Martyrdom Scenes of the Apostles of Jesus in Baroque Painting

Year 2021, , 1147 - 1189, 20.12.2021

Vildan Işık

https://doi.org/10.29135/std.922652

Abstract

In the Baroque period, the artists, who received the encouragement and support of the Catholic Church, painted many paintings with high dramatic effects, especially of the creepy moments of torture and murder of Christian saints. An important part of these religious paintings are martirdom scenes of Christ’s apostles. The most depicted martyrdom scenes of the apostles are St. Peter, St. Andrew, St. Bartholomew and St. John. Due to the rarely portrayed St. Philip’s martyrdom and possibly confusion about who they were, St. Matthew, St. James the Greater, St. Thomas, St. Little James, St. Jude and St. Simon’s martyrdom scenes are not among the popular themes of the Baroque period. In this article, oil paintings on canvas belonging to the seventeenth and eighteenth century religious Baroque art, including scenes of the martyrdom of Christ’s apostles were investigated. With this research, conducted through visual and written sources, it was focused on the iconographic examination of the paintings. The famous artists were commissioned oil paintings on canvas showing martyrdom scenes of saints. Especially for religious places in Italy, Spain and France, as a show of power and propaganda of the Catholic Church; it is possible to say that it has replaced the frescoes in church art because it can be made in a shorter time at a lower cost and it can easily be replaced. Among the famous names of the Baroque period depicting the martyrdom scenes of Christ’s apostles as oil paintings, the following artists stand out: Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, Guido Reni, Giovanni Battista Beinaschi (Fossano), Mattia Preti, Sébastien Bourdon, Jusepe de Ribera, Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, Peter Paul Rubens, Charles Le Brun, Francisco de Zurbarán, Giovanni Battista Piazzetta, Giulia Lama (Lisalba), Simon de Vos, Daniel Hallé (father), Eugenio Cajés, Michael Leopold Willmann, Sisto Badalocchio, Valentin de Boulogne (Jean Valantine), Lionello Spada, Antoine Paillet, Giambattista Tiepolo and Sebastiano Conca. In addition to these artists, it is understood that there are many copies and anonymous paintings produced from the paintings of these artists. Some of these are copy pictures made by students at the art academies of the time. Baroque artists generally used an open composition, where the figures were shown halfway, and also made use of all kinds of contrasts to increase the dramatic effect. Besides that, to the contrasts in the feelings and movements of the figures, the contrast between the beauty of the painting and the severity and ugliness of the subject is presented with intense reality. When the paintings are examined chronologically, it is clearly seen to what extent the artists were influenced by each other in the composition, use of color, light and shadow, and the stance of the figures. It is seen that especially the chiaroscuro technique, which creates volume, light-shadow contrast and intense dramatic effect, has become the primary technique for Baroque period painters. Some of these paintings have been re-examined with today’s technology and new information about the artist, the work or the period has been revealed. This research shows that; a significant portion of the paintings now exist in museums and private collections all over the world, not in the venues of the time they were made. This situation brings with it the discussion of whether the religious importance and value attributed to the paintings in the past still continue.

Keywords

Baroque Painting, Catholic Church, Religious Art, Apostles of Jesus, Martyrdom, Iconography

Barok Resimde İsa’nın Havarilerinin Martirdom Sahneleri

Abstract

Barok dönemde, Katolik Kilisesi’nin teşvik ve desteğini alan sanatçılar, özellikle Hristiyan azizlerinin ürpertici işkence ve öldürülme anlarına dair dramatik etkisi yüksek çok sayıda resim yapmıştır. Bu dinî resimlerin önemli bir kısmını, İsa’nın havarilerinin martirdom sahneleri oluşturur. Bu makalede, İsa’nın havarilerinin martirliklerine ilişkin sahneleri içeren 17’nci ve 18’inci yüzyıl Barok sanatına ait tuval üzeri yağlıboya tablolar araştırılmıştır. Görsel ve yazılı kaynaklar üzerinden yapılan bu araştırma ile söz konusu tabloların ikonografik açıdan incelenmesine odaklanılmıştır. Daha düşük maliyetle daha kısa sürede yapılabilir olmasının yanı sıra kolaylıkla yerlerinin değiştirilebilmesi bakımından da tuval üzeri yağlıboya tabloların hızla yaygınlaştığı ve kilise sanatındaki freskoların yerini aldığı Barok dönemde, azizlerin martirdom resimleri, Katolik Kilisesi’nin güç gösterisi ve propagandası olarak özellikle İtalya, İspanya ve Fransa’daki dinî mekânlar için ve çoğunlukla dönemin ünlü sanatçılarına sipariş yolu ile yaptırılan resimlerdir. Dönemin en fazla resmedilen havari-azizleri; Aziz Petrus, Aziz Andreas, Aziz Bartalmay ve Aziz Yuhanna’dır. Diğer havariler ise çeşitli nedenlerle bu azizler kadar resmedilmemiştir. Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, Guido Reni, Giovanni Battista Beinaschi (Fossano), Mattia Preti, Sébastