THE RELATIONSHIP OF ATHLETES’ MORAL DISENGAGEMENT TO PERCEIVED MOTIVATIONAL CLIMATE AND VALUED GOALS

Year 2019, Volume: 17 Issue: 4, 91 - 104, 30.12.2019

İhsan Sarı , Gamze Deryahanoğlu

https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.536451

Cited By: 6

Abstract

The aim of this
research was to investigate the relationship between athletes’ moral
disengagement and their perception of motivational climate and to reveal
whether athletes’ moral disengagement differ according to their most valued
goals in sport (winning, personal development and having fun). For this purpose
three hundred and thirty-five athletes voluntarily completed Perceived
Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire and Moral Disengagement in Sport
Scale (Short). The data was analysed by SPSS version 17 using descriptive
statistics, Pearson’s correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis with
enter method and one-way ANOVA. 
Correlation analysis showed that moral disengagement was significantly
correlated with athletes’ perception of mastery (r=-.11) and performance climates
(r=.37). Multiple regression analysis revealed that performance climate (β= .223, p < .001) was a significant
predictor of moral disengagement, R2=.06, F (2,332) = 10.875, p < .001. Lastly, it was found that there
was a significant difference in moral disengagement of athletes with regard to
their valued goals, F (2,332) =
7.200, p < .001. Athletes who
indicated winning as their most valued goal had significantly higher moral
disengagement scores compared to the athletes whose most valued goals were
personal development and having fun. To summarize, while ego and mastery
climates significantly correlated with moral disengagement, only performance
climate contributed to it. Also, it was found that athletes’ moral
disengagement significantly differed according to their valued goals.

Keywords

Moral disengagement in sport, mastery climate, performance climate, goal

SPORCULARDA AHLAKTAN UZAKLAŞMANIN GÜDÜSEL İKLİM VE SPORCULARIN ÖNEM VERDİKLERİ ÖZELLİKLER İLE İLİŞKİSİ

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı, sporcuların
ahlaktan uzaklaşmaları ile algıladıkları güdüsel iklim arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemek
ve sporcuların ahlaktan uzaklaşmalarının önem verdikleri özelliklere göre
(kazanma, kişisel gelişim ve eğlence) farklılık gösterip göstermediğinin ortaya
koymaktır. Üç yüz otuz beş sporcu gönüllü olarak “Sporda Algılanan Motivasyonel
İklim Ölçeği” ve “Sporda Ahlaktan Uzaklaşma Ölçeği”
kısa formunu
doldurmuşlardır. Elde edilen veriler, tanımlayıcı istatistikler; Pearson korelasyon
analizi, çoklu regresyon analizi (enter metodu) ve tek yönlü ANOVA kullanılarak
SPSS 17.0 programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Korelasyon analizi sonucuna göre
ahlaktan uzaklaşmanın algılanan ustalık iklimi (r = -.11) ve performans iklimi
(r = .37) ile anlamlı şekilde ilişkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çoklu regresyon
analizi sonucuna göre, performans iklimi (β = .223, p <.001) ahlaktan
uzaklaşmanın anlamlı bir belirleyicisidir [R2 = .06, F (2,332) = 10.875, p
<.001]. Son olarak sporcuların önem verdikleri özelliklere göre ahlaktan
uzaklaşma puanlarında anlamlı bir farklılık tespit edilmiştir [F (2,332) =
7,200, p <0,001]. Kazanmayı en önem verdiği özellik olarak belirten sporcuların
ahlaktan uzaklaşma puanlarının, en önem verdiği özelliğin kişisel gelişim ve
eğlenme olan sporculara göre anlamlı derecede yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuç
olarak performans ve ustalık ikliminin ahlaktan uzaklaşma ile anlamlı derecede
ilişkili olduğu belirlenirken, yalnızca performans ikliminin ahlaktan uzaklaşmaya
anlamlı katkı sağladığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca sporcuların ahlaktan
uzaklaşmalarının en çok önem verdikleri özelliklere göre anlamlı ölçüde
farklılık gösterdiği bulunmuştur. 

Keywords

Ahlaktan uzaklaşma, ustalık iklimi, performans iklimi, hedef

References

• Akkaya, Ö., Zerenler, M. (2017). Sosyal medya ve spor pazarlaması ilişkisi taraftar tutumlarını belirlemeye yönelik bir araştırma: Beşiktaş spor kulübü örneği. Suleyman Demirel University Journal of Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences, 22(4), 945-963.
• Albouza, Y., D'Arripe-Longueville, F., Corrion, K. (2017). Role of resistive self-regulatory efficacy and moral disengagement in the relationship between values and aggressiveness in athletes. International Journal of Behavioral Research and Psychology, 5, 209-217.
• Allen, J., Taylor, J., Dimeo, P., Dixon, S., Robinson, L. (2015). Predicting elite Scottish athletes’ attitudes towards doping: examining the contribution of achievement goals and motivational climate. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(9), 899-906.
• Ames, C. (1992). Classrooms: Goals, structures, and student motivation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84(3), 261.
• Appleton, P.R., Duda, J.L. (2016). Examining the interactive effects of coach-created empowering and disempowering climate dimensions on athletes’ health and functioning. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 26, 61-70.
• Aydın, M.Z. (2011). Okulda ahlak eğitimi ve ahlak öğretiminde örnek olay incelemesi yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
• Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewd Cliffs, NJ: Rentice-Hall.
• Bandura, A. (1991). Social cognitive theory of moral thought and action. In W.M. Kurtines J.L. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of moral behavior and development: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 71-129). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
• Bandura, A. (2002). Selective moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Moral Education, 31(2), 101-119.
• Bartholomew, K., Ntoumanis, N., and Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C. (2009). A review of controlling motivational strategies from a Self-Determination Theory perspective: implications for sports coaches. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2, 215–233.
• Bekiari, A., Syrmpas, I. (2015). Coaches’ Verbal Aggressiveness and Motivational Climate as Predictors of Athletes’ Satisfaction. British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science, 9, 318-329.
• Boardley, I.D., Kavussanu, M. (2007). Development and validation of the moral disengagement in sport scale. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29(5), 608-628.
• Boardley, I.D., Kavussanu, M. (2009). The influence of social variables and moral disengagement on prosocial and antisocial behaviours in field hockey and netball. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(8), 843-854.
• Boardley, I.D., Kavussanu, M. (2010). Effects of goal orientation and perceived value of toughness on antisocial behavior in soccer: The mediating role of moral disengagement. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 32(2), 176-192.
• Boardley, I.D., Kavussanu, M. (2008). The Moral Disengagement in Sport Scale – Short. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26, 1507–1517.
• Boixados, M., Cruz, J., Torregrosa, M., Valiente, L. (2004). Relationships among motivational climate, satisfaction, perceived ability, and fair play attitudes in young soccer players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16(4), 301-317.
• Boyd, M., Kim, M. S., Ensari, N., Yin, Z. (2014). Perceived motivational team climate in relation to task and social cohesion among male college athletes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 44(2), 115-123.
• Burton, L.J., Welty Peachey, J., Wells, J.E. (2017). The role of servant leadership in developing an ethical climate in sport organizations. Journal of Sport Management, 31(3), 229–240. doi:10.1123/jsm.2016-0047
• Calmeiro, L., Stoll, S.K., Davis, P. (2015). Moral Reasoning in Sport: Validation of the Portuguese Version of the RSBH Value-Judgement Inventory in Adolescents, Sport Science Review, 24(5-6), 285-304. doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/ssr-2015-0020.
