Turizm Sektöründe Kadınların Psikolojik Güçlendirme Algılarının İş Tatminine Etkisi: Alanya Örneği

Year 2023, Volume: 20 Issue: 2, 227 - 247, 29.08.2023

Serpil Kocaman , Muharrem Aksu

https://doi.org/10.24010/soid.1226278

Abstract

Araştırmanın amacı, turizmde çalışan kadınların kültürel bağlamda ortaya çıkan psikolojik güçlendirmeye ilişkin algılarının iş tatmini üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemektir. Araştırmada nicel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmış ve veriler anket aracılığı ile toplanmıştır. Araştırma evrenini, Alanya’da faaliyet gösteren konaklama işletmelerinde çalışan kadınlar oluşturmaktadır. Verilerin analizinde SPSS ve AMOS paket programları kullanılarak; AFA ve DFA yapılmış, hipotezler ise yapısal eşitlik modellemesi ile test edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, kadın psikolojik güçlendirme boyutlarından güçlülük/savunuculuk, benlik saygısı ve eğitime yaklaşım boyutlarının iş tatmini üzerinde anlamlı bir etki yarattığı görülmüştür. Araştırma, turizm literatüründe kültürel bağlamda kadın psikolojik güçlendirme algısını ve iş tatmini üzerine etkisini inceleyen ilk araştırma olması bakımından literatüre katkı sağlamaktadır.

Keywords

iş tatmini, turizm, Psikolojik Güçlendirme, Kadının Güçlendirilmesi

The Effect of Psychological Empowerment Perceptions of Women on Job Satisfaction in Tourism and Hospitality: Alanya Case

Abstract

This article attempts to examine psychological empowerment perceptions of woman on job satisfaction in a tourism and hospitality context. Quantitative research method was used in the study and data was collected through a survey. The study population consists of women employees in Alanya. The data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software packages; exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted, and the hypotheses were tested through structural equation modeling. The study revealed that the psychological empowerment dimensions of strength/advocacy, self-esteem, and approach to education had a significant impact on job satisfaction in the tourism industry for women. As the first study to investigate the impact of cultural context-based psychological empowerment perceptions of women on job satisfaction in the tourism literature, this research contributes to the literature.

