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BİREYSEL VE TAKIM SPORCULARININ ÖZ-YETERLİK VE STRESLE BAŞA ÇIKMA STRATEJİLERİ

Year 2021, Volume: 19 Issue: 2, 112 - 122, 30.06.2021

Buse Sulu , Perican Bayar Koruç , Erdem Çakaloğlu

https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.800249
Cited By: 2

Abstract

Bu araştırmada, sporcuların öz-yeterlikleri ile stresle başa çıkma stratejilerinin spor türü değişkeni açısından incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmaya en az üç yıldır aktif olarak voleybol, basketbol, futbol, hentbol branşlarında yer alan 399 (sporyaşı=10.3±4.7) takım sporu yapan sporcu ve atletizm, eskrim, yüzme, taekwondo branşlarında yer alan 328 (sporyaşı=8.4±4.2) bireysel spor yapan sporcu olmak üzere toplam 727 sporcu katılmıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Öz-yeterlik Ölçeği ve Stresle Başa Çıkma Stratejileri Envanteri (SSBÇSE) kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde tanımlayıcı istatistikler, Pearson Momentler Çarpım Korelasyonu ve bağımsız gruplarda t testi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın bulgularına göre öz-yeterlik ile SSBÇSE hayal etme, çaba sarf etme, destek arama, gevşeme, sosyal geri çekilme ve zihinsel karmaşa alt ölçekleri arasında anlamlı ilişki bulunmuştur (p<.05). Sporcuların öz-yeterlik puanları açısından farka bakıldığında, bireysel spor yapan sporcuların takım sporu yapan sporculardan daha yüksek seviyede öz-yeterliğe sahip olduğu, öz-yeterlik puanları ile spor türü değişkeni arasında anlamlı fark olduğu saptanmıştır (p<.05). Takım ve bireysel spor yapan sporcular arasında stresle başa çıkma stratejileri açısından fark olup olmadığına bakıldığında hayal etme, çaba sarf etme, düşünce kontrolü, mantıksal analiz, sosyal geri çekilme, zihinsel karmaşa ve çekilme alt ölçekleri arasında anlamlı fark görülmektedir (p<.05). Bu araştırmanın sonuçlarına bakıldığında, öz-yeterliğin stresle başa çıkma stratejileri üzerinde belirleyici olabileceği, ayrıca takım ve bireysel spor yapan sporcuların farklı başa çıkma stratejileri kullandıkları söylenebilir. Sporcuların performanslarını gerçekleştirmedeki kritik önem göz önüne alındığında öz-yeterliği arttırmaya ve stresle başa çıkma stratejilerinin kullanmasına yönelik çalışmaların arttırılmasının yararlı olacağı önerilmektedir.

