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The Validity and Reliability Study of the Student Academic Optimism Attitude Scale

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 192 - 228, 15.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.29250/sead.1623948

Abstract

Student academic optimism is a critical factor that positively influences students' educational processes by contributing to their academic, psychological, social, and emotional development. In this regard, revealing the current state of students' academic optimism holds great importance for developing educational strategies and creating supportive programs for students. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool to assess student academic optimism. The research was conducted based on quantitative research methods, following a four-stage process in the scale development phase: preparing the draft scale, obtaining expert opinions, conducting a pilot study, and performing validity and reliability analyses. In the preparation phase of the draft scale, a literature review was scrutinized, and interviews with 10 students were analyzed. The item pool was reviewed by experts, adjustments were made, and a pilot study was conducted to identify whether or not any items that decreased internal consistency. For the validity and reliability analysis, principal components analysis was utilized to examine construct validity. The analysis revealed that the scale exhibited a three-factor structure consisting of 26 items. Considering the common meanings of the items within these factors, the three factors were named as Trust in Teachers, Academic Emphasis, and Identification with School. Internal consistency coefficients, including Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega, were calculated for both the sub-dimensions and the overall scale, determining that the scale and its sub-dimensions had a high level of internal consistency. The structure of the scale was confirmed by Confirmatory Factor Analysis and it was determined that the compatibility of the model with the data was good. Fit indices support how well the scale matches the theoretical model and confirm the validity of the scale. It has been revealed that the Student Academic Optimism Attitude Scale, which was developed as a result of the research, is a valid and reliable tool that can be used to measure academic optimism.

Ethical Statement

* This study was produced from the master's thesis prepared by Elif KOCA supervised by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tuba AKPOLAT. CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT There is no conflict of interest. RESEARCH AND PUBLICATION ETHICS STATEMENT The author declares that research and publication ethics are followed in this study. The necessary permission to conduct the study was obtained from Social and Human Sciences Research and Publication Ethics Committee of Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar University (15.12.2022-88947) AUTHOR LIABILITY STATEMENT The authors declare that the “Conceptual Framework, Research, Data Analysis, Visualization” part of this work was done by Elif KOCA, “Method Design, Data Analysis, Review and Editing, Visualization” part of this work was done by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tuba AKPOLAT.

References

  • Adams, C. M., & Forsyth, P. B. (2009). Conceptualizing and validating a measure of student trust. In W. K. Hoy & M. DiPaola (Eds.), Studies in school improvement (pp. 263-279). Information Age Publishing.
  • Ayre, C., & Scally, A. J. (2014). Critical values for Lawshe’s content validity ratio: Revisiting the original methods of calculation. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 47(1), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175613513808
  • Banerjee, P., & Puri, A. (2016). The symphony of OAM (Optimism Attitude Model) impacting performance and mental health. EC Psychology and Psychiatry, 1(4), 149-157. https://ecronicon.net/assets/ecpp/pdf/ECPP-01-000024.pdf adresinden 21.7.2024 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall.
  • Bassak, F., Behjati Ardakani, F., Mohammadpanah Ardakan, A., & Abbasi, S. (2024). The mediating role of academic optimism in the relationship between mindfulness and resiliency and high school female students' academic performance. Journal of Research in Educational Systems, 18(64), 115-131. https://doi.org/10.22034/jiera.2024.433648.3102
  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). Guilford Publications.
  • Bryman, A., & Cramer, D. (2001). Quantitative data analysis with SPSS release 10 for Windows. Routledge.
  • Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (3rd ed.). Routledge.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2021). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı: İstatistik, araştırma deseni, SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum (29th ed.). Pegem Akademi.
  • DeVellis, R.F. (2017). Scale development: Theory and applications. Sage Publications.
  • Erkuş, A. (2014). Psikolojide ölçme ve ölçek geliştirme-1. Pegem Akademi.
  • Erkuş, A., & Selvi, A. (2021). Psikolojide ölçme ve ölçek geliştirme III: Ölçek uyarlama ve “norm” geliştirme. Pegem Akademi.
  • Fan, W., Williams, C. M., & Corkin, D. M. (2011). A multilevel analysis of student perceptions of school climate: The effect of social and academic risk factors. Psychology in the Schools, 48(6), 632-647. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20579
  • Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Finn, J. D. (1989). Withdrawing from school. Review of Educational Research, 59(2), 117-142. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543059002117
  • Finn, J. D., & Voelkl, K. E. (1993). School characteristics related to student engagement. Journal of Negro Education, 62(3), 249-268. https://doi.org/10.2307/2295464
  • Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., & Paris, A. H. (2004). School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence. Review of Educational Research, 74(1), 59-109. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543074001059
  • Fredriksen, K., & Rhodes, J. (2004). The role of teacher relationships in the lives of students. New Directions for Youth Development, 103, 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/yd.90
  • Goldberg, L. W., & Digman, J. M. (1994). Revealing structure in the data: Principles of exploratory factor analysis. In S. Strack & M. Lorr (Eds.), Differentiating normal and abnormal personality (pp. 216-242). Springer.
  • Goddard, R. D., Sweetland, S. R., & Hoy, W. K. (2000). Academic emphasis of urban elementary schools and student achievement in reading and mathematics: A multilevel analysis. Educational Administration Quarterly, 36(5), 683-702. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X00365004 19.7.2023 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Harrington, D. (2009). Confirmatory factor analysis. Oxford University Press.
  • Hoy, W. K. (1972). Dimensions of student alienation and characteristics of public schools. Interchange, 3(4), 38-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02214379 adresinden 19.7.2023 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Hoy, W. K., & Hannum, J. (1997). Middle school climate: An empirical assessment of organizational health and student achievement. Educational Administration Quarterly, 33(3), 290-311. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X97033003003 adresinden 19.7.2023 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Hoy, A. W., Hoy, W. K., & Kurz, N. M. (2008). Teacher's academic optimism: The development and test of a new construct. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24(4), 821-835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2007.08.004
  • Hoy, W. K., Tarter, C. J., & Hoy, A. W. (2010). Academic optimism of schools. In W. K. Hoy & M. DiPaola (Eds.), Essential ideas for the reform of American schools (pp. 199-224). Information Age Publishing.
  • Hoy, W. K., & Tschannen-Moran, M. (1999). Five faces of trust: An empirical confirmation in urban elementary schools. Journal of School Leadership, 8, 336-359. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/105268469900900301
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Kahn, J. H. (2006). Factor analysis in counseling psychology research, training, and practice: Principles, advances, and applications. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(5), 684-718. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006286347
  • Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
  • Lane, A. M., Hall, R. ve Lane, J. (2004). Self efficacy and statistics performance among sport studies students. Teaching in Higher Education, 9(4), 435-448.
  • McCowan, R. J., & McCowan, S. C. (1999). Item analysis for criterion-referenced tests. CDHS.
  • McGuigan, L. (2005). The role of enabling bureaucracy and academic optimism in academic achievement growth (Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University). The Ohio State University.
  • Meydan, C. H., & Şeşen, H. (2015). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi AMOS uygulamaları. Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Ratnawati, V., Setyosari, P., Ramli, M., & Atmoko, A. (2021). Development of academic optimism model in learning for junior high school students. European Journal of Educational Research, 10(4), 1741-1753. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.10.4.1741
  • Rezaei, A., Karimi, H., Rigifarid, A., & Ataei, P. (2023). Factors influencing academic optimism and its impact on academic achievement of students of agriculture vocational schools in Iran. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/1389224X.2023.2223523
  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
  • Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13(4), 249-275. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1304_01
  • Şenay, H. H. (2018). The relationships among academic self-efficacy, academic optimism, family income and academic achievement (Yayın No. 521297) [Yüksek lisans tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi]. YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th International ed.). Pearson.
  • Tavşancıl, E. (2006). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi (3rd ed.). Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Tschannen-Moran, M., Bankole, R. A., Mitchell, R. M., Dennis, M. M., & Moore, D. M., Jr. (2013). Student academic optimism: A confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Educational Administration, 51(2), 150-175. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578231311304689
  • Uzun, E. B. (2014). Sınıf öğretmenlerinin sahip olduğu değerler ile akademik iyimserlik düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Gazi Üniversitesi.
  • Voelkl, K. E. (1997). Identification with school. American Journal of Education, 105(3), 294-318.
  • Wehlage, G., Rutter, R., Smith, G., Lesko, N., & Fernandez, R. (1989). Reducing the risk: Schools as communities of support. Philadelphia: Farmer Press.
  • Weiner, B. (1990). History of motivational research in education. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(4), 616-622. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.82.4.616
  • Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 46(Özel Sayı), 74-85. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iuisletme/issue/32177/357061