Keywords

job satisfaction, tourism, Psychological Empowerment, Women Empowerment

References

• Abd Patah, M., Mohd R., S., Abdullah, R., Adzmy, A., Adli Zain, R. ve Derani, N. (2009). The Influence of Psychological Empowerment on Overall Job Satisfaction of Front Office Receptionists. International Journal of Business and Management, 4(11), 167-76.
• Al-Ababneh, M., Al-Sabi, S., Al-Shakhsheer, F. ve Masadeh, M. (2017). The Influence of Employee Empowerment on Employee Job Satisfaction in Five-Star Hotels in Jordan. International Business Research, 10(3), 133-147.
• Alemu, S.H., Van Kempen, L. ve Ruben, R. (2018), Women Empowerment Through Self-Help Groups: The Bittersweet Fruits of Collective Apple Cultivation in Highland Ethiopia, Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 19(3), 308-330.
• Akgündüz, Y., Kale, A. ve Pazarbaşı, G. (2014). Futbol Turizmine Hizmet Eden Otel Çalışanlarının Psikolojik Güçlendirme Algılarının Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışlarına Etkisi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 11(28), 1-15.
• Arunkumar, S., Anand, A., Anand, V.V., Rengarajan, V. ve Shyam, M. (2016), Empowering rural women through micro finance: an empirical study, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(27), 1-14.
• Auerbach, C., Mcgowan, B., Ausberger, A., Strolin-Goltzam, J. ve Schudrich, W. (2010). Differential Factors Influencing Public and Voluntary Child Welfare Workers’ Intention to Leave. Children And Youth Services Review, 32, 1396-1402.
• Austin, A., Fapohunda, B., Langer, A. ve Orobaton, N. (2015). Trends in delivery with no one present in Nigeria between 2003 and 2013. International Journal Of Women's Health, 7, 345-356.
• Avey, J.B., Reichard, R.J., Luthans, F. ve Mhatre, K.H. (2011) Meta-Analysis of The Impact of Positive Psychological Capital on Employee Attitudes, Behaviors, and Performance. Human Resource Development Quarterly. 22(2), 127–152.
• Bali Swain, R. ve Wallentin, F.Y. (2012), Factors empowering women in Indian self-help group programs, International Review of Applied Economics, 26(4), 425-444.
• Basu, J.P. (2006), Microfinance and women empowerment: an empirical study with special reference to West Bengal, Indira Ghandi Institute of Development and Research, 14, 1-29.
• Batool, S. A., Ahmed, H. K. ve Qureshi, S. N. (2016). Economic and psycho-social determinants of psychological empowerment in women. Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 14(1), 21.
• Becker, D. ve Weyermann, B. (2006). Gender, Conflict Transformation and The Psychosocial Approach: Toolkit. Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation. www.deza.admin.ch.
• Bezdrob, M. ve Šunje, A. (2021). Transient Nature of The Employees’ Job Satisfaction: The Case of The It Industry in Bosnia and Herzegovina, European Research on Management and Business Economics, 27(2), 100141.
• Brayfield, A.H. ve Rothe, H.F. (1951). An Index of Job Satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 35(5), 307.
• Brody, C., De Hoop, T., Vojtkova, M., Warnock, R., Dunbar, M., Murthy, P. ve Dworkin, S.L. (2017), Can self-help group programs improve women’s empowerment? A systematic review, Journal of Development Effectiveness, 9(1), 15-40.
• Boley, B.B., Ayscue, E., Maruyama, N. ve Woosnam, K.M. (2017). Gender and Empowerment: Assessing Discrepancies Using the Resident Empowerment Through Tourism Scale. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(1), 113-129.
• Botha, C. ve Pienaar, J. (2006). South African Correctional Official Occupational Stress: The Role of Psychological Strengths. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(1), 73-84.
• Bozkur, B. (2020). Kadın Psikolojik Güç Ölçeği: Ölçek Geliştirme Çalışması. Fe Dergi. 12(2), 15-31.
• Bowen, D. E. ve Lawler III, E. E. (1995). Empowering Service Employees. Sloan Management Review, Summer, 73-84.
• Cattaneo, L.B. ve Chapman, A.R. (2010). The Process of Empowerment: A Model for Use in Research and Practice. American Psychologist, 65(7), 646.
• Chakraborty, U., ve Biswal, S. K. (2022). Psychological empowerment of women entrepreneurs: a netnographic study on twitter. Management Research Review, 45(6), 717-734.
• Chiang, C.-F. ve Jang, S. (Shawn). (2008). The Antecedents and Consequences of Psychological Empowerment: The Case of Taiwan’s Hotel Companies. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 32(1), 40–61.
• Conger, J.A. ve Kanungo, R.N. (1988). The Empowerment Process: Integrating Theory and Practice. Academy of Management Review 13, 471–482.
• Dehghani-Tafti, M., Barkhordari-Sharifabad, M., Nasiriani, K. ve Fallahzadeh, H. (2022). Ethical leadership, psychological empowerment and caring behavior from the nurses’ perspective. Clinical Ethics, 17(3), 248-255.
• Duflo, E. (2012). Women Empowerment and Economic Development. Journal of Economic Literature, 50(4), 1051-79.
• Elsahoryi, N.A., Alathamneh, A., Mahmoud, I. ve Hammad, F. (2022). Association of Salary and Intention to Stay with The Job Satisfaction of The Dietitians in Jordan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Health Policy Open, 3, 100058.
• Elshaer, I., Moustafa, M., Sobaih, A. E., Aliedan, M. ve Azazz, A. M. (2021). The Impact of Women's Empowerment on Sustainable Tourism Development: Mediating Role of Tourism Involvement. Tourism Management Perspectives, 38, 100815.
• Fisher, M.H. (2011). Factors Influencing Stress, Burnout, and Retention of Secondary Teachers. Current Issues in Education, 14.
• Francina, P.X. ve Joseph, M.V. (2013). Women Empowerment: The Psychological Dimension. Rajagiri Journal of Social Development, 5(2), 163-176.
• Fulford, M. D. ve Enz, C. A. (1995). The impact of empowerment on service employees. Journal of Managerial Issues, 7(2), 161-175.
• Garg, K., Dar, I.A. ve Mishra, M. (2018). Job Satisfaction and Work Engagement: A Study Using Private Sector Bank Managers. Advances In Developing Human Resources, 20 (1), 58-71.
• Halkos, G. ve Bousinakis, D. (2010). The Effect of Stress and Satisfaction on Productivity. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 59, 415-431.
• Hao, F., Zhang, S. ve Xiao, H. (2021). A Return to Innocence: Guimi Tourism and Women Empowerment. International Journal of Tourism Research, 23(6), 971-983.
• Harrington D. (2009). Confirmatory Factor Analysis. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Hausknecht, J.P. ve Trevor, C.O. (2011). Collective Turnover at The Group, Unit, and Organizational Levels: Evidence, Issues, And Implications, Journal of Management, 37 (1), 352-388.
• Hechanova, M.R.M., Alampay, R.B.A. ve Franco, E. P. (2006). Psychological Empowerment, Job Satisfaction and Performance Among Filipino Service Workers. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 9(1), 72-78.
• Hooper, D., Coughlan, J. ve Mullen, M.R. (2008). Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit. The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6 (1), 53- 60.
• Hu, L. ve Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cut Off Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55.
• Huis, M.A., Hansen, N., Otten, S. ve Lensink, R. (2017). A Three-Dimensional Model of Women’s Empowerment: Implications in The Field of Microfinance and Future Directions. Frontiers In Psychology, 8, 1-14.
• Mahato, T., Jha, M. K., Nayak, A. K. ve Kaushal, N. (2022). Empowerment of women through participation in self-help groups: a bibliometric analysis and systematic review. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy.
• Judge, T.A., Locke, E.A., Durham, C.C. ve Kluger, A.N. (1998). Dispositional Effects on Job and Life Satisfaction: The Role of Core Evaluations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(1), 17.
• Kabeer, N. (2001), Conflicts Over Credit: Re-Evaluating The Empowerment Potential of Loans to Women in Rural Bangladesh, World Development, 29(1), 63-84.
• Karahan, A. (2009). İnsan Kaynaklarının Geliştirilmesine Katkısı Açısından Personel Güçlendirme Yaklaşımı: Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Hastanesi Örneği. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7 (1), 95-114.
• Karasar, N. (2020), Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi: Kavramlar, İlkeler, Teknikler (35. Baskı), Ankara: Nobel Kitap.
• Khan, S.T., Bhat, M.A. ve Sangmi, M.U.D. (2020), Impact of Microfinance on Economic, Social, Political and Psychological Empowerment: Evidence from Women’s Self-Help Groups in Kashmirvalley, India, FIIB Business Review, 1-16.
• Kline, R.B. (2005). Principles And Practice of Structural Equation Modeling: A Researcher’s Guide. London: Sage Publications.
• Kozak, M. (2021). Bilimsel Araştırma: Tasarım, Yazım ve Yayım Teknikleri, Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
• Latimore, A.D., Burrell, L., Crowne, S., Ojo, K., Kluxton-Keller, F., Gustin, S. ve Duggan, A. (2017). Exploring Multilevel Factors for Family Engagement in Home Visiting Across Two National Models. Prevention Science, 18, 577-589.
• Lee, C.K., Song, H.J., Lee, H.M., Lee, S. ve Bernhard, B.J. (2013). The Impact of CSR on Casino Employees' Organizational Trust, Job Satisfaction, and Customer Orientation: An Empirical Examination of Responsible Gambling Strategies, The International Journal of Hospitality Management, 33, 406-415.
• Li, J. ve Lambert, V.A. (2008). Job Satisfaction Among Intensive Care Nurses from The People’s Republic of China. International Nursing Review Journal, 55 (1), 34-39.
• Linley, P. A. ve Harrington, S. (2006). Playing To Your Strengths. Psychologist, 19, 86–89.
• Mandal, K. C. (2013). Concept and Types of Women Empowerment. 9(2), 17–30.
• Maslach, C. ve Jackson, S.E. (1981). The Measurement of Experienced Burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2, 99-11.
• Mathew, J. ve Nair, S. (2021). Psychological Empowerment and Job Satisfaction: A Meta-Analytic Review. Vision, 26(4), 431-440.
• Mathieu, C. Fabi, B., Lacoursière, R. ve Raymond, L. (2016). The Role of Supervisory Behavior, Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment on Employee Turnover, Journal of Management & Organization, 22(1), 113-129.
• Mohsen, M.A. (2014, October). Psychological Empowerment and Job Satisfaction In The Hotel Industry: A Study on Egyptian Employees In KSA Hotels. In 32nd Eurochrie Conference. Hospitality and Tourism Futures, 6-9.
• Movono, A. ve Dahles, H. (2017). Female Empowerment and Tourism: A Focus on Businesses in A Fijian Village. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(6), 681-692.
• Moslehpour, M., Chang, M.L., Pham, V.K. ve Dadvari, A. (2022). Adopting The Configurational Approach to The Analysis of Job Satisfaction in Mongolia, European Research on Management and Business Economics, 28(1), 100179.
• Mrema, A. A. (2015). Tourism and Women Empowerment In Monduli District, Arusha-Tanzania. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 4(2), 1-14.
• Nassani, A.A., Aldakhil, A.M., Abro, M.M.Q., Islam, T. ve Zaman, K. (2019). The Impact of Tourism and Finance on Women Empowerment. Journal of Policy Modeling, 41(2), 234-254.
• Nathans, L., Gill, S., Molloy, S. ve Greenberg, M. (2019). Home Visitor Readiness, Job Support, and Job Satisfaction Across Three Home Visitation Programs: A Retrospective Analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 106, 104388.
• Neogi, C., Bhandari, A.K. ve Ghosh, S. (2018), Women’s Entrepreneurship and Microfinance, Springer, Singapore.
• Oladipo, S.E. (2009). Psychological empowerment and development. Edo Journal of Counselling, 2(1), 118-126.
• Park, Y. J. ve Ji-Hwan, Y. (2012). A Study on The Effect of Psychological Empowerment on The Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction. Journal of Tourism Sciences, 36(2), 221-240.
• Pathman, D.E., Konrad, T.R., Williams, E. S., Scheckler, W.E., Linzer, M. ve Douglas, J. (2002). Physician Job Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction, and Turnover. Journal of Family Practice, 51(7), 593-594.
• Pekdemir, I., Özçelik, O., Karabulut, E. ve Arslantaş, C. C. (2006). Personel Güçlendirme, İş Tatmini ve Örgütsel Bağlılık Arasındaki İlişkileri Belirlemeye Yönelik Bir Çalışma. Verimlilik Dergisi, 4(16), 1-22.
• Pelit, E., Öztürk, Y. ve Arslantürk, Y. (2011). The Effects of Employee Empowerment on Employee Job Satisfaction: A Study on Hotels in Turkey. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 23(6), 784-802.
• Peeters, L.W. ve Ateljevic, I. (2017). Women Empowerment Entrepreneurship Nexus In Tourism: Processes Of Social Innovation. In Tourism and Entrepreneurship (ss. 94-109). Routledge.
• Peterson, C. ve Seligman, M.E. (2003). Character Strengths Before and After September 11. Psychological Science, 14, 381–384.
• Radwan, R.M., Bentley, J.P., Patterson, J.A., Dixon, D.L. ve Salgado, T.M. (2022). Predictors of Job Satisfaction Among Pharmacists: A Regional Workforce Survey, Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy, 5, 100124.
• Rowlands, J. (1997). Questioning Empowerment: Working with Women in Honduras. Oxfarm, UK: Oxford.
• Saari, L.M. ve Judge, T.A. (2004). Employee Attitudes and Job Satisfaction. Human Resource Management: Published in Cooperation with The School of Business Administration, The University of Michigan and In Alliance with The Society of Human Resources Management, 43(4), 395-407.
