 96(1), 518.
- Cliowdhury A.K, and Steinberger E. Early chages in the germinal epithelium of rat testes followingexposure to heat, J.Reprod. Fert 1970; 22,: 205212.
- Setchell B.P, Waites G.M. H. The effect of local heating of the testis on the flow and composition of rete testis fluid in the rat with some observation on the effect of age and unilateral castration, J.Reprod. Fertil 1972; 30,: 225.
- Meistrich M.L, Eng V.W.S and Loir M. Temperature effects on the kinetics of spermatogenesis in the mouse, Cell Tissue Kinet 1970; 6,: 379393.
- Barron C.I and Baraff A.A. Medical considerations of exposure to microwaves (radar). Journal of American Medical Association 1958; 168,: 1194.
- Rosenthal D.S and Beering S.C. Hypogonadism after Microwave Radiation, Journal of the American Medicine Association (JAMA) 1968; 205 (4),: 245247.
- M. Saygin, S. Caliskan, N.Karahan, A. Koyu, N.
- Gumral, A.C. Uguz. Testicular apoptosis and histopathological changes induced by a 2.45 GHz electromagnetic field.Toxicology and Industrial Health, 2011, 10.1177/0748233710389851
- K.H. Moon, H.J. Shin, H.S. Ahn, J.Y. Kim, S.O. Shin, S.M. Yun, Y.D. H wang., Long-Term Exposure of Rats to 2.45 GHz Electromagnetic Field: Effects on Reproductive Function. Korean J Urol. Dec 2007; 48(12):13081314.
- Margonato V, Veicsteinas A, Conti R, Nicolini P, Cerretelli P. Biologic efects of prolonged exposure to ELF electromagnetic fields in rats.I. 50 Hz electric fields. Bioelectromagnetics 1995; 16:343-355.
- Navakatikian MA, Tomashevskaya. Biological effects of electric and magnetic fields.Sources and Mechanisms. Academic Press 1994.
- Marha K, Musil J. Tuha H. Electromagnetic fields and the life Environment, San Francisco Press, Inc, San Francisco, California 1971; 2947.
- Sarkar S, Ali S, Behari J. Effect of low power microwave on the mouse genome: a direct DNA analysis. Mutat Res. Jan 1994; 320(12): 1417.