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Türkiye’de İhracatın Firma İstihdamına Etkisi

Year 2023, Volume: 31 Issue: 57, 47 - 63, 26.07.2023

Selin Zengin Taşdemir , Başak Dalgıç , Burcu Fazlıoğlu

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.03.03

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Türk firma düzeyindeki verilere dayanarak ihracatın istihdam üzerindeki etkisini 2003-2015 dönemi için araştırmaktadır. Bu amaçla, tedavi modelleri oluşturularak, Eğilim Skoru Eşleştirme (PSM) ve Fark İçerisinde Fark (DID) metodolojileri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuçları, ihracatın firmaların istihdamını önemli ölçüde teşvik ettiğini göstermektedir. Özellikle, bu etki emek yoğun ve düşük/orta-düşük teknolojili ve daha düşük ücret ödeyen sektörlerdeki Türk imalat firmalarında daha fazladır.

Keywords

İhracat Firma İstihdam Tedavi Modelleri

References

  • Acemoglu, D. & F. Zilibotti (2001), “Productivity Differences”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(2), 563-606.
  • Alvarez, R. & A.R. Lopez (2005), “Exporting and Performance: Evidence from Chilean Plants”, Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne D'économique, 38(4), 1384-1400.
  • Baldwin, R. & W. Gu (2004), “Trade Liberalization: Export-Market Participation, Productivity Growth, and Innovation”, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 20(3), 372-392.
  • Bernard, A. & J. Jensen (1997), “Exporters, Skill Upgrading, and The Wage Gap”, Journal of International Economics, 42(1-2), 3-31.
  • Bernard, A. & J.B. Jensen (2004), “Why Some Firms Export”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 86(2), 561-569.
  • Bernard, A. et al. (2003), “Plants and Productivity in International Trade”, American Economic Review, 93(4), 1268-1290.
  • Bernard, A.B. et al. (2007), “Firms in International Trade”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21(3),105-130.
  • Bernard, A.B. et al. (2011), “Multiproduct Firms and Trade Liberalization”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126(3), 1271-1318.
  • Blalock, G. & P.J. Gertler (2004), “Learning from Exporting Revisited in A Less Developed Setting”, Journal of Development Economics, 75(2), 397-416.
  • Bustos, P. (2011), “Trade Liberalization, Exports, and Technology Upgrading: Evidence on the Impact of MERCOSUR on Argentinian Firms”, American Economic Review, 101(1), 304-340.
  • Castellani, D. et al. (2010), “Firms in International Trade: Importers’ and Exporters’ Heterogeneity in Italian Manufacturing Industry”,World Economy, 33(3), 424-457.
  • Clerides, S. et al. (1998), “Is Learning by Exporting Important? Micro-Dynamic Evidence from Colombia, Mexico, And Morocco”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113(3), 903-960.
  • De Loecker, J. (2007), “Do Exports Generate Higher Productivity? Evidence from Slovenia”, Journal of International Economics, 73(1), 69-98.
  • Eaton, J. & S. Kortum (2001), “Technology, Trade, and Growth: A Unified Framework”, European Economic Review, 94(2), 150-154.
  • Eaton, J. et al. (2004), “Dissecting Trade: Firms, Industries, and Export Destinations”, American Economic Review, 45(4), 742-755.
  • Feenstra, R. & G. Hanson (1997), “Foreign Direct Investment and Relative Wages: Evidence from Mexico's Maquiladoras”, Journal of International Economics, 42(3/4), 371-393.
  • Feng, L. et al. (2016), “The Connection between Imported Intermediate Inputs and Exports: Evidence from Chinese Firms”, Journal of International Economics, 101, 86-101.
  • Greenaway, D. & Z. Yu (2004), “Firm-Level Interactions between Exporting and Productivity: Industry-Specific Evidence”, Review of World Economics, 140(3), 376.
  • Hall, B.H. & J. Mairesse (1995), “Exploring the Relationship between R&D and Productivity in French Manufacturing Firms”, Journal of Econometrics, 65(1), 263-293.
  • Hallak, J.C. (2006), “Product Quality and the Direction of Trade”, Journal of International Economics, 68(1), 238-65.
  • Hansson, P. & N.N. Lundin (2004), “Exports as An Indicator on Or Promoter of Successful Swedish Manufacturing Firms in The 1990s”, Review of World Economics, 140, 415-445.
  • Hinloopen, J. & V.C. Marrevijk (2008), “Empirical Relevance of the Hillman Condition for Revealed Comparative Advantage: 10 Stylized Facts”, Applied Economics, 40(18), 2313-2328.
  • Isgut, A. (2001), “What is Different about Exporters? Evidence from Colombian Manufacturing”, The Journal of Development Studies, 37(5), 57-82.
  • Krishna, P. et al. (2001), “Trade Liberalization and Labor Demand Elasticities: Evidence from Turkey”, Journal of International Economics, 55(2), 391-409.
  • Kugler, M. & E. Verhoogen (2012), “Prices, Plant Size, and Product Quality”, The Review of Economic Studies, 79(1), 307-339.
  • Lall, S. (2004), “The Employment Impact of Globalization in Developing Countries. In Understanding Globalization”, in: L. Eddy & M. Vivarelli (eds.), Employment and Poverty Reduction (73-101), New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Lawless, M. (2010), “Deconstructing Gravity: Trade Costs and Extensive and Intensive Margins”, Canadian Journal of Economics, 43(4), 1149-72.
  • Lee, E. & M. Vivarelli (2006), “The Social Impact of Globalization in the Developing Countries”, International Labor Review, 145, 167-184.
  • Matsuyama, K. (2007), “Beyond Icebergs: Towards A Theory of Biased Globalization”, The Review of Economic Studies, 74, 237-253.
  • Melitz, M.J. (2003), “The Impact Of Trade On Intra‐Industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry Productivity”, Econometrica, 71(6), 1695-1725.
  • Meschi, E. et al. (2011), “Trade, Technology and Skills: Evidence from Turkish Microdata”, Labour Economics, 18(1), 60-70.
  • Mıhcı, S. & N. Bolatoğlu (2019), “Import Dependency in Turkey An Input-Output Analysis Based on The Firm-Level Data”, in: A.A. Wigley & S. Çağatay (eds.), In The Dynamics of Growth In Emerging Economies: The Case of Turkey, London and New York: Routledge Studies in the Modern World Economy, Routledge.
  • Munch, J.R. & J.R. Skaksen (2008), “Human Capital and Wages in Exporting Firms”, Journal of International Economics, 75(2), 363-372.
  • Pavcnik, N. (2003), “What Explains Skill Upgrading in Less Developed Countries?”, Journal of Development Economics, 71, 311-328.
  • Robbins, D. (2003), The impact of Trade Liberalization upon Inequality in Developing Countries-A Review of Theory and Evidence, No. 003601, Universidad Javeriana-Bogotá.
  • Rosenbaum, P. & D. Rubin (1983), “The Central Role of the Propensity Score in Observational Studies for Causal Effects”, Biometrika, 70(1) 41-55.
  • Silva, A. et al. (2012), “Learning-by-Exporting: What We Know and What We Would Like to Know”, The International Trade Journal, 26(3), 255-288.
  • Smeets, V. & F. Warzynski (2013), “Estimating Productivity with Multi-Product Firms, Pricing Heterogeneity and the Role of International Trade”, Journal of International Economics, 90(2), 237-244.
  • Taymaz, E. (1999), “Trade Liberalization and Employment Generation: The Experience of Turkey in the 1980s”, in: A. Revenga (ed.), In Turkey: Economic Reforms, Living Standards, and Social Welfare Study, Technical Papers, 2nd ed., Washington, DC, World Bank.
  • Turco A.L. & D. Maggioni (2013), “Does Trade Foster Employment Growth in Emerging Markets? Evidence from Turkey”, World Development, 52, 1-18.
  • Tybout, J.R. (2000), “Manufacturing Firms in Developing Countries: How Well Do They Do and Why?”, Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, 38(1), 11-44.
  • Van Biesebroeck, J. (2005), “Exporting Raises Productivity in Sub-Saharan African Manufacturing Firms”, Journal of International Economics, 67(2), 373-391.
  • Verhoogen, E. (2008), “Trade, Quality Upgrading, and Wage Inequality in the Mexican Manufacturing Sector”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123(2), 489-530.
  • Yeaple, S.R. (2005), “A Simple Model of Firm Heterogeneity, International Trade, and Wages”, Journal of International Economics, 65(1), 1-20.