Keywords

Bireysel Spor Takım Sporu Öz-yeterlik Stresle Başa Çıkma Stratejisi

References

  • Anshel, M. H., Jamieson, J., Raviv, S. (2001). Cognitive appraisals and coping strategies following acute stress among skilled competitive male and female athletes. Journal of Sport Behavior, 24(2), 128-43.
  • Arsan, N., Koruç, Z. (2009). Sporcuların stresle başa çıkma stratejilerinin belirlenmesi (Determining athletes strategies of coping with stress). Spor Hekimliği Dergisi, 44, 119-126.
  • Arsan, N., Koruç, Z. (2011). I’ınvantaire des strategies de coping en competition sportive (ISCCS): Evaluating the turkish version by confirmatory factor analyses. E-Journal of New World Science Academy, 6(2).
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
  • Bandura, A. (1986). The explanatory and predictive scope of self-efficacy theory. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4, 359-373.
  • Bandura, A. (1996). Self-efficacy In Ramachaudran Encyclopedia of human behavior. New York: Academic Press. 71.
  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
  • Bandura, A. (2006). Going global with social cognitive theory: From prospect to paydirt. In S. I. Donaldson, D. E. Berger, K. Pezdek (Ed.), Applied psychology: New frontiers and rewarding careers (53–79). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Bandura, A. (2010). Self-Efficacy. In The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. doi:10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0836.
  • Bandura, A. (2008). Toward an agentic theory of the self. Self-Processes, Learning and Enabling Human Potential, 15–49.
  • Besharat, M. A., Pourbohlool, S. (2011). Moderating Effects of Self-Confidence and Sport Self-Efficacy on the Relationship between Competitive Anxiety and Sport Performance. Scientific Research Pscchology, 2(7), 760-765.
  • Bodys – Cupak, I., Majda, A., Zalewska – Puchala, J., Kaminska, A. (2016). The impact of a sense of self-efficacy on the level of stress and the ways of coping with difficult situations in polish nursing students. Nurse Educ. Today, 45, 102–107.
  • Bozkurt, Ş. (2014). Okul Sporlarına Katılan Öğrencı̇lerı̇n Katılım Motı̇vasyonu, Başarı Algısı ve Öz-Yeterlı̇klerı̇nı̇n İncelenmesı̇. Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Antalya.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2011). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı - İstatistik, Araştırma Deseni, Spss Uygulamaları ve Yorum (15. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Carver, C. S., Weintraub, J. K., Scheier, M. F. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267-283.
  • Chase, M. A. (1998). Sources of Self-Efficacy in Physical Education and Sport , Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 18(1), 76-89.
  • Cicognani, E., Pietrantoni, L., Palestini, L., Prati, G. (2009). Emergency workers’ quality of life: The protective role of sense of community, efficacy beliefs and coping strategies. Social Indices Resource, 94, 449-463.
  • Cosma, G., Chiracu, A., Stepan, R., Cosma, A., Nanu, C., Pǎunescu, C. (2020). Impact of coping strategies on sport performance. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 20(3), 1380-1385.
  • Daroglou, G. (2011). Coping skills and self-efficacy as predictors of gymnastic performance. Sport Studies and Sport Psychology, 14(1), 1-6.
  • Dinç, Z. (2011). Social self-efficacy of adolescent who participate in ı̇ndivudual and team sports, Social Behavior and Personalty, 39(10), 1417-1424.
  • Endler, N. S., Parker, J. D. (1990). Multidimensional assessment of coping: A critical evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(5), 844–854.
  • Feltz, D. L. (1988a). 1. Gender differences in the causal elements of self-efficacy on a high avoidance motor task. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 70, 151-166.
  • Feltz, D. L. (1988b). Self-confidence and sports performance. In K.B. Pandolf (Ed.), Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews (pp. 423-456). NY: Macmillan.
  • Frost, D. (1987). Sport psychology. Translated by A. Alijani, M. Noorbakhsh, Tehran Department of Research and Education of Physical Education.
  • Gaudreau, P., Blondin J. P. (2002). Development of a questionnaire for the assesment of coping strategies employed by athletes in competitive sport settings. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 3, 1-34.
  • Gaudreau, P., El Ali, M., Marivain, T. (2005). Factor structure of the coping ınventory for competitive sport with a sample of participants at the 2001 New York marathon. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 6(3), 271-88.
  • Gould, D., Eklund, R. C., Jackson, S. A. (1993). Coping strategies used by U.S. Olympic wrestlers. Research Quarterly For Exercise and Sport, 64(1), 83-93.
  • Gökçe, H., Arslan, Y. (2014). Comparison of the athletes’ self-efficacy: Participating to individuals or team sports, I. Internatıonal Scıentıfıc Conference, Serbia.
