SOSYOLOJİNİN ŞAFAĞINDA “KURUCU ANNE”Yİ ARAMAK: MARTINEAU SOSYOLOJİSİNDE IRK, TOPLUMSAL CİNSİYET VE EMEK

Year 2022, Issue: 44, 293 - 338, 29.11.2022

Sibel Erdoğan , Bilge Deniz Çatak Aşkar

Abstract

Bu çalışmada sosyolojinin kurucu düşünürlerinden olan Harriet Martineau’nun topluma ilişkin bakış açısı eserlerinden hareketle ele alınmakta, ırk, emek ve toplumsal cinsiyete ilişkin yaklaşımı değerlendirilmektedir. Martineau, akademik disiplinin erkek egemen yapısı nedeniyle sosyal teoride unutulmuş bir düşünür olmasına rağmen ileri sürdüğü görüşlerin pek çoğu kendisinden sonra gelen teorisyenleri etkilemiştir. “Kurucu babalar”ın gölgesinde kalmış, sosyolojinin kadın kurucularının görüşlerinin ve eserlerinin ortaya çıkarılması, özellikle klasik sosyoloji kuramlarında dönemin olaylarının kadın bakış açısından anlaşılmasına ve daha bütünlüklü olarak değerlendirilmesine hizmet etmektedir. Martineau, toplumu incelerken pozitivist bir yöntemle, objektif ve sistematik bir şekilde gözlem yapılması gerektiğini dile getirmektedir. Toplumu büyük oranda ahlaki yapı üzerinden değerlendirmekte ve toplumun incelenmesinde günlük pratikteki ahlaki yapıya odaklanılması gerektiğini söylemektedir. Ona göre toplumsal değişme zamanlarındaki sorunlar modern ve feodal değerlerin çatışmasından kaynaklanmaktadır ve toplumların ilerlemesi endüstrileşme ve modern değerlerin kazanılması ile mümkün olabilir. Martineau’nun toplum analizleri endüstriyel kapitalizmin yüceltilmesi, köleliğin kaldırılması ve kadınların özgürleşmesi gibi konuları içermektedir. Martineau’nun ırk, emek ve toplumsal cinsiyetle ilgili görüşlerinin değerlendirildiği bu çalışmada klasik sosyoloji kuramlarındaki kadın bakış açısı eksikliğinin giderilmesi ve sosyoloji tarihine ilişkin literatüre katkı sağlanması hedeflenmektedir.

Keywords

Emek, Harriet Martineau, Irk, Sosyal Darwinizm, toplumsal cinsiyet, Viktoryen Ahlak

SEEKING THE “FOUNDER MOTHER” AT THE DAWN OF SOCIOLOGY: RACE, GENDER, AND LABOUR IN MARTINEAU SOCIOLOGY

Abstract

This study discusses one of the founding thinkers of sociology Harriet Martineau’s approaches to society and evaluates her point of view about race, labour, and gender. Her views were affected and developed by later theoreticians although Martineau is a forgotten thinker because of the patriarchal structure of the academic discipline. Bringing views and works of women founders of sociology who be in the shadow of “founder fathers” to light served to understand from women's perspective and evaluate better of the period of classical sociology. Martineau said that sociological inquiry is committed to systematic observation, and objectiveness in accordance with positivist methodology. She evaluated society on the moral structure and said that needed to be focused on moral structures in daily practices in social inquiry. According to her, the problems in periods of social change are derived from conflicts between modern and feudal values. Progress of societies is possible by gaining modern values. Martineau's analysis of society includes topics such as the glorification of industrial capitalism, the abolition of slavery, and the emancipation of women. This study, in which Martineau's views on race, labour, and gender are evaluated, it is aimed to eliminate the lack of women's perspective in classical sociological theories and to contribute to the literature on the history of sociology.

Keywords

Gender, Harriet Martineau, Race, Labour, Social Darwinism, Victorian morals

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