The Impact of Exports on Firm Employment in Türkiye

Year 2023, Volume: 31 Issue: 57, 47 - 63, 26.07.2023

Selin Zengin Taşdemir , Başak Dalgıç , Burcu Fazlıoğlu

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.03.03

Abstract

This study investigates the employment effects of exports on employment based on Turkish firm-level data over the period 2003-2015. To this aim, we adopt Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and Difference-in-Differences (DID) techniques to construct treatment models. The results show that exporting encourages firms’ employment significantly. Specifically, this effect is more significant for Turkish manufacturing firms in labour-intensive and low/medium-low technology sectors and those paying lower wages.

Keywords

Exports Firm Employment Treatment Models

References

  • Acemoglu, D. & F. Zilibotti (2001), “Productivity Differences”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(2), 563-606.
  • Alvarez, R. & A.R. Lopez (2005), “Exporting and Performance: Evidence from Chilean Plants”, Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne D'économique, 38(4), 1384-1400.
  • Baldwin, R. & W. Gu (2004), “Trade Liberalization: Export-Market Participation, Productivity Growth, and Innovation”, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 20(3), 372-392.
  • Bernard, A. & J. Jensen (1997), “Exporters, Skill Upgrading, and The Wage Gap”, Journal of International Economics, 42(1-2), 3-31.
  • Bernard, A. & J.B. Jensen (2004), “Why Some Firms Export”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 86(2), 561-569.
  • Bernard, A. et al. (2003), “Plants and Productivity in International Trade”, American Economic Review, 93(4), 1268-1290.
  • Bernard, A.B. et al. (2007), “Firms in International Trade”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21(3),105-130.
  • Bernard, A.B. et al. (2011), “Multiproduct Firms and Trade Liberalization”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126(3), 1271-1318.
  • Blalock, G. & P.J. Gertler (2004), “Learning from Exporting Revisited in A Less Developed Setting”, Journal of Development Economics, 75(2), 397-416.
  • Bustos, P. (2011), “Trade Liberalization, Exports, and Technology Upgrading: Evidence on the Impact of MERCOSUR on Argentinian Firms”, American Economic Review, 101(1), 304-340.
  • Castellani, D. et al. (2010), “Firms in International Trade: Importers’ and Exporters’ Heterogeneity in Italian Manufacturing Industry”,World Economy, 33(3), 424-457.
  • Clerides, S. et al. (1998), “Is Learning by Exporting Important? Micro-Dynamic Evidence from Colombia, Mexico, And Morocco”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113(3), 903-960.
  • De Loecker, J. (2007), “Do Exports Generate Higher Productivity? Evidence from Slovenia”, Journal of International Economics, 73(1), 69-98.
  • Eaton, J. & S. Kortum (2001), “Technology, Trade, and Growth: A Unified Framework”, European Economic Review, 94(2), 150-154.
  • Eaton, J. et al. (2004), “Dissecting Trade: Firms, Industries, and Export Destinations”, American Economic Review, 45(4), 742-755.
  • Feenstra, R. & G. Hanson (1997), “Foreign Direct Investment and Relative Wages: Evidence from Mexico's Maquiladoras”, Journal of International Economics, 42(3/4), 371-393.
  • Feng, L. et al. (2016), “The Connection between Imported Intermediate Inputs and Exports: Evidence from Chinese Firms”, Journal of International Economics, 101, 86-101.
  • Greenaway, D. & Z. Yu (2004), “Firm-Level Interactions between Exporting and Productivity: Industry-Specific Evidence”, Review of World Economics, 140(3), 376.
  • Hall, B.H. & J. Mairesse (1995), “Exploring the Relationship between R&D and Productivity in French Manufacturing Firms”, Journal of Econometrics, 65(1), 263-293.
  • Hallak, J.C. (2006), “Product Quality and the Direction of Trade”, Journal of International Economics, 68(1), 238-65.
  • Hansson, P. & N.N. Lundin (2004), “Exports as An Indicator on Or Promoter of Successful Swedish Manufacturing Firms in The 1990s”, Review of World Economics, 140, 415-445.
  • Hinloopen, J. & V.C. Marrevijk (2008), “Empirical Relevance of the Hillman Condition for Revealed Comparative Advantage: 10 Stylized Facts”, Applied Economics, 40(18), 2313-2328.
  • Isgut, A. (2001), “What is Different about Exporters? Evidence from Colombian Manufacturing”, The Journal of Development Studies, 37(5), 57-82.
  • Krishna, P. et al. (2001), “Trade Liberalization and Labor Demand Elasticities: Evidence from Turkey”, Journal of International Economics, 55(2), 391-409.
  • Kugler, M. & E. Verhoogen (2012), “Prices, Plant Size, and Product Quality”, The Review of Economic Studies, 79(1), 307-339.
  • Lall, S. (2004), “The Employment Impact of Globalization in Developing Countries. In Understanding Globalization”, in: L. Eddy & M. Vivarelli (eds.), Employment and Poverty Reduction (73-101), New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Lawless, M. (2010), “Deconstructing Gravity: Trade Costs and Extensive and Intensive Margins”, Canadian Journal of Economics, 43(4), 1149-72.
  • Lee, E. & M. Vivarelli (2006), “The Social Impact of Globalization in the Developing Countries”, International Labor Review, 145, 167-184.
  • Matsuyama, K. (2007), “Beyond Icebergs: Towards A Theory of Biased Globalization”, The Review of Economic Studies, 74, 237-253.
  • Melitz, M.J. (2003), “The Impact Of Trade On Intra‐Industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry Productivity”, Econometrica, 71(6), 1695-1725.
  • Meschi, E. et al. (2011), “Trade, Technology and Skills: Evidence from Turkish Microdata”, Labour Economics, 18(1), 60-70.
  • Mıhcı, S. & N. Bolatoğlu (2019), “Import Dependency in Turkey An Input-Output Analysis Based on The Firm-Level Data”, in: A.A. Wigley & S. Çağatay (eds.), In The Dynamics of Growth In Emerging Economies: The Case of Turkey, London and New York: Routledge Studies in the Modern World Economy, Routledge.
  • Munch, J.R. & J.R. Skaksen (2008), “Human Capital and Wages in Exporting Firms”, Journal of International Economics, 75(2), 363-372.
  • Pavcnik, N. (2003), “What Explains Skill Upgrading in Less Developed Countries?”, Journal of Development Economics, 71, 311-328.
  • Robbins, D. (2003), The impact of Trade Liberalization upon Inequality in Developing Countries-A Review of Theory and Evidence, No. 003601, Universidad Javeriana-Bogotá.
  • Rosenbaum, P. & D. Rubin (1983), “The Central Role of the Propensity Score in Observational Studies for Causal Effects”, Biometrika, 70(1) 41-55.
  • Silva, A. et al. (2012), “Learning-by-Exporting: What We Know and What We Would Like to Know”, The International Trade Journal, 26(3), 255-288.
  • Smeets, V. & F. Warzynski (2013), “Estimating Productivity with Multi-Product Firms, Pricing Heterogeneity and the Role of International Trade”, Journal of International Economics, 90(2), 237-244.
  • Taymaz, E. (1999), “Trade Liberalization and Employment Generation: The Experience of Turkey in the 1980s”, in: A. Revenga (ed.), In Turkey: Economic Reforms, Living Standards, and Social Welfare Study, Technical Papers, 2nd ed., Washington, DC, World Bank.
  • Turco A.L. & D. Maggioni (2013), “Does Trade Foster Employment Growth in Emerging Markets? Evidence from Turkey”, World Development, 52, 1-18.
  • Tybout, J.R. (2000), “Manufacturing Firms in Developing Countries: How Well Do They Do and Why?”, Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, 38(1), 11-44.
  • Van Biesebroeck, J. (2005), “Exporting Raises Productivity in Sub-Saharan African Manufacturing Firms”, Journal of International Economics, 67(2), 373-391.
  • Verhoogen, E. (2008), “Trade, Quality Upgrading, and Wage Inequality in the Mexican Manufacturing Sector”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123(2), 489-530.
  • Yeaple, S.R. (2005), “A Simple Model of Firm Heterogeneity, International Trade, and Wages”, Journal of International Economics, 65(1), 1-20.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Selin Zengin Taşdemir 0000-0002-9351-3010

Başak Dalgıç 0000-0002-0355-7125

Burcu Fazlıoğlu 0000-0003-0523-5450

Early Pub Date July 23, 2023
Publication Date July 26, 2023
Submission Date November 2, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 31 Issue: 57

Cite

APA Zengin Taşdemir, S., Dalgıç, B., & Fazlıoğlu, B. (2023). The Impact of Exports on Firm Employment in Türkiye. Sosyoekonomi, 31(57), 47-63. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.03.03
AMA Zengin Taşdemir S, Dalgıç B, Fazlıoğlu B. The Impact of Exports on Firm Employment in Türkiye. Sosyoekonomi. July 2023;31(57):47-63. doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.03.03
Chicago Zengin Taşdemir, Selin, Başak Dalgıç, and Burcu Fazlıoğlu. “The Impact of Exports on Firm Employment in Türkiye”. Sosyoekonomi 31, no. 57 (July 2023): 47-63. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.03.03.
EndNote Zengin Taşdemir S, Dalgıç B, Fazlıoğlu B (July 1, 2023) The Impact of Exports on Firm Employment in Türkiye. Sosyoekonomi 31 57 47–63.
IEEE S. Zengin Taşdemir, B. Dalgıç, and B. Fazlıoğlu, “The Impact of Exports on Firm Employment in Türkiye”, Sosyoekonomi, vol. 31, no. 57, pp. 47–63, 2023, doi: 10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.03.03.
ISNAD Zengin Taşdemir, Selin et al. “The Impact of Exports on Firm Employment in Türkiye”. Sosyoekonomi 31/57 (July 2023), 47-63. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.03.03.
JAMA Zengin Taşdemir S, Dalgıç B, Fazlıoğlu B. The Impact of Exports on Firm Employment in Türkiye. Sosyoekonomi. 2023;31:47–63.
MLA Zengin Taşdemir, Selin et al. “The Impact of Exports on Firm Employment in Türkiye”. Sosyoekonomi, vol. 31, no. 57, 2023, pp. 47-63, doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.03.03.
Vancouver Zengin Taşdemir S, Dalgıç B, Fazlıoğlu B. The Impact of Exports on Firm Employment in Türkiye. Sosyoekonomi. 2023;31(57):47-63.
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