  • Holzberger, D., Philipp, A., Kunter, M., (2013). How teachers’ self-efficacy is related to instructional quality: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(3), 774-786.
  • Hsieh, P., Sullivan, J. R., Sass, D. A., Guerra, N. S., (2012). Undergraduate engineering students’ beliefs, coping strategies, and academic performance: An evaluation of the theoretical models. The Journal of Experimental Education, 80(2), 196-218.
  • Kaissidis-Rodafinos, A., Anshel, M. H., Porter, A. (1997). Personal and situational factors that predict coping strategies for acute stress among basketball referees. Journal of Sports Sciences. 15(4), 427-36.
  • Kazemi, A., Kohandel, M. (2015). The relationship between self-efficacy and stress-coping strategies among volleyball players, Biological Forum, 7(1), 656–661.
  • Khaleghi, A., Najafabadi, M. O. (2015). The role of stress management in self-efficacy: A case study in Tehran based Science & Research Department of Islamic Azad University Natural Resources & Agricultural Faculty students. International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research, 3(3), 303-308.
  • Malipatil, R. P. (2017). A study of general self-efficacy of sportsmen of Karnataka University in team and individual sports events. International Journal of Yogic, Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 3(1), 155-157.
  • Morales-Rodriguez, F. M., Perez-Marmol, J. M. (2019). The role of anxiety, coping Strategies, and emotional intelligence on general perceived self- efficacy in unıversity students. Frontiers in Psychology, 10.
  • Moritz, S. E., Feltz, D. L., Fahrbach, K. R., Mack, D. E. (2000). The relation of self- efficacy measures to sport performance: A meta-analytic review. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 71, 280-294.
  • Mroczkowska, H. (1997). Attributive reduction of failure-borne losses in view of team cohesion – analogies and differences in individual versus team competition. Biology of Sport, 4(14), 325–332.
  • Mummery, K. W. (2010). The Role of Coping Style, Social Support and self-efficacy in resilience of sport performance. Athletic Insight the online journal of sport psychology, 3, 187-199.
  • Nwankwo, B. C., Onyishi, I. E. (2012). Role of self-efficacy, gender, and category of athletes in coping with sports stress. IFE Psychologia: An International Journal, 20(2), 136–147.
  • Öcel, H. (2002). Takım sporu yapan oyuncularda kollektif yeterlik öz-yeterlik ve sargınlık ile başarı algı ve beklentileri arasındaki ilişkiler. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Panahi, M., Ramazanı-Nejad, R. (2011). Comparing Iranian National Individual Sports Athletes’ Strategies of Coping with Stress. Annals of Biological Research, 2(6), 135-44.
  • Park, J. K. (2000). Coping strategies used by Korean national athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 14: 63–80.
  • Radochoński, M., Cynarski, W. J., Perenc, L., Siorek-Maślanka, L. (2011). Competitive Anxiety and Coping Strategies in Young Martial Arts and Track and Field Athletes. Journal of Human Kinetics. 27, 181-190.
  • Rasti, M. (2009). Stress-Obsession-Fear. Tehran: Purang publication.
  • Riggs, M. L., Warka, J., Babasa, B., Betancour, R., Hooker, S. (1994). Development and validation of self-efficacy and out come expectancy scales for job related applications. Educational and Psychological Measuurement, 54, 793-802.
  • Sabiston C. M., Jewett, R., Ashdown-Franks, G., Belanger, M., Brunet, J., O’Loughlin, E., O’Loughlin, J. (2016) Number of years of team and individual sport participation during adolescence and depressive symptoms in early adulthood. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 38(1), 105-110.
  • Salar, B., Heki̇m, M., Tokgöz, M. (2012). 15-18 Yaş Grubu Takım ve Ferdi Spor Yapan Bireylerin Duygusal Durumlarının Karşılaştırılması. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi , 6, 123-135.
  • Selye, H. (1974) Stress Without Distress. New American Library, New York.
  • Şahin, F., Şahin, A., Şahan, H. (2016). Takım ve bireysel spor yapan sporcuların öz-yeterlik düzeyleri farklı mıdır? Uluslararası Multidisipliner Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(3).
  • Taiwo, J. (2015). Relationship between self-efficacy, problem-focused coping and performance. Behavioural Sciences Undergraduate Journal, 2(1), 37-41.
  • Tasaddoghi, Z. (2013). The styles of coping with stress in team and ındividual athletes based on gender and championship level. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 1, 23-27.
  • Valiante, G., Morris, D. B., (2013). The sources and maintenance of professional golfer’s self-efficacy beliefs. The Sport Psychologist, 27, 130-142.
  • Yoo, J. (2001). Coping profile of Korean competitive athletes. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 32, 290–303.