• Chen, Z., Wang, D., Wang, K., Ronkainen, N.J., Huang, T. (2016). Effects of coaching style on prosocial and antisocial behavior among Chinese athletes. Social Behavior and Personality: an International Journal, 44(11), 1889-1900.
• Chow, G.M., Murray, K.E., Feltz, D. (2009). Individual, team, and coach predictors of players’ likelihood to aggress in youth soccer. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 31(4), 425–443. PubMed doi:10.1123/jsep.31.4.425
• Constandt, B., De Waegeneer, E., Willem, A. (2018). Coach Ethical Leadership in Soccer Clubs: An Analysis of Its Influence on Ethical Behavior. Journal of Sport Management, 32(3), 185–198.
• Corrion, K., Long, T., Smith, A. L., d’Arripe-Longueville, F. (2009). “It’s not my fault; it’s not serious”: Athlete accounts of moral disengagement in competitive sport. The Sport Psychologist, 23(3), 388-404.
• Curran, T., Hill, A. P., Hall, H. K., Jowett, G. E. (2015). Relationships between the coach-created motivational climate and athlete engagement in youth sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 37(2), 193-198.
• Çağlar, E., Aşçı, F. H., Uygurtaş, M. (2017). Roles of perceived motivational climates created by coach, peer, and parent on dispositional flow in young athletes. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 124(2), 462-476.
• Çalışkan, G. (2013a). Reliability And Validity Adapted Turkish Version Of Moral Disengagement in Sports Scale. International Journal of Academic Research, 5(2), 235-239.
• Çalışkan, G. (2013b). The moral disengagement in sports: The role of gender, sport type and moral development stage. Life Science Journal, 10(7s), 721-726.
• Gano-Overway, L.A., Guivernau, M., Magyar, T.M., Waldron, J.J., Ewing, M. E. (2005). Achievement goal perspectives, perceptions of the motivational climate, and sportspersonship: Individual and team effects. Psychology of Sport And Exercise, 6(2), 215-232.
• Gutierrez, M., Ruiz, L.M. (2009). Perceived motivational climate, sportsmanship, and students' attitudes toward physical education classes and teachers. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 108(1), 308-326.
• Gürpınar, B. (2015). Adaptation of the moral disengagement in sport scale-short into Turkısh culture: A validity and reliability study in a Turkish sample. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 13 (1), 57-64.
• Gürpınar, B. (2016). Adaptation of the attitudes to moral decision-making in youth sport questionnaire-2 into turkish culture: a validity and reliability study. Education & Science, 39 (176), 405-412.
• Gürpınar B. Kurşun S. (2013). Basketbolcuların ve futbolcuların sportmenlik yönelimleri. Mediterranean Journal of Humanities 3(1), 171-176.
• Güvendi, B., Türksoy Işım, A. (2019). Moral Disengagement Level of Team Athletes Depending on Unethical Behaviors They Perceived from Their Coaches. Journal of Education and Learning, 8(4), 83-92.
• Hodge, K., Gucciardi, D.F. (2015). Antisocial and prosocial behavior in sport: The role of motivational climate, basic psychological needs, and moral disengagement. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 37(3), 257-273.
• Hodge, K., Hargreaves, E.A., Gerrard, D., Lonsdale, C. (2013). Psychological mechanisms underlying doping attitudes in sport: Motivation and moral disengagement. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 35(4), 419-432.
• Horn, T.S., (2008). Coaching Effectiveness in the Sport Domain. In T. S. Horn (Ed.), Advances in Sport Psychology (pp. 239-267). Campaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
• Huck, S.W. (2012). Reading statistics and research (6th ed). Boston: Pearson.
• Işım, A.T., Güvendi, B., Toros, T. (2015). Amatör lig futbolcularında sporda ahlaktan uzaklaşma, güdüsel iklim ve karar verme. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 5(1), 54-62.
• İlhan, L. (2009). Voleybolda Servis Becerisi Öğretimine Motivasyonel Bir Yaklaşım. Niğde Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(3), 196-203.
• Jaakkola, T., Wang, C.J., Soini, M., Liukkonen, J. (2015). Students’ perceptions of motivational climate and enjoyment in Finnish physical education: A latent profile analysis. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 14(3), 477-483.
