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TÜRKİYE’DE SURİYELİ SIĞINMACILARA YAKLAŞIMLAR: TEMAS VE TEHDİT KURAMLARININ ANALİZİ

Year 2021, , 185 - 236, 24.10.2021

Taylan Acar

https://doi.org/10.18490/sosars.1014225
Cited By: 4

Abstract

Türkiye toplumunun Suriyeli sığınmacılara karşı tutumlarını etkileyen faktörler nelerdir? Elinizdeki çalışma Türkiye’de çok sık sorulan ancak akademik yazında çok az araştırılan bu soruya odaklanmaktadır. KONDA Araştırma ve Danışmanlık tarafından gerçekleştirilen ve ulusal çapta temsil kabiliyeti olan Suriyelilere karşı yaklaşımlar araştırmasının verilerini çevresel faktörlerle birleştirerek kullanan çalışma, Türkiye bağlamında gruplar arası temas ve grup tehdidi kuramlarını ilk kez doğrudan test etmektedir. Çalışmanın bulgularına göre, Suriye sınırına yakın olan illerde Suriyelilere karşı olumsuz yaklaşımlar ülke ortalamasının üzerindedir. Ayrıca, temas kuramının varsayımlarına uygun olarak günlük hayatında Suriyelilerle daha sık karşılaşan katılımcılarda olumsuz yaklaşımlar azalma eğilimi göstermektedir. Ancak bu azalma Suriyeli nüfusun il nüfusunun küçük bir kısmını temsil ettiği durumlarda geçerlidir. İl düzeyindeki Suriyeli nüfusun toplam nüfusun %10’unun üzerinde olduğu durumlarda daha sık temas tam tersi etki yaparak, olumsuz yaklaşımları artırmaktadır. Grup tehdidi kuramının açıklayıcılığı ise sınırlıdır. Kuram, sadece hem Suriyeli nüfusun yüksek olduğu hem de işsizlik oranının yüksek olduğu Hatay ve Şanlıurfa gibi illerdeki yaklaşımlar için açıklayıcı olmaktadır. Son olarak, siyasi parti tercihi ile yaklaşımlar arasındaki ilişkinin de katılımcıların ekonomik kriz beklentisine bağlı olduğu görülmüştür.

Keywords

Suriyeli sığınmacılar mültecilere dönük yaklaşımlar gruplar arası temas kuramı grup tehdidi kuramı göç çalışmaları Türkiye.