Year 2021, Volume: 19 Issue: 2, 112 - 122, 30.06.2021

Buse Sulu , Perican Bayar Koruç , Erdem Çakaloğlu

https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.800249
Cited By: 2

Abstract

References

  • Anshel, M. H., Jamieson, J., Raviv, S. (2001). Cognitive appraisals and coping strategies following acute stress among skilled competitive male and female athletes. Journal of Sport Behavior, 24(2), 128-43.
  • Arsan, N., Koruç, Z. (2009). Sporcuların stresle başa çıkma stratejilerinin belirlenmesi (Determining athletes strategies of coping with stress). Spor Hekimliği Dergisi, 44, 119-126.
  • Arsan, N., Koruç, Z. (2011). I’ınvantaire des strategies de coping en competition sportive (ISCCS): Evaluating the turkish version by confirmatory factor analyses. E-Journal of New World Science Academy, 6(2).
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
  • Bandura, A. (1986). The explanatory and predictive scope of self-efficacy theory. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4, 359-373.
  • Bandura, A. (1996). Self-efficacy In Ramachaudran Encyclopedia of human behavior. New York: Academic Press. 71.
  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
  • Bandura, A. (2006). Going global with social cognitive theory: From prospect to paydirt. In S. I. Donaldson, D. E. Berger, K. Pezdek (Ed.), Applied psychology: New frontiers and rewarding careers (53–79). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Bandura, A. (2010). Self-Efficacy. In The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. doi:10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0836.
  • Bandura, A. (2008). Toward an agentic theory of the self. Self-Processes, Learning and Enabling Human Potential, 15–49.
  • Besharat, M. A., Pourbohlool, S. (2011). Moderating Effects of Self-Confidence and Sport Self-Efficacy on the Relationship between Competitive Anxiety and Sport Performance. Scientific Research Pscchology, 2(7), 760-765.
  • Bodys – Cupak, I., Majda, A., Zalewska – Puchala, J., Kaminska, A. (2016). The impact of a sense of self-efficacy on the level of stress and the ways of coping with difficult situations in polish nursing students. Nurse Educ. Today, 45, 102–107.
  • Bozkurt, Ş. (2014). Okul Sporlarına Katılan Öğrencı̇lerı̇n Katılım Motı̇vasyonu, Başarı Algısı ve Öz-Yeterlı̇klerı̇nı̇n İncelenmesı̇. Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Antalya.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2011). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı - İstatistik, Araştırma Deseni, Spss Uygulamaları ve Yorum (15. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Carver, C. S., Weintraub, J. K., Scheier, M. F. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267-283.
  • Chase, M. A. (1998). Sources of Self-Efficacy in Physical Education and Sport , Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 18(1), 76-89.
  • Cicognani, E., Pietrantoni, L., Palestini, L., Prati, G. (2009). Emergency workers’ quality of life: The protective role of sense of community, efficacy beliefs and coping strategies. Social Indices Resource, 94, 449-463.
  • Cosma, G., Chiracu, A., Stepan, R., Cosma, A., Nanu, C., Pǎunescu, C. (2020). Impact of coping strategies on sport performance. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 20(3), 1380-1385.
  • Daroglou, G. (2011). Coping skills and self-efficacy as predictors of gymnastic performance. Sport Studies and Sport Psychology, 14(1), 1-6.
  • Dinç, Z. (2011). Social self-efficacy of adolescent who participate in ı̇ndivudual and team sports, Social Behavior and Personalty, 39(10), 1417-1424.
  • Endler, N. S., Parker, J. D. (1990). Multidimensional assessment of coping: A critical evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(5), 844–854.
  • Feltz, D. L. (1988a). 1. Gender differences in the causal elements of self-efficacy on a high avoidance motor task. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 70, 151-166.
  • Feltz, D. L. (1988b). Self-confidence and sports performance. In K.B. Pandolf (Ed.), Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews (pp. 423-456). NY: Macmillan.
  • Frost, D. (1987). Sport psychology. Translated by A. Alijani, M. Noorbakhsh, Tehran Department of Research and Education of Physical Education.
  • Gaudreau, P., Blondin J. P. (2002). Development of a questionnaire for the assesment of coping strategies employed by athletes in competitive sport settings. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 3, 1-34.
  • Gaudreau, P., El Ali, M., Marivain, T. (2005). Factor structure of the coping ınventory for competitive sport with a sample of participants at the 2001 New York marathon. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 6(3), 271-88.
  • Gould, D., Eklund, R. C., Jackson, S. A. (1993). Coping strategies used by U.S. Olympic wrestlers. Research Quarterly For Exercise and Sport, 64(1), 83-93.
  • Gökçe, H., Arslan, Y. (2014). Comparison of the athletes’ self-efficacy: Participating to individuals or team sports, I. Internatıonal Scıentıfıc Conference, Serbia.
  • Holzberger, D., Philipp, A., Kunter, M., (2013). How teachers’ self-efficacy is related to instructional quality: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(3), 774-786.
