Year 2024,
Volume: 42 Issue: 3, 633 - 641, 12.06.2024
Ebru Efeoğlu
,
Gürkan Tuna
References
- REFERENCES
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Use of scattering parameters measured via a patch antenna and processed via regression analysis for flash point prediction of flammable liquid mixtures
Year 2024,
Volume: 42 Issue: 3, 633 - 641, 12.06.2024
Ebru Efeoğlu
,
Gürkan Tuna
Abstract
Flash point is an important parameter to determine the flammability properties of liquids. For this reason, determining the flash points of liquids is necessary for taking the necessary pre-cautions for the storage and transportation of liquids. We propose that scattering parameters can be used to predict the flash points of flammable liquid mixtures. Therefore, in this study scattering parameters of various aqueous solutions were obtained using an antenna designed for this purpose and then the relationship between the flash points of the aqueous solutions and the scattering parameter was revealed by regression analysis. The results show that it is possible to predict the flash points of pure liquids and aqueous solutions from their scattering parameter measurement.
References
- REFERENCES
- [1] Tamanini F. Development of an engineering tool to quantify the explosion hazard of flammable liquid spills. Process Saf Prog 2002;21:245253.
- [2] Planas E, Arnaldos J, Darbra RM, Muñoz M, Pastor E, Vílchez J. Historical evolution of process safety and major-accident hazards prevention in Spain. Contribution of the pioneer Joaquim Casal. J Loss Prev Process Ind 2014;28:109117.
- [3] Alonzo RJ, Russo MJ, Stavinoha K. Changes in API RP500-2012: Combustible liquids and vapors. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 2016;53:684692.
- [4] Prugh RW. Life‐safety concerns in chemical plants. Process Saf Prog 2016;35:1825.
- [5] Kadri F, Châtelet E, Lallement P. The assessment of risk caused by fire and explosion in chemical process industry: A domino effect-based study. J Risk Anal Crisis Response 2013;3:6676.
- [6] Morrison DT, Stern M, Osorio‐Amado CH. Waste solvents to trash haulers: Lessons learned from hazardous waste accidents. Process Saf Prog 2018;37:427441.
- [7] Ness A, Gibson R. Handling chemicals in small containers. Process Saf Prog 2005;24:299302.
- [8] Alexeev SG, Smirnov VV, Alexeev KS, Barbin NM. First naphthometers to determine the flash point of liquids: IV.1 closed and distillation testers. Russ J Gen Chem 2021;916:11781189.
- [9] Ma T, Wang Q, Larranaga MD. From ignition to suppression, a thermal view of flammability limits. Fire Technol 2014;50:525543.
- [10] Alexeev S, Smirnov V, Barbin N, Alexeeva D. Evolution of the classification of flammable and combustible liquids in Russia. Process Saf Prog 2018;37:230236.
- [11] da Cunha S, Gerbaud V, Shcherbakova N, Liaw HJ. Classification for ternary flash point mixtures diagrams regarding miscible flammable compounds. Fluid Ph Equilibria 2018;466:110123.
- [12] Di Benedetto A, Sanchirico R, Di Sarli V. Effect of pressure on the flash point of various fuels and their binary mixtures. Process Saf Environ Prot 2018;116:615620.
- [13] Ding C, Yao W, Zhou D, Rong J, Zhang Y, Zhang W, et al. Experimental study and hazard analysis on the flash point of flammable liquids at high altitudes. J Fire Sci 2013;31:469477.
- [14] Li Y, Huang H, Zhang J, Wang Z, Jiang C. Large-scale experimental study on the spread and burning behavior of continuous liquid fuel spill fires on water. J Fire Sci 2014;32:391405.
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- [18] Ahmed HE, Tahoun IF, Zakel S. Development of decahydronaphthalene reference material for low flash point measurements. Egyptian J Pet 2021;30:710.
- [19] Shehata AB, Rizk MS, Farag AM, Tahoun IF. MAPAN-J. Metrol Soc India 2014;29:183194.
- [20] European cooperation for Accreditation of Laboratories (EAL). Traceability of measuring and test equipment to national standards. Available at: http://www.sadcmet.org/SADCWaterLab/Archived_Reports/2006%20Reports%20and%20Docs/EA-4-07T.pdf. Accessed on May 7, 2024.
- [21] Chen LF, Ong CK, Neo CP, Varadan VV, Varadan VK. Microwave Electronics: Measurement and Materials Characterization. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons; 2004.
- [22] Wan C, Nauwelaers B, De Raedt W, Van Rossum M. Two new measurement methods for explicit determination of complex permittivity. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech 1998;46:1614–1619.
- [23] Wan C, Nauwelaers B, De Raedt W, Van Rossum M. Complex permittivity measurement method based on asymmetry of reciprocal two-ports. Electron Lett 1996;32:14971498.
- [24] Hasar UC, Kaya Y. Reference-independent microwave method for constitutive parameters determination of liquid materials from measured scattering parameters. J Electromagn Waves Appl 2011;25:17081717.
- [25] Hasar UC, Simsek O, Zateroglu MK, Ekinci AE. A microwave method for unique and non-ambiguous permittivity determination of liquid materials from measured uncalibrated scattering parameters. Prog Electromagn Res 2009;95:7385.
- [26] Wang Y, Afsar MN. Measurement of complex permittivity of liquids using waveguide techniques. Prog Electromagn Res 2003;42:131–142.
- [27] International Labour Organization. International chemical safety cards (ICSC). Available at: https://chemicalsafety.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.home. Accessed on May 7, 2024.
- [28] Maynard RL. The Merck Index: 12th edition 1996. Occup Environ Med 1997;54:288.
- [29] Freedman DA. Statistical Models: Theory and Practice. Revised ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2009.
- [30] Dodge Y. The Concise Encyclopedia of Statistics. 1st ed. New York: Springer; 2008.
- [31] Martinka J, Rantuch P, Wachter I. Impact of water content on energy potential and combustion characteristics of methanol and ethanol fuels. Energies 2019;12:3491.
- [32] Astbury G, Bugand-Bugandet J, Grollet E, Stell K. Flash points of aqueous solutions of flammable solvents. Inst Chem Eng Symp Ser 2004;150:489506.
- [33] Chen Q, Kang G, Zhou T, Wang J. Fire hazard analysis of alcohol aqueous solution and Chinese liquor based on flash point. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 2017;241:012036.