DÜNYA MUZ PİYASA YAPISI

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 9, 73 - 83, 01.09.2022

Onur Demirel , Selim Adem Hatırlı

Öz

Dünya’da tarım ürünlerinin üretimi içinde 4. sırada yer alan muzun, üretimi, tüketimi, dış ticareti ve piyasasında önemli gelişmeler kaydedilmiştir. 1990-2019 dönemi dikkate alındığında, muzun üretim miktarı 2,34 kat artarak 116,78 milyon tona, ihracat değeri ise 4,22 kat artışla 13,53 milyar dolara ulaşmıştır. Dünya muz üretimi Asya, Afrika ve Latin Amerika ülkelerinde yoğunlaşmış olup, Hindistan (%26,08), Çin (%10.27), Endonezya (%6,23) ve Brezilya (%5,83) ilk sıralarda yer almaktadır. Muz dış ticaretinde başlıca tedarikçi ülkeler Ekvator (%23,55), Filipinler (%14,44), Kosta Rika (%7,38) ve Kolombiya (%6,44)’dır. Muz ithalatında ABD %20.34’lük payı ile ilk sırada yer almaktadır. Dünya muz ticaretini geleneksel olarak 4 çokuluslu firma (Dole Food, Chiquita, Fresh DelMonte ve Fyffes) domine etmekle birlikte son dönemlerde bu firmaların pazar paylarında önemli azalışlar gerçekleşmiştir. 2002 yılında bu firmaların pazar payları toplamı (CR4) %62 düzeyinde iken, 2017 yılında %45’e düşmüştür. Çalışma bu değişimin nedenlerini araştırmayı amaçlamakta olup, çalışma sonucunda en önemli nedenler olarak muz taşımacılığındaki teknolojik ilerleme sonucu piyasadaki firma sayısının artması, özellikle zincir marketlerin muz ithalatını doğrudan kendilerinin veya diğer firmalardan gerçekleştirmeleri tespit edilmiştir. Bu gelişmeler kapsamında günümüzde, dünya muz dış ticaret piyasa yapısı son 20 yıllık dönemde güçlü bir oligopol piyasasından orta düzeyde bir oligopol piyasasına değişim gösterdiği belirtilebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Muz, Üretim, Dış ticaret, Piyasa yapısı

STRUCTURE OF GLOBAL BANANA MARKET

Öz

Crucial developments have been experienced in the production, foreign trade and the market of banana that ranks 4th in terms of agricultural production in the world. In the 1990-2019 period the production of banana increased by 2.34-fold and reached to 116.78 million tonnes, import increased by 4.22-fold and reached to 13.53 billion Dollars as of 2019. Banana production concentrates in Asia, Africa and Latin America, and India (26.08%), China (10.27%), Indonesia (6.23%) and Brazil (5.83%) are among top producer countries. Ecuador (23.55%), Philippines (14.44%), Costa Rica (7.38%) and Colombia (6.44%) are among top exporter countries. In terms of imports, USA ranks first with a 20.34% ratio. Although 4 multinational firms (Dole Food, Chiquita, Fresh DelMonte and Fyffes) traditionally dominate global banana trade, the market shares of these firms have decreased significantly. While market shares of these firms (CR4) had been 62%, it decreased to 45% as of 2017. In the study, the reasons of the change are aimed to be explored and the most important reason is determined to be the increase in the number of firms in the market after technological improvements in banana transportation. Consequently, chain stores started to import by themselves of from other importer firms. Following these developments global banana foreign trade market structure has altered form a strong oligopoly to a moderate oligopoly in the last 20 years.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Banana, Production, Foreign trade, Market structure.

Kaynakça

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