Öğrenci Akademik İyimserliği Tutum Ölçeği Geçerlik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 192 - 228, 15.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.29250/sead.1623948

Abstract

Öğrenci akademik iyimserliği, öğrencilerin akademik, psikolojik, sosyal ve duygusal gelişimlerine katkıda bulunarak, onların eğitim süreçlerini olumlu yönde etkileyen kritik bir faktördür. Bu bakımdan öğrencilerin akademik iyimserliğine ilişkin mevcut durumun ortaya konması, eğitim stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi ve öğrencilere yönelik destekleyici programların oluşturulması açısından büyük bir önem taşımaktadır. Bu doğrultuda araştırmanın amacı, öğrenci akademik iyimserliğini ölçebilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı geliştirmektir. Araştırma, nicel araştırma yöntemlerine dayalı olarak gerçekleştirilmiş ve ölçek geliştirme sürecinde ölçek taslağının hazırlanması, uzman görüşlerinin alınması, pilot uygulama ve geçerlik ile güvenilirlik analizlerinden oluşan dört aşamalı bir süreç takip edilmiştir. Ölçek taslağının hazırlanması aşamasında, alanyazın taranmış ve 10 öğrenci ile yapılan görüşmeler analiz edilmiştir. Madde havuzu uzman görüşüne sunularak düzenlemeler yapılmış ve pilot uygulama ile iç tutarlılığı düşüren madde olup olmadığı kontrol edilmiştir. Geçerlik ve güvenilirlik analizi kapsamında yapı geçerliliği için temel bileşenler analizi kullanılmıştır. Analiz neticesinde, ölçeğin 26 maddeden oluşan üç faktörlü yapı sergilediği görülmüştür. Faktörleri oluşturan maddelerin ortaya koyduğu ortak anlamlar dikkate alınarak üç faktör, Öğretmene Güven, Akademik Vurgu ve Okulla Özdeşleşme olarak isimlendirilmiştir. Alt boyutlar ve ölçek tamamı için iç tutarlılık, Crombach’s alfa ve McDonald’s omega katsayıları incelenerek tespit edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda ölçek ve alt boyutlarının yüksek düzeyde iç tutarlılığa sahip olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi ile ölçeğin yapısı doğrulanmış, modelin verilerle uyumunun iyi olduğu belirlenmiştir. Uyum indeksleri, ölçeğin teorik modelle ne kadar iyi örtüştüğünü desteklemekte ve ölçeğin geçerliliğini doğrulamaktadır. Araştırma sonucunda geliştirilen Öğrenci Akademik İyimserlik Ölçeği'nin, akademik iyimserliği ölçmek için kullanılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir araç olduğu ortaya konulmuştur.