• Jones, B. D., Woodman, T., Barlow, M., Roberts, R. (2017). The darker side of personality: Narcissism predicts moral disengagement and antisocial behavior in sport. The Sport Psychologist, 31(2), 109-116.
• Kavussanu, M. (2016). Moral disengagement and doping. In V. Barkoukis, L. Lazuras, & H. Tsorbatzoudis (Eds), The psychology of doping in sport (pp. 151-164). New York: Routledge.
• Kavussanu, M., Ring, C. (2016). Moral thought and action in sport and student life: A study of bracketed morality. Ethics & Behavior, 26(4), 267-276.
• Kelecek, S., Aşçı, F.H., Altıntaş, A. (2010). Elit erkek ve kadın voleybolcuların algıladıkları güdüsel iklimin, güdüsel yönelimlerini ve optimal performans duygu durumlarını belirlemedeki rolü. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(4), 35-47.
• Lee, M., Whitehead, J. Ntoumanis, N. ( 2007 ) Development of the Attitudes to Moral Decision-making in Youth Sport Questionnaire (AMDYSQ-1) . Psychology of Sport and Exercise , 8 , 369 - 392 .
• Lucidi, F., Grano, C., Leone, L., Lombardo, C., Pesce, C. (2004). Determinants of the intention to use do in substances: An empirical contribution in a sample Italian adolescents. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 35(2), 133-148.
• Lumpkin, A., Stoll, K.S., Beller, M.J. (2003) Sport Ethics: Application for Fair Play. (3rd ed). USA: McGrawHill.
• McLaren, C.D., Newland, A., Eys, M., Newton, M. (2017). Peer-initiated motivational climate and group cohesion in youth sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 29(1), 88-100.
• Miller, B.W., Roberts, G.C., Ommundsen, Y. (2005). Effect of perceived motivational climate on moral functioning, team moral atmosphere perceptions, and the legitimacy of intentionally injurious acts among competitive youth football players. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 6(4), 461-477.
• Newton, M., Duda, J.L. (1999). The interaction of motivational climate, dispositional goal orientations, and perceived ability in predicting indices of motivation. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 30(1), 63-82.
• Nicholls, A.R., Morley, D., Perry, J.L. (2016). Mentally tough athletes are more aware of unsupportive coaching behaviours: Perceptions of coach behaviour, motivational climate, and mental toughness in sport. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 11(2), 172-181.
• Nicholls, J.G. (1984). Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task 23 choice, and performance. Psychological Review, 91, 328-346.
• Ntoumanis, N., Biddle, S.J. (1999). A review of motivational climate in physical activity. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17(8), 643-665.
• Ntoumanis, N., Gucciardi, D.F., Backhouse, S.H., Barkoukis, V., Quested, E., Patterson, L., ... Kaffe, S. (2018). An intervention to optimize Coach Motivational Climates and Reduce Athlete Willingness to Dope (CoachMADE): protocol for a cross-cultural cluster randomized control trial. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2301.
• O’rourke, D.J., Smith, R.E., Smoll, F.L., Cumming, S.P. (2014). Relations of parent-and coach-initiated motivational climates to young athletes’ self-esteem, performance anxiety, and autonomous motivation: who is more influential?. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 26(4), 395-408.
• Örün, Ö., Orhan, D., Dönmez, P., Kurt, A.A. (2015). Öğretmen Adaylarının Bireysel Yenilikçilik Profilleri ve Teknoloji Tutum Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Trakya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1): 65-76.
• Özyıldırım, M., Sarı, İ. (2018). Antrenörlerin spor psikolojisi kavramına ilişkin metaforik algıları. Uluslararası Hakemli Akademik Spor Sağlık ve Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi.29, 177-194.
• Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS survival manual: A step-by-step guide to data analysis using SPSS version 15 (3 ed.). Maidenhead: Open University Press.
• Palou, P., Ponseti, F.J., Cruz, J., Vidal, J., Cantallops, J., Borràs, P.A., Garcia-Mas, A. (2013). Acceptance of gamesmanship and cheating in young competitive athletes in relation to the motivational climate generated by parents and coaches. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 117(1), 290-303.
• Passini, S. (2012). The delinquency–drug relationship: The influence of social reputation and moral disengagement. Addictive Behaviors, 37(4), 577-579.
• Ruiz, M.C., Haapanen, S., Tolvanen, A., Robazza, C., Duda, J.L. (2017). Predicting athletes’ functional and dysfunctional emotions: The role of the motivational climate and motivation regulations. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35(16), 1598-1606.
• Savaş, İ., Can, İ. (2011). Euro‐Dolar Paritesi ve Reel Döviz Kuru’nun İMKB 100 Endeksi’ne Etkisi. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 6(1): 323-339.
• Sezen-Balçıkanlı, G., Yıldıran, İ. (2018). Elit salon hokeyi oyuncularında empatik beceri ile prososyal davranışlar arasındaki ilişki. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 23(1), 1-8.
• Shields, D.L., Funk, C.D., Bredemeier, B.L. (2015). Predictors of moral disengagement in sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 37(6), 646-658.
• Simon, R.L. (2000). Internalism and internal values in sport. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 27, 1-16.
• Smith, A., Stewart, B., Oliver-Bennetts, S., McDonald, S., Ingerson, L., Anderson, A., ve ark. (2010). Contextual influences and athlete attitudes to drugs in sport. Sport Management Review. 13, 181–197.
• Stanger, N., Backhouse, S. H., Jennings, A., & McKenna, J. (2018). Linking motivational climate with moral behavior in youth sport: The role of social support, perspective taking, and moral disengagement. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 7(4), 392.
• Stornes, T., Ommundsen, Y. (2004). Achievement goals, motivational climate and sportspersonship: a study of young handball players. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 48(2), 205-221.
• Šukys, S., Jansonienė, A.J. (2012). Relationship between athletes’ values and moral disengagement in sport, and differences across gender, level and years of involvement. Education, Physical Training, Sport, 84(1), 55-61.
• Tabachnick B.G., Fidell, L.S. (2007): Using Multivariate Statistics (5th edition). Boston: Pearson Education.
• Thompson, M., Dieffenbach, K. (2016). Measuring professional ethics in coaching: Development of the PISC-Q. Ethics & Behavior, 26(6), 507–523. doi:10.1080/10508422.2015.1060578
• Toros, T. (2001). Elit ve elit olmayan erkek basketbolcularda hedef yönelimi, güdüsel iklim ve hedeflerin özgünlük güçlük derecesi özelliklerinin yaşam doyumuna etkisi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Mersin Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Trevino, L.K., Hartman, L.P., Brown, M. (2000). Moral ˜ person and moral manager: How executives develop a reputation for ethical leadership. California Management Review, 42(4), 128–142. doi:10.2307/41166057.
• Tsai, J.J., Wang, C.H., Lo, H.J. (2014). Locus of control, moral disengagement in sport, and rule transgression of athletes. Social Behavior and Personality: an International Journal, 42(1), 59-68.
• Türksoy Işım, A., Güvendi, B., Toros, T. (2019). Amatör lig futbolcularında sporda ahlaktan uzaklaşma, güdüsel iklim ve karar verme. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 5(1), 54-62.
• Visek, A., Watson, J. (2005). Ice hockey players’ legitimacy of aggression and professionalization of attitudes. The Sport Psychologist, 19, 178-192.
• Vitali, F., Bortoli, L., Bertinato, L., Robazza, C., Schena, F. (2015). Motivational climate, resilience, and burnout in youth sport. Sport Sciences for Health, 11(1), 103-108.
• Walling, M.D., Duda, J.L., Chi, L. (1993). The perceived motivational climate in sport questionnaire: Construct and predictive validity. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15, 172-172.
• Woods, R. (2015). Social issues in sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
• Xiang, P., Cunningham, G. (2005). Achievement goals, perceived motivational climate, and their relations to students’satisfaction with physical activity. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 76, 96.