ÇİN’İN YÜKSELİŞİ VE ASYA’NIN YENİDEN DENGELENMESİ: NEO-GRAMŞİYAN BİR BAKIŞ
Year 2020,
Volume: 4 Issue: 3, 543 - 559, 22.11.2020
Hüseyin Korkmaz
,
Osman Köse
Abstract
20.yüzyılın son çeyreği Çin’in ekonomik anlamda belirgin bir yükselişine sahne olmuştur. Bu yükseliş 1945 sonrasında ABD tarafından inşa edilen Uluslararası Sistem içerisinde dönüşüme yönelik bir baskı yaratmıştır. Konu ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalar ABD’nin küresel ölçekte düşüşe geçtiğini, Çin’in ekonomik ve askeri modernizasyon açısından yükseldiğini iddia etmektedir. Ancak bu iddialar ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalar güç ilişkileri bağlamında incelikli bir detaylandırmadan yoksundur. Bu çalışma ABD Başkanı Barack Obama dönemi üzerinden ABD-Çin ilişkilerini küresel ölçekte Neo-Gramşiyan bir perspektif içerisinde anlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada metodolojik açıdan nitel analiz yöntemi kullanılmıştır. İlgili dönemde yayınlanan raporlar, belgeler ve konuşmalar eleştirel söylem analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Bu dönemin seçilmesinin sebebi Çin’in yükselişinin ivme kazanması ile ABD’nin küresel etkisinin azaldığı dönemin çakışmasıdır. Çin’in 2008 yılında yaşanan küresel finansal krizin ardından hızlı bir şekilde toparlanması ve büyümeye devam etmesi, Barack Obama yönetimini Çin’e yönelik kontrollü bir katılım stratejisine doğru yönlendirmiştir. Neo-Gramşiyan bakış açısıyla yürütülen bu çalışma iki açıdan önemlidir: Birincisi, Çin'in Obama dönemi boyunca sistemde kazandığı ağırlığı göreceğiz. İkincisi, ABD'nin ekonomik ve askeri düşüşünü entelektüel ve maddi temelde anlayarak bütüncül bir yaklaşım geliştireceğiz. Söz konusu dönemde Çin’in politik açıdan düşük bir profil izleyerek tüm gücünü ekonomik büyümeye yönlendirdiği, ABD’nin ise 2008 yılında yaşanan küresel finansal krizin etkileri ile boğuşmasından dolayı zayıf düştüğü görülmektedir. Çalışma, Barack Obama yönetiminde gerçekleştirilen Asya’ya dönüşün (Pivot to Asia) Çin’e yönelik ‘üstü kapalı’ bir çevreleme yaklaşımı olduğunu ancak kurumsal kapasite açısından yeterli olmadığını savunmaktadır.
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Year 2020,
Volume: 4 Issue: 3, 543 - 559, 22.11.2020
Hüseyin Korkmaz
,
Osman Köse
References
- BBC. (2012, November 15). Full text: China's new party chief Xi Jinping's speech. BBC: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-20338586 adresinden alındı.
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- Bureau, C. (2000). United States of Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c5700.html#2000 adresinden alındı.
- Chun, L. (2006). The Transformation of Chinese Socialism. Duke University Press.
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- Cox, R. (1987). Production, Power and World Order: Social Forces in the Making of History. New York: Columbia University Press.
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- Mann, J. (2012). The Obamians: The Struggle inside the White House to Redefine American Power. New York: Viking.
- Mcbride, J., & Chatzky, A. (2019, January 4). What Is the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)? Council on Foreign Relations: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-trans-pacific-partnership-tpp adresinden alındı.
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- Moran, A. (2017). Barack Obama and the Return of ‘Declinism’: Rebalancing American Foreign Policy in an Era of Multipolarity. E. Dumbrell içinde, The Obama Presidency and The Politics of Change (s. 265-287.). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Morton, A. D. (2011). Gramsci’yi Çözümlemek. İstanbul: Kalkedon Yayınları.
- NIC. (2008). Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World. www.dni.gov/nic/NIC_2025_project.html adresinden alındı.
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- Ransome, P. (2010). Antonio Gramsci Yeni Bir Giriş. Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları.
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- Stiglitz, J. (2010). Freefall: America, Free Markets, and the Sinking of the World Economy. New York: W.W. Norton, 2010.
- Wallerstein, I. (2004). Amerikan Gücünün Gerileyişi. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
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Waltz, K. (1979). Theory of International Politics. California: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
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- White House. (2011). Press Conference with President Obama and President Hu of the People's Republic of China. White House:
https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/01/19/press-conference-president-obama-and-president-hu-peoples-republic-china adresinden alındı.
- White House. (2011, November 17). Remarks By President Obama to the Australian Parliament. White House: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/11/17/remarks-president-obama-australian-parliament adresinden alındı.
- White House. (2012, January 24). Remarks by the President Obama in the State of the Union Address. Remarks by the President Obama in the State of the Union Address: http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/01/24/remarks-president-stateunion-address adresinden alındı.
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- White House. (2015, November 16). Advancing the Rebalance to Asia and the Pacific. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/11/16/fact-sheet-advancing-rebalance-asia-and-pacific adresinden alındı.
- House, W. (2016). Remarks of President Barack Obama – State of the Union Address As Delivered: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/01/12/remarks-president-barack-obama-%E2%80%93-prepared-delivery-state-union-address adresinden alındı.
- World Bank (2014). GDP Ranking. World Bank: http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/GDP-ranking-table adresinden alındı.
- Zakaria, F. (2009). The Post-America World. New York: W. W. Norton &Company.