Ethical Statement

* Bu çalışma Doç. Dr. Tuba AKPOLAT’ın danışmanlığında Elif KOCA’nın hazırlamış olduğu yüksek lisans tezinden üretilmiştir. ÇIKAR ÇATIŞMASI BEYANI Yazarlar bu çalışmalarında herhangi bir şekilde çıkar çatışması olmadığını beyan ederler. ARAŞTIRMA VE YAYIN ETİĞİ BEYANI Yazarlar bu çalışmalarında araştırma ve yayın etiğine uyulduğunu beyan ederler. Araştırma için Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Beşerî Bilimler Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Kurulundan (15.12.2022 tarih ve 88947 numaralı) etik kurul izni alınmıştır. YAZAR SORUMLULUK BEYANI Yazarlar bu çalışmanın “Kavramsal Çerçeve, Araştırma, Veri Analizi, Görselleştirme” kısmının Elif KOCA, “Yöntem Tasarımı, Veri Analizi, İnceleme ve Düzenleme, Görselleştirme” kısmının Doç. Dr. Tuba AKPOLAT tarafından yapıldığını beyan ederler.

References

  • Adams, C. M., & Forsyth, P. B. (2009). Conceptualizing and validating a measure of student trust. In W. K. Hoy & M. DiPaola (Eds.), Studies in school improvement (pp. 263-279). Information Age Publishing.
  • Ayre, C., & Scally, A. J. (2014). Critical values for Lawshe’s content validity ratio: Revisiting the original methods of calculation. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 47(1), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175613513808
  • Banerjee, P., & Puri, A. (2016). The symphony of OAM (Optimism Attitude Model) impacting performance and mental health. EC Psychology and Psychiatry, 1(4), 149-157. https://ecronicon.net/assets/ecpp/pdf/ECPP-01-000024.pdf adresinden 21.7.2024 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall.
  • Bassak, F., Behjati Ardakani, F., Mohammadpanah Ardakan, A., & Abbasi, S. (2024). The mediating role of academic optimism in the relationship between mindfulness and resiliency and high school female students' academic performance. Journal of Research in Educational Systems, 18(64), 115-131. https://doi.org/10.22034/jiera.2024.433648.3102
  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). Guilford Publications.
  • Bryman, A., & Cramer, D. (2001). Quantitative data analysis with SPSS release 10 for Windows. Routledge.
  • Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (3rd ed.). Routledge.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2021). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı: İstatistik, araştırma deseni, SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum (29th ed.). Pegem Akademi.
  • DeVellis, R.F. (2017). Scale development: Theory and applications. Sage Publications.
  • Erkuş, A. (2014). Psikolojide ölçme ve ölçek geliştirme-1. Pegem Akademi.
  • Erkuş, A., & Selvi, A. (2021). Psikolojide ölçme ve ölçek geliştirme III: Ölçek uyarlama ve “norm” geliştirme. Pegem Akademi.
  • Fan, W., Williams, C. M., & Corkin, D. M. (2011). A multilevel analysis of student perceptions of school climate: The effect of social and academic risk factors. Psychology in the Schools, 48(6), 632-647. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20579
  • Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Finn, J. D. (1989). Withdrawing from school. Review of Educational Research, 59(2), 117-142. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543059002117
  • Finn, J. D., & Voelkl, K. E. (1993). School characteristics related to student engagement. Journal of Negro Education, 62(3), 249-268. https://doi.org/10.2307/2295464
  • Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., & Paris, A. H. (2004). School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence. Review of Educational Research, 74(1), 59-109. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543074001059
  • Fredriksen, K., & Rhodes, J. (2004). The role of teacher relationships in the lives of students. New Directions for Youth Development, 103, 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/yd.90
  • Goldberg, L. W., & Digman, J. M. (1994). Revealing structure in the data: Principles of exploratory factor analysis. In S. Strack & M. Lorr (Eds.), Differentiating normal and abnormal personality (pp. 216-242). Springer.
  • Goddard, R. D., Sweetland, S. R., & Hoy, W. K. (2000). Academic emphasis of urban elementary schools and student achievement in reading and mathematics: A multilevel analysis. Educational Administration Quarterly, 36(5), 683-702. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X00365004 19.7.2023 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Harrington, D. (2009). Confirmatory factor analysis. Oxford University Press.