• Salazar, J. P. (2000). The relationships between hospitality employee empowerment, overall job satisfaction and organizational commitment: A study of race and gender differences. Doctoral Dissertation, Auburn University, Alabama. Dissertation Abstract International, 61(03).
• Schudrich, W.Z., Liao, A., Lawrence, C., Auerbach, C., Gomes, A., Fernandes, G. ve Claiborne, N. (2013). Intention to Leave in Social Workers and Educators Employed in Voluntary Child Welfare Agencies. Children and Youth Services Review, 35, 657-663.
• Schuler, S. R., Hashemi, S. M. ve Riley, A. P. (1997). The influence of women’s changing roles and status in Bangladesh’s fertility transition: Evidence from a study of credit programs and contraceptive use. World Development, 25(4), 563- 575.
• Senapati, A.K. ve Ojha, K. (2019), Socio-economic empowerment of women through microentrepreneurship: evidence from Odisha, India, International Journal of Rural Management, 15(2), 159-184.
• Sheena.ve Naresh, G. (2017), Orchids in the wild’: an investigation into entrepreneurial education effectiveness and empowerment among women’s SHGs, Entrepreneurship Education, Springer, Singapore.
• Singhania, O., Swain, S. ve George, B. (2021). Women Empowerment in A Traditional Masculine Industry: Tourism in Context. Economics, Management and Sustainability, 6(2), 60-71.
• Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). Psychological Empowerment in The Workplace: Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1442-1465.
• Su, M.M., Wall, G., Ma, J., Notarianni, M. ve Wang, S. (2020). Empowerment of Women Through Cultural Tourism: Perspectives of Hui Minority Embroiderers in Ningxia, China. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 31(2), 307-328.
• Stromquist, N.P. (2015). Women’s Empowerment and Education: Linking Knowledge to Transformative Action. European Journal of Education, 50(3), 307-324.
• Strümpfer, D. J. W. (1995). The Origins of Health and Strength: From Salutogenesis to Fortigenesis. South African Journal of Psychology, 25, 81-89.
• Tabachnick, B.G. ve Fidell, L.S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics. Needham Heights, Ma: Allyn & Bacon.
• Tavşancıl, E. (2002). Tutumların Ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile Veri Analizi. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
• Tetik, N. (2016). The Effects of Psychological Empowerment on Job Satisfaction and Job Performance of Tourist Guides. International Journal of Academic Research In Business And Social Sciences, 6(2), 221-239.
• Thomas, K.W. ve Tymon Jr, W.G. (1993). Testing And Refining an Interpretive Model of Empowerment (Unpublished Manuscript). Villanova University.
• Thomas, K.W. ve Velthouse, B.A. (1990). Cognitive Elements of Empowerement: An Interpretive Model of Intrinsic Task Motivation. Academic Management Review,15(4), 666-681.
• Tolay, E., Sürvegil, O. ve Topoyan, M. (2012). Akademik Çalışma Ortamında Yapısal ve Psikolojik Güçlendirmenin Duygusal Bağlılık ve İş Doyumu Üzerindeki Etkileri. Ege Akademik Bakış, 12(4), 449-465.
• UNWTO, (2019). Global Report on Women in Tourism Second Edition. Madrid, Spain. Vinodhini, R.L. ve Vaijayanthi, P. (2016), Self-help group and socio-economic empowerment of women in rural India, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(27), 67-89.
• Visser, M.R., Smets, E.M. Oort, F.J. ve De Haes, H.C. (2003). Stress, Satisfaction, and Burnout Among Dutch Medical Specialists. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 168, 271-275.
• White, E.M., Aiken, L.H., Sloane, D.M. ve Mchugh, M.D. (2020). Nursing Homework Environment, Care Quality, Registered Nurse Burnout and Job Dissatisfaction. Geriatri Nursing Journal., 41(2), 158-164.
• Wood, A.M., Linley, P.A., Maltby, J., Kashdan, T.B. ve Hurling, R. (2011). Using Personal and Psychological Strengths Leads to Increases in Well-Being Over Time: A Longitudinal Study and The Development of The Strengths Use Questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(1), 15-19.
• Wright, T.A. ve Cropanzano, R. (2000). Psychological Well-Being and Job Satisfaction as Predictors of Job Performance. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 84-94.
• Zaei, M.E., Kapil, P., Pelekh, O. ve Nasab, A.T. (2018), Does micro-credit empower women through self-help groups? Evidence from Punjab, Northern India, Societies, 8(3), 1-15.