References

  • Adalı, T., ve Türkyılmaz, A. S. (2020a). Demographic profile of Syrians in Turkey. Comparative Demography of the Syrian Diaspora: European and Middle Eastern Destinations, 57-91.
  • Adalı, T., ve Türkyılmaz, A. S. (2020b). Demographic Data on Syrians in Turkey: What do we know? International Migration, 58(3), 196–219.
  • Akgündüz Y.E., van den Berg M., ve Hassink W. (2015). The impact of refugee crises on host labor markets: the case of the Syrian refugee crisis in Turkey. IZA Discussion Paper No: 8841.
  • Aksu, E., Ersan, R., ve Kırdar, M.G. (2018). The Impact of Mass Migration of Syrians on The Turkish Labor Market, Working Paper 1815, 2018. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/202989/1/1045509825.pdf.
  • Alba, R., ve Nee, V. (2003). Remaking The American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration. Harvard University Press.
  • Altındağ, O., ve Kaushal, N. (2020). Do refugees impact voting behavior in the host country? Evidence from Syrian refugee inflows to Turkey. Public Choice, 184(3-4), https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-019-00768-3.
  • Balkan, B., ve Tumen, S. (2016). Immigration and prices: quasi-experimental evidence from Syrian refugees in Turkey. Journal of Population Economics, 29(1), 657–686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-016-0583-2.
  • Canefe, N. (2016). Management of irregular migration: Syrians in Turkey as paradigm shifters for forced migration studies. New Perspectives on Turkey, 54(1), 9–32.
  • Castles, S., ve Miller, M. (2003). The Age of Migration: International Population: Movements in the Modern World. Canadian Studies in Population, (1-2), 105–106.
  • Ceobanu, A.M., ve Escandell, X. (2010). Comparative Analysis of Public Attitudes Toward Immigrants and Immigration Using Multinational Survey Data: A Review of The Theories And Research. Annual Review of Sociology, 36(1), 309–328.
  • Chiswick, B.R. (2000). Are Immigrants Favorably Self-Selected? An Economic Analysis, C.B. Brettel, J.F. Hollifield (Ed.) Migration Theory: Talking Across Disciplines içinde (s.61–77). New York: Routledge.
  • Danış, D. (2016). Türk Göç Politikasında Yeni Bir Devir: Bir Dış Politika Enstrümanı Olarak Suriyeli Mülteciler. Saha Dergisi, 2, 6–12.
  • Danış, D., ve Nazlı, D. (2019). A Faithful Alliance Between the Civil Society and the State: Actors and Mechanisms of Accommodating Syrian Refugees in Istanbul. International Migration, 57(2), 143–157.
  • Eder, M., ve Ozkul, D. (2016). Editor’s Introduction: Precarious Lives and Syrian Refugees in Turkey. New Perspectives on Turkey, 54(1), 1–8.
  • Erdoğan, M.M., ve Çorabatır M. (2019). Suriyeli Mülteci Nüfusunun Demografik Gelişimi, Türkiye’deki Eğitim, İstihdam ve Belediye Hizmetlerine Gelecekteki Olası Etkileri. UDRA Programme Research Panel. https://igamder.org/uploads/belgeler/QUDRA_TURKEY%20RESEARCHREPORT_TR.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 17 Temmuz 2020.
  • Erişen, C. (2018). Causes and Consequences of Public Attitudes toward Syrian Refugees in Turkey. İktisat ve Sosyal Bilimlerde Güncel Araştırmalar, 2(1), 111–139.
  • Fisunoğlu, A., ve Sert, D. (2019). Refugees and Elections: The Effects of Syrians on Voting Behavior in Turkey, International Migration, 57(2), 298–312.
  • Getmansky, A., Sınmazdemir, T., ve Zeitoff, T. (2018). Refugees, Xenophobia, and Domestic Conflict: Evidence From A Survey Experiment in Turkey. Journal of Peace Research, 55(4), 491–507.
  • Göç İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü (2020). https://www.goc.gov.tr/gecici-koruma5638. Erişim tarihi: 1 Ağustos 2020.
  • TÜİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu) (2016). “İşgücü İstatistikleri, Ocak 2016.” https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Isgucu-Istatistikleri-Ocak-2016-21570. Erişim tarihi: 10 Mart 2020.
  • Hainmueller, J., ve Hiscox, M. (2007). Educated Preferences: Explaining Attitudes toward Immigration in Europe. International Organization, 61(2), 399–442. Retrieved August 18, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/4498150.
  • Hondagneu-Sotelo, P. (2003). Gender and Immigration: A Retrospective and Introduction. Gender and US Immigration: Contemporary Trends içinde (s. 3–20). University of California Press.