  • Hoy, W. K. (1972). Dimensions of student alienation and characteristics of public schools. Interchange, 3(4), 38-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02214379 adresinden 19.7.2023 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Hoy, W. K., & Hannum, J. (1997). Middle school climate: An empirical assessment of organizational health and student achievement. Educational Administration Quarterly, 33(3), 290-311. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X97033003003 adresinden 19.7.2023 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Hoy, A. W., Hoy, W. K., & Kurz, N. M. (2008). Teacher's academic optimism: The development and test of a new construct. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24(4), 821-835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2007.08.004
  • Hoy, W. K., Tarter, C. J., & Hoy, A. W. (2010). Academic optimism of schools. In W. K. Hoy & M. DiPaola (Eds.), Essential ideas for the reform of American schools (pp. 199-224). Information Age Publishing.
  • Hoy, W. K., & Tschannen-Moran, M. (1999). Five faces of trust: An empirical confirmation in urban elementary schools. Journal of School Leadership, 8, 336-359. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/105268469900900301
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Kahn, J. H. (2006). Factor analysis in counseling psychology research, training, and practice: Principles, advances, and applications. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(5), 684-718. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006286347
  • Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
  • Lane, A. M., Hall, R. ve Lane, J. (2004). Self efficacy and statistics performance among sport studies students. Teaching in Higher Education, 9(4), 435-448.
  • McCowan, R. J., & McCowan, S. C. (1999). Item analysis for criterion-referenced tests. CDHS.
  • McGuigan, L. (2005). The role of enabling bureaucracy and academic optimism in academic achievement growth (Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University). The Ohio State University.
  • Meydan, C. H., & Şeşen, H. (2015). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi AMOS uygulamaları. Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Ratnawati, V., Setyosari, P., Ramli, M., & Atmoko, A. (2021). Development of academic optimism model in learning for junior high school students. European Journal of Educational Research, 10(4), 1741-1753. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.10.4.1741
  • Rezaei, A., Karimi, H., Rigifarid, A., & Ataei, P. (2023). Factors influencing academic optimism and its impact on academic achievement of students of agriculture vocational schools in Iran. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/1389224X.2023.2223523
  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
  • Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13(4), 249-275. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1304_01
  • Şenay, H. H. (2018). The relationships among academic self-efficacy, academic optimism, family income and academic achievement (Yayın No. 521297) [Yüksek lisans tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi]. YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th International ed.). Pearson.
  • Tavşancıl, E. (2006). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi (3rd ed.). Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Tschannen-Moran, M., Bankole, R. A., Mitchell, R. M., Dennis, M. M., & Moore, D. M., Jr. (2013). Student academic optimism: A confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Educational Administration, 51(2), 150-175. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578231311304689
  • Uzun, E. B. (2014). Sınıf öğretmenlerinin sahip olduğu değerler ile akademik iyimserlik düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Gazi Üniversitesi.
  • Voelkl, K. E. (1997). Identification with school. American Journal of Education, 105(3), 294-318.
  • Wehlage, G., Rutter, R., Smith, G., Lesko, N., & Fernandez, R. (1989). Reducing the risk: Schools as communities of support. Philadelphia: Farmer Press.
  • Weiner, B. (1990). History of motivational research in education. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(4), 616-622. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.82.4.616
  • Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 46(Özel Sayı), 74-85. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iuisletme/issue/32177/357061
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Curriculum and Instration (Other)
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Elif Koca 0000-0003-4177-5745

Tuba Akpolat 0000-0001-5907-6972

Publication Date March 15, 2025
Submission Date January 27, 2025
Acceptance Date March 13, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Koca, E., & Akpolat, T. (2025). The Validity and Reliability Study of the Student Academic Optimism Attitude Scale. The Journal of Limitless Education and Research, 10(1), 192-228. https://doi.org/10.29250/sead.1623948

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