Karşılaştırmalı Evrimsel Analiz ve Kültürel Evrimleşme İlişkisi: Filogenetigin Dilbilim Alanına Uygulanışı

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 532 - 544, 29.04.2024

Hasan Basri Kartal , Asiye Nisa Kartal

https://doi.org/10.29110/soylemdergi.1416638

Abstract

Filogenetik; biyoloji, genetik, kültürel arkeoloji, antropoloji ve dilbilim gibi alanlarda sıkça kullanılan, çeşitli organizma grupları arasındaki evrimsel ilişkiyi sınıflandırma yaparak sorgulayan etkili bir yöntemdir. Filogenetik, bireylerin veya grupların organizma evrimi ve çeşitliliğinin, ortak tarih ve ataları aracılığıyla birbirlerine nasıl ilişkilendirilebileceğini anlamak adına kullanılır. Evrimsel arka planı açısından, kültür fenomenin gelişimini inceleyen çalışmalar, Antik Dönem’e kadar geri götürülebilmektedir. Filogenetik yöntem kullanılarak, Darwin’in evrim kuramının etkisiyle kültür fenomeninin evrimleşmesini araştıran çalışmalar ise on dokuzuncu yüzyıl sonrasına aittir. Kültürel evrimleşme, doğası gereği kültürel etmenleri dikkate alarak anlaşılabilecek bir olgudur. Bu makalede ‘filogenetik’ yöntemin kuramsal altyapısı tartışılmış, bu yaklaşımın kültür alanına uygulanışını ‘dilbilim’ ile ilişkili olabilecek şekilde ele alan örnekler tartışılmıştır. Makale, Avustronezya ve Sahra altı Afrika’daki yerel dillerin evrimleşmesi ve maddi kültürleri arasındaki ilişkiyi filogenetik yöntem kullanarak tartışmaya açan örneklemleri ele alan ilk Türkçe çalışmadır. Makale, dilbilim alanında mevcut Türkçe literatüre nitelikli katkılar sunmaktadır. Makalede ele alınan, dil ailelerinin evrimleşme biçimleri hususundaki çıkarımlar Türkçe literatür için özgündür. Kültürel melezleşme, akrabalık tipolojileri-terminolojileri ve sayma sistemleri ile ilişkili olarak, Avustronezya ve Sahra altı Afrika’daki yerel dillerin evrimleşmesine dair çıkarımlar dilbilim ötesinde birçok disiplin için faydalı olabilecektir.

Keywords

Filogenetik, Kültürel evrimleşme, Dilbilim, Avustronezya ve Sahra altı Afrika yerel dilleri

The Relationship between Comparative Evolutionary Analysis and Cultural Evolution: Application of Phylogenetics to the Field of Linguistics

Abstract

Phylogenetics is an effective method that is frequently used in fields such as biology, genetics, cultural archaeology, anthropology and linguistics, and questions the evolutionary relationships between various groups of organisms by classifying them. Phylogenetics is used to understand how organismal evolution and diversity of individuals or groups can be related to each other through their common history and ancestors. In terms of its evolutionary background, studies examining the development of cultural phenomena can be traced back to the Ancient Period. Studies investigating the evolution of cultural phenomena under the influence of Darwin's theory of evolution using the phylogenetic method belong to the post-nineteenth century. Cultural evolution is a phenomenon that can be understood by considering inherently cultural factors. In this article, the theoretical background of the 'phylogenetic' method was discussed, and examples that addressed the application of this approach to the field of culture in a way that may be related to 'linguistics' were discussed. The article is the first Turkish study to discuss samples that examine the relationship between the evolution of local languages and their material cultures in Austronesia and Sub-Saharan Africa using the phylogenetic method. The article makes qualified contributions to the existing Turkish literature in the field of linguistics. The inferences discussed in the article about the evolution of language families are unique to Turkish literature. The arguments about the evolution of indigenous languages in Austronesia and sub-Saharan Africa, concerning cultural hybridization, kinship typologies-terminologies, and counting systems, may be useful for many disciplines beyond linguistics.

Keywords

Phylogenetics, Cultural evolution, Linguistics, Austronesian and sub-Saharan African local languages

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