  • Hopkins, D. (2010). Politicized Places: Explaining Where and When Immigrants Provoke Local Opposition. The American Political Science Review, 104(1), 40–60.
  • İçduygu, A. (2015). Syrian refugees in Turkey. The Long Road Ahead. Transatlantic Council on Migration. Transatlantic Council on Migration, Migration Policy Institute. Brussels. http://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/syrian-refugeesturkey-long-road-ahead. Erişim tarihi 3 Ağustos 2020.
  • İçduygu, A. (2017). Türkiye'deki Suriyeli sığınmacılar:" Siyasallaşan" bir sürecin analizi. Toplum ve Bilim, 140, 27–41.
  • IstanPol (2020). İstanbul Politik Araştırmalar Enstitüsü: İstanbul’da Suriyeli Sığınmacılara Yönelik Tutumlar. Proje Koordinatörleri: Edgar Şar ve Nezih Onur Kuru. https://www.istanpol.org/post/i̇stanbul-da-suriyeli-sığınmacılara-yönelik-tutumlar. Erişim tarihi: 3 Ağustos 2020.
  • Kavak, S. (2016). Syrian Refugees in Seasonal Agricultural Work: A Case of Adverse Incorporation in Turkey. New Perspectives on Turkey, 54(1), 33–53.
  • Kaya, A. (2018) Right-wing populism and Islamophobism in Europe and their impact on Turkey–EU relations. Turkish Studies, 21(1), 1–21.
  • KONDA Araştırma ve Danışmanlık (2016). “Suriyeli Sığınmacılara Bakış,” https://konda.com.tr/tr/rapor/suriyeli-siginmacilara-bakis/. Erişim Tarihi: 20 Ocak 2019.
  • Kogan, I. (2011). New immigrants―old disadvantage patterns? Labour market integration of recent immigrants into Germany. International Migration, 49(1), 91–117.
  • Legewie, J. (2013). Terrorists Events and Attitudes Toward Immigrants: A Natural Experiment. American Journal of Sociology, 118(5), 1199–1245.
  • Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., ve Taylor, J.E. (1993). Theories of international migration: A review and appraisal. Population and development review, 431–466.
  • Moghadam, V.M., ve Valentine, M. (2005). Globalizing women: Transnational feminist networks. JHU Press.
  • Naumann, E., Stoetzer L.F. ve Pietrantuono, G. (2018). Attitudes towards highly skilled and low‐skilled immigration in Europe: A survey experiment in 15 European countries. European Journal of Political Research, 57(4), 1009–1030.
  • Pettigrew, T.F. (1998). Intergroup Contact Theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49(1), 65–85.
  • Pettigrew, T.F., ve Tropp, L.R. (2006). A Meta-Analytical Test of Intergroup Contact Theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751–783.
  • Pettigrew, T.F., Tropp, L.R. (2008). How Does Intergroup Contact Reduce Prejudice? Meta-Analytical Tests of Three Mediators, European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(6), 922–934.
  • Portes, A., ve Rumbaut, R.G. (2001). Legacies:The Story of The Immigrant Second Generation, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.
  • Quillian, L. (1995). Prejudice as a Response to Perceived Group Threat: Population Composition and Anti-Immigrant and Racial Prejudice in Europe. American Sociological Review, 60(4), 586–611.
  • Schneider, S.L. (2008). Anti-immigrant attitudes in Europe: Outgroup size and perceived ethnic threat. European Sociological Review, 24(1), 53–67.
  • Schuleter, E., ve Scheepers, P. (2010). The Relationship Between Outgroup Size And Anti-Outgroup Attitudes: A Theoretical Synthesis And Empirical Test of Group Threat - And Intergroup Contact Theory. Social Science Research, 39(2), 285–295.
  • Sert, D. ve Danış, D. (2020). Framing Syrians in Turkey: State Control and No Crisis Discourse. International Migration, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12753.
  • Toğral Koca, B. (2016). Syrian Refugees in Turkey: From “Guests” to “Enemies”? New Perspectives on Turkey, 54(1), 55–75.
  • TÜİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu) (2016). “İşgücü İstatistikleri, Ocak 2016.” https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Isgucu-Istatistikleri-Ocak-2016-21570. Erişim tarihi: 10 Mart 2020.
  • Uluslararası Göç Örgütü (2019). https://turkey.iom.int/tr. Erişim tarihi: 25 Temmuz 2020.
  • Zakaria, F. (2016). Populism on the March: Why the West is in Trouble. Foreign Affairs, 95, 9.

