The Impact of Spirituality and Spiritually-Oriented Therapeutic Interventions on Schizophrenia Patients

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 3, 309 - 320, 15.10.2019

Özge Erduran-tekin

Abstract

Schizophrenia, with its various aspects that are as yet as unexplainable and which causes those suffering from it to move away from relationships and reality, is a severe psychiatric disorder that usually deteriorates thinking and behavior from an early age. A general definition of schizophrenia has been mentioned for the purpose of this study without describing the types of schizophrenia in detail. The main axis of the study is what role spirituality may have in increasing schizophrenic patients’ well-being, which is the last step in the model for their medical treatment. A lack of deterioration in patients’ consciousness and short-term memory is very important in order for them to be able to understand the therapeutic practices; the study discusses spiritual counseling practices that can be studied with schizophrenic patients who have no problems in these areas. The study evaluates the concept of insight in schizophrenia patients from different perspectives and includes spiritual counseling practices that can be done with schizophrenia patients possessing high levels of insight. The study continues by examining which individual spiritual counseling practices are possible for patients with schizophrenia and presents the example of group counseling over spiritual counseling practices for patients with schizophrenia as well as which counseling practices can be done for schizophrenic patients and their families. The main aim of this study is to present to clinicians, psychologists, and psychological counselors working in the field a general review of the literature on studies that have examined the relationship between schizophrenia and spirituality and to give them ideas into how to integrate spiritual counseling practices into the process while working with schizophrenia patients and their relatives.

Keywords

Schizophrenia, Spiritual counseling

Maneviyatın ve Manevi Yönelimli Terapötik Müdahalelerin Şizofreni Hastaları Üzerindeki Etkisi

Abstract

Şizofreni çeşitli yönleri hala tam olarak açıklanamayan, hastanın insanlarla olan ilişkilerden ve gerçeklerden uzaklaşmasına neden olan, genelde erken yaşlardan itibaren düşünce ve davranışlarda bozulmaların görüldüğü ağır bir psikiyatrik rahatsızlıktır. Çalışmanın amacı doğrultusunda genel bir şizofreni tanımından bahsedilmiş olup şizofreni türleri detaylı olarak açıklanmamıştır. Şizofreni hastalarına yönelik tıbbi tedavi modelinin son basamağı olan iyilik halinin arttırılmasında maneviyatın rolünün ne olabileceği çalışmanın ana eksenini oluşturmaktadır. Hastaların bilinç ve kısa süreli belleklerinde bozulma olmaması terapötik uygulamaları anlamlandırabilmeleri açısından oldukça önemli olup, bahsedilen alanlarda sorun yaşamayan şizofreni hastalarıyla çalışılabilecek olan manevi danışmanlık uygulamaları konu edinilmiştir. Şizofreni hastalarında iç görü kavramı farklı açılardan ele alınarak, iç görü düzeyi yüksek olan şizofreni hastalarıyla yapılabilecek olan manevi danışmanlık uygulamalarına yer verilmiştir. Çalışma şizofreni hastalarına yönelik bireysel manevi danışmanlık uygulamalarının neler olacağını konu alarak devam etmiş olup, çalışmada şizofreni hastalarına yönelik yapılan manevi danışmanlık uygulamalarını konu edinen grupla danışma örneği ve şizofreni hastaları ile ailelerine yönelik danışmanlık uygulamalarının neler olabileceği sunulmuştur. Çalışmanın temel amacı alanda çalışan klinisyen, psikolog ve psikolojik danışmanlara şizofreni ve maneviyat ilişkisini inceleyen çalışmalar hakkında literatür taraması sonucunda genel bir derleme sunmak olup, şizofreni hastaları ve yakınlarıyla çalışırken manevi danışmanlık uygulamalarını sürece nasıl entegre edebilecekleri hakkında fikir vermektir.

Keywords

Şizofreni, manevi danışmanlık

References

• Alptekin, K., Üçok, A., Ayer, A., Ünal, A., Erol, A., Ensari, H., Atmaca, M., Devrimci Özgüven, H. (2014). Psikiyatri kliniğine yatırılan şizofreni ve psikotik bozukluğu olan hastaların tedavi rehberi. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni, 24(3), 276-288. Aslan, S., Altınöz, A.E. (2010). İç görü kavramı ve şizofreni. Psikiyatride Derlemeler, Olgular ve Varsayımlar, 7, 23-36. Bedri, M. B. (1984). Müslüman psikologların çıkmazı (Çev. Harun Şencan). İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları. Berrios, G. E. (1985). Positive and negative symptoms and Jackson: A conceptual history. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 42(1), 95–97. Borras, L., Mohr, S., Brandt, P., Gillieron, C., Eytan, A., Huguelet, P. (2007). Religious beliefs in schizophrenia: Their relevance for adherence to treatment. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33, 1238–1246. Coursey, R.D. (1989). Psychotherapy with persons suffering from schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull, 15(3), 349-353. Fallot, R. D. (2008). Spirituality and religion. In K. T. Mueser & D. V. Jeste (Eds.), Clinical handbook of schizophrenia (p. 592–603). The Guilford Press. Huguelet, P., Mohr, S., Borras, L., Gillieron, C., Brandt, P. (2006). Spirituality and religious practices among outpatients with schizophrenia and their clinicians. Psychiatr. Serv. 57(3), 366–372. Huguelet, P., Mohr S., Borras, L. (2009). Recovery, spirituality and religiousness in schizophrenia. Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses, 2(4), 307-316. Kirkpatrick, H., Landeen, J., Byrne, C., Woodside, H., Pawlick, J., Bernardo, A. (1995). Hope and schizophrenia: clinicians identify hopeinstilling strategies. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 33(6), 15-19. Lehman, A.F., Lieberman, J.A., Dixon, L.B., McGlashan, T.H., Miller, A.L., Perkins, D.O., Kreyenbuhl, J. (2004). Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia, Second edition. American Psychiatric Association; Steering Committee on Practice Guidelines. Am J. Psychiatry, 161(2), 1-56. Liberman, R. P. (1994). Psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia. Psychiatry, 57(2), 104–114. Lukoff, D. (2007). Spirituality in the recovery from persistent mental disorders. South. Med. Assoc., 100, 642–646. Lyu, J., Zhang, J. (2014). Characteristics of schizophrenia suicides compared with suicides by other diagnosed psychiatric disorders and those without a psychiatric disorder. Schizophrenia Research, 155(1), 59-65. Mc Gill, C.W., Lee, E. (1986). Family psycho-educational intervention in the treatment of schizophrenia. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 50, 269-287. Mizock, L., Millner, U. C., Russinova, Z. (2012). Spiritual and Religious Issues in Psychotherapy with Schizophrenia: Cultural Implications and Implementation. Religions, 3, 82–98.
• Miller, R., McCormack, J. (2006). Faith and religious delusions in first episode schizophrenia. Social Work in Mental Health, 4(4), 37–50.
• Mohr, S., Borras, L., Rieben, I., Betrisey, C., Gillieron, C., Brandt, P.-Y., Huguelet, P. (2010). Evolution of spirituality and religiousness in chronic schizophrenia or schizo-affective disorders: A 3-years follow-up study. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 45, 1095–1103. Mueser, K.T., Berenhaum, H. (1990). Psychodynamic treatment of schizophrenia-is there a future? Psychol. Med., 20(2), 253-262. Olçun, Z., Şahin Altun, Ö. (2017). The correlation between schizophrenic patients' level of internalized stigma and their level of hope. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 31(4), 332–337.
• Özcan, M. E., Gürgen, F., Türkeş, C. (1999). Şizofrenili hastalarda başa çıkma davranışları. Düşünen Adam, 12(3), 35-40. Öztürk, O., Uluşahin, A. (2008). Ruh sağlığı ve bozuklukları. (11. Baskı). Ankara. Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G., Perez, L. M. (2000). The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the RCOPE. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(4), 519–543. Phillips, R. E., Stein, C. H. (2007). God’s will, God’s punishment, or God’s limitations? Religious coping strategies reported by young adults living with serious mental illness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(6), 529–540. Rashid, S., Copello, A., Birchwood, M. (2012). Muslim faith healers’ views on substance misuse and psychosis. Mental Health. Religion & Culture, 15(6), 653–673. Reyheim, N., Greenberg, W. M., Citrome, L. (2010). Spirituality, Schizophrenia, and State Hospitals: Program Description and Characteristics of Self-Selected Attendees of a Spirituality Therapeutic Group. Psychiatr Q, 81, 285–292. Schrank, B., Stanghellini, G., Slade, M. (2008). Hope in psychiatry: a review of the literature. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 118(6), 421-433.
• Schrank, B., Hayward, M., Stanghellini, G., Davidson, L. (2011). Hope in psychiatry. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 17(3), 227-235.
• Siddle, R., Haddock, G., Tarrier, N., Faragher, E. B. (2002). Religious delusions in patients admitted to hospital with schizophrenia. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 37, 130–138. Şahin Altun, Ö., Olçun, Z. (2018). Şizofreni hastalığında umut kavramı. Sağlık Bilimleri ve Meslekleri Dergisi, 5(1), 107-112.
• Tepper, L., Rogers, S.A., Coleman, E.M., Malony, H.N. (2001). The prevalence of religious coping among persons with persistent mental illness. Psychiatr. Serv., 52, 660–665.
• Trevino, K. M., Pargament, K. I. (2008). Toward a theoretical model of spirituality for clinical practice: An American perspective. Journal für Psychologie, 16, 1-27. Turkington, D., Kingdon, D., Weiden, P.J. (2006). Cognitive behavior therapy for schizophrenia. Am J. Psychiatry, 163(3), 365-373. Vrbova, K., Prasko, J., Ociskova, M., Kamaradova, D., Marackova, M., Holubova, M. (2017). Quality of life, self-stigma, and hope in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a crosssectional study. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 13(1), 567-575.
• Weisman de Mamani, A., Tuchman, N., Duarte, E. A. (2010). Incorporating religion/spirituality into treatment for serious mental illness. Cognitive and Behaviora, 17, 348-357.
• Yazıcı, E., Yazıcı, A.B., İnce, M., Erol, A., Erdoğan,A., İkiz, H.S., Kırpınar, İ. (2016). The search for traditional religious treatment amongst schizophrenic patients: the current situation. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 17(3), 174-180.
• Zagozd, P., Wrotkowska, M. (2017). Religious Beliefs and Their Relevance for Treatment Adherence in Mental Illness: A Review. Religions, 8, 150. www.kuranikerim.com/mdiyanet/talak.htm