  • Hsieh, P., Sullivan, J. R., Sass, D. A., Guerra, N. S., (2012). Undergraduate engineering students’ beliefs, coping strategies, and academic performance: An evaluation of the theoretical models. The Journal of Experimental Education, 80(2), 196-218.
  • Kaissidis-Rodafinos, A., Anshel, M. H., Porter, A. (1997). Personal and situational factors that predict coping strategies for acute stress among basketball referees. Journal of Sports Sciences. 15(4), 427-36.
  • Kazemi, A., Kohandel, M. (2015). The relationship between self-efficacy and stress-coping strategies among volleyball players, Biological Forum, 7(1), 656–661.
  • Khaleghi, A., Najafabadi, M. O. (2015). The role of stress management in self-efficacy: A case study in Tehran based Science & Research Department of Islamic Azad University Natural Resources & Agricultural Faculty students. International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research, 3(3), 303-308.
  • Malipatil, R. P. (2017). A study of general self-efficacy of sportsmen of Karnataka University in team and individual sports events. International Journal of Yogic, Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 3(1), 155-157.
  • Morales-Rodriguez, F. M., Perez-Marmol, J. M. (2019). The role of anxiety, coping Strategies, and emotional intelligence on general perceived self- efficacy in unıversity students. Frontiers in Psychology, 10.
  • Moritz, S. E., Feltz, D. L., Fahrbach, K. R., Mack, D. E. (2000). The relation of self- efficacy measures to sport performance: A meta-analytic review. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 71, 280-294.
  • Mroczkowska, H. (1997). Attributive reduction of failure-borne losses in view of team cohesion – analogies and differences in individual versus team competition. Biology of Sport, 4(14), 325–332.
  • Mummery, K. W. (2010). The Role of Coping Style, Social Support and self-efficacy in resilience of sport performance. Athletic Insight the online journal of sport psychology, 3, 187-199.
  • Nwankwo, B. C., Onyishi, I. E. (2012). Role of self-efficacy, gender, and category of athletes in coping with sports stress. IFE Psychologia: An International Journal, 20(2), 136–147.
  • Öcel, H. (2002). Takım sporu yapan oyuncularda kollektif yeterlik öz-yeterlik ve sargınlık ile başarı algı ve beklentileri arasındaki ilişkiler. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Panahi, M., Ramazanı-Nejad, R. (2011). Comparing Iranian National Individual Sports Athletes’ Strategies of Coping with Stress. Annals of Biological Research, 2(6), 135-44.
  • Park, J. K. (2000). Coping strategies used by Korean national athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 14: 63–80.
  • Radochoński, M., Cynarski, W. J., Perenc, L., Siorek-Maślanka, L. (2011). Competitive Anxiety and Coping Strategies in Young Martial Arts and Track and Field Athletes. Journal of Human Kinetics. 27, 181-190.
  • Rasti, M. (2009). Stress-Obsession-Fear. Tehran: Purang publication.
  • Riggs, M. L., Warka, J., Babasa, B., Betancour, R., Hooker, S. (1994). Development and validation of self-efficacy and out come expectancy scales for job related applications. Educational and Psychological Measuurement, 54, 793-802.
  • Sabiston C. M., Jewett, R., Ashdown-Franks, G., Belanger, M., Brunet, J., O’Loughlin, E., O’Loughlin, J. (2016) Number of years of team and individual sport participation during adolescence and depressive symptoms in early adulthood. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 38(1), 105-110.
  • Salar, B., Heki̇m, M., Tokgöz, M. (2012). 15-18 Yaş Grubu Takım ve Ferdi Spor Yapan Bireylerin Duygusal Durumlarının Karşılaştırılması. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi , 6, 123-135.
  • Selye, H. (1974) Stress Without Distress. New American Library, New York.
  • Şahin, F., Şahin, A., Şahan, H. (2016). Takım ve bireysel spor yapan sporcuların öz-yeterlik düzeyleri farklı mıdır? Uluslararası Multidisipliner Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(3).
  • Taiwo, J. (2015). Relationship between self-efficacy, problem-focused coping and performance. Behavioural Sciences Undergraduate Journal, 2(1), 37-41.
  • Tasaddoghi, Z. (2013). The styles of coping with stress in team and ındividual athletes based on gender and championship level. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 1, 23-27.
  • Valiante, G., Morris, D. B., (2013). The sources and maintenance of professional golfer’s self-efficacy beliefs. The Sport Psychologist, 27, 130-142.
  • Yoo, J. (2001). Coping profile of Korean competitive athletes. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 32, 290–303.
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sports Medicine
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Buse Sulu 0000-0003-3749-6129

Perican Bayar Koruç 0000-0002-5797-3300

Erdem Çakaloğlu 0000-0003-1187-8276

Publication Date June 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 19 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Sulu, B., Bayar Koruç, P., & Çakaloğlu, E. (2021). BİREYSEL VE TAKIM SPORCULARININ ÖZ-YETERLİK VE STRESLE BAŞA ÇIKMA STRATEJİLERİ. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(2), 112-122. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.800249

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