Year 2021, , 185 - 236, 24.10.2021

Taylan Acar

https://doi.org/10.18490/sosars.1014225
Cited By: 4

Abstract

References

  • Adalı, T., ve Türkyılmaz, A. S. (2020a). Demographic profile of Syrians in Turkey. Comparative Demography of the Syrian Diaspora: European and Middle Eastern Destinations, 57-91.
  • Adalı, T., ve Türkyılmaz, A. S. (2020b). Demographic Data on Syrians in Turkey: What do we know? International Migration, 58(3), 196–219.
  • Akgündüz Y.E., van den Berg M., ve Hassink W. (2015). The impact of refugee crises on host labor markets: the case of the Syrian refugee crisis in Turkey. IZA Discussion Paper No: 8841.
  • Aksu, E., Ersan, R., ve Kırdar, M.G. (2018). The Impact of Mass Migration of Syrians on The Turkish Labor Market, Working Paper 1815, 2018. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/202989/1/1045509825.pdf.
  • Alba, R., ve Nee, V. (2003). Remaking The American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration. Harvard University Press.
  • Altındağ, O., ve Kaushal, N. (2020). Do refugees impact voting behavior in the host country? Evidence from Syrian refugee inflows to Turkey. Public Choice, 184(3-4), https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-019-00768-3.
  • Balkan, B., ve Tumen, S. (2016). Immigration and prices: quasi-experimental evidence from Syrian refugees in Turkey. Journal of Population Economics, 29(1), 657–686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-016-0583-2.
  • Canefe, N. (2016). Management of irregular migration: Syrians in Turkey as paradigm shifters for forced migration studies. New Perspectives on Turkey, 54(1), 9–32.
  • Castles, S., ve Miller, M. (2003). The Age of Migration: International Population: Movements in the Modern World. Canadian Studies in Population, (1-2), 105–106.
  • Ceobanu, A.M., ve Escandell, X. (2010). Comparative Analysis of Public Attitudes Toward Immigrants and Immigration Using Multinational Survey Data: A Review of The Theories And Research. Annual Review of Sociology, 36(1), 309–328.
  • Chiswick, B.R. (2000). Are Immigrants Favorably Self-Selected? An Economic Analysis, C.B. Brettel, J.F. Hollifield (Ed.) Migration Theory: Talking Across Disciplines içinde (s.61–77). New York: Routledge.
  • Danış, D. (2016). Türk Göç Politikasında Yeni Bir Devir: Bir Dış Politika Enstrümanı Olarak Suriyeli Mülteciler. Saha Dergisi, 2, 6–12.
  • Danış, D., ve Nazlı, D. (2019). A Faithful Alliance Between the Civil Society and the State: Actors and Mechanisms of Accommodating Syrian Refugees in Istanbul. International Migration, 57(2), 143–157.
  • Eder, M., ve Ozkul, D. (2016). Editor’s Introduction: Precarious Lives and Syrian Refugees in Turkey. New Perspectives on Turkey, 54(1), 1–8.
  • Erdoğan, M.M., ve Çorabatır M. (2019). Suriyeli Mülteci Nüfusunun Demografik Gelişimi, Türkiye’deki Eğitim, İstihdam ve Belediye Hizmetlerine Gelecekteki Olası Etkileri. UDRA Programme Research Panel. https://igamder.org/uploads/belgeler/QUDRA_TURKEY%20RESEARCHREPORT_TR.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 17 Temmuz 2020.
  • Erişen, C. (2018). Causes and Consequences of Public Attitudes toward Syrian Refugees in Turkey. İktisat ve Sosyal Bilimlerde Güncel Araştırmalar, 2(1), 111–139.
  • Fisunoğlu, A., ve Sert, D. (2019). Refugees and Elections: The Effects of Syrians on Voting Behavior in Turkey, International Migration, 57(2), 298–312.
  • Getmansky, A., Sınmazdemir, T., ve Zeitoff, T. (2018). Refugees, Xenophobia, and Domestic Conflict: Evidence From A Survey Experiment in Turkey. Journal of Peace Research, 55(4), 491–507.
  • Göç İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü (2020). https://www.goc.gov.tr/gecici-koruma5638. Erişim tarihi: 1 Ağustos 2020.
  • TÜİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu) (2016). “İşgücü İstatistikleri, Ocak 2016.” https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Isgucu-Istatistikleri-Ocak-2016-21570. Erişim tarihi: 10 Mart 2020.
  • Hainmueller, J., ve Hiscox, M. (2007). Educated Preferences: Explaining Attitudes toward Immigration in Europe. International Organization, 61(2), 399–442. Retrieved August 18, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/4498150.
  • Hondagneu-Sotelo, P. (2003). Gender and Immigration: A Retrospective and Introduction. Gender and US Immigration: Contemporary Trends içinde (s. 3–20). University of California Press.
  • Hopkins, D. (2010). Politicized Places: Explaining Where and When Immigrants Provoke Local Opposition. The American Political Science Review, 104(1), 40–60.
  • İçduygu, A. (2015). Syrian refugees in Turkey. The Long Road Ahead. Transatlantic Council on Migration. Transatlantic Council on Migration, Migration Policy Institute. Brussels. http://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/syrian-refugeesturkey-long-road-ahead. Erişim tarihi 3 Ağustos 2020.
  • İçduygu, A. (2017). Türkiye'deki Suriyeli sığınmacılar:" Siyasallaşan" bir sürecin analizi. Toplum ve Bilim, 140, 27–41.
  • IstanPol (2020). İstanbul Politik Araştırmalar Enstitüsü: İstanbul’da Suriyeli Sığınmacılara Yönelik Tutumlar. Proje Koordinatörleri: Edgar Şar ve Nezih Onur Kuru. https://www.istanpol.org/post/i̇stanbul-da-suriyeli-sığınmacılara-yönelik-tutumlar. Erişim tarihi: 3 Ağustos 2020.
  • Kavak, S. (2016). Syrian Refugees in Seasonal Agricultural Work: A Case of Adverse Incorporation in Turkey. New Perspectives on Turkey, 54(1), 33–53.
  • Kaya, A. (2018) Right-wing populism and Islamophobism in Europe and their impact on Turkey–EU relations. Turkish Studies, 21(1), 1–21.
  • KONDA Araştırma ve Danışmanlık (2016). “Suriyeli Sığınmacılara Bakış,” https://konda.com.tr/tr/rapor/suriyeli-siginmacilara-bakis/. Erişim Tarihi: 20 Ocak 2019.
  • Kogan, I. (2011). New immigrants―old disadvantage patterns? Labour market integration of recent immigrants into Germany. International Migration, 49(1), 91–117.
  • Legewie, J. (2013). Terrorists Events and Attitudes Toward Immigrants: A Natural Experiment. American Journal of Sociology, 118(5), 1199–1245.
  • Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., ve Taylor, J.E. (1993). Theories of international migration: A review and appraisal. Population and development review, 431–466.
  • Moghadam, V.M., ve Valentine, M. (2005). Globalizing women: Transnational feminist networks. JHU Press.
  • Naumann, E., Stoetzer L.F. ve Pietrantuono, G. (2018). Attitudes towards highly skilled and low‐skilled immigration in Europe: A survey experiment in 15 European countries. European Journal of Political Research, 57(4), 1009–1030.
  • Pettigrew, T.F. (1998). Intergroup Contact Theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49(1), 65–85.
  • Pettigrew, T.F., ve Tropp, L.R. (2006). A Meta-Analytical Test of Intergroup Contact Theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751–783.
  • Pettigrew, T.F., Tropp, L.R. (2008). How Does Intergroup Contact Reduce Prejudice? Meta-Analytical Tests of Three Mediators, European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(6), 922–934.
  • Portes, A., ve Rumbaut, R.G. (2001). Legacies:The Story of The Immigrant Second Generation, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.
  • Quillian, L. (1995). Prejudice as a Response to Perceived Group Threat: Population Composition and Anti-Immigrant and Racial Prejudice in Europe. American Sociological Review, 60(4), 586–611.
  • Schneider, S.L. (2008). Anti-immigrant attitudes in Europe: Outgroup size and perceived ethnic threat. European Sociological Review, 24(1), 53–67.
  • Schuleter, E., ve Scheepers, P. (2010). The Relationship Between Outgroup Size And Anti-Outgroup Attitudes: A Theoretical Synthesis And Empirical Test of Group Threat - And Intergroup Contact Theory. Social Science Research, 39(2), 285–295.
  • Sert, D. ve Danış, D. (2020). Framing Syrians in Turkey: State Control and No Crisis Discourse. International Migration, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12753.
  • Toğral Koca, B. (2016). Syrian Refugees in Turkey: From “Guests” to “Enemies”? New Perspectives on Turkey, 54(1), 55–75.
  • TÜİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu) (2016). “İşgücü İstatistikleri, Ocak 2016.” https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Isgucu-Istatistikleri-Ocak-2016-21570. Erişim tarihi: 10 Mart 2020.
  • Uluslararası Göç Örgütü (2019). https://turkey.iom.int/tr. Erişim tarihi: 25 Temmuz 2020.
  • Zakaria, F. (2016). Populism on the March: Why the West is in Trouble. Foreign Affairs, 95, 9.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sociology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Taylan Acar 0000-0001-6168-3472

Publication Date October 24, 2021
Submission Date August 25, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

APA Acar, T. (2021). TÜRKİYE’DE SURİYELİ SIĞINMACILARA YAKLAŞIMLAR: TEMAS VE TEHDİT KURAMLARININ ANALİZİ. Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 24(3), 185-236. https://doi.org/10.18490/sosars.1014225

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Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Sociological Research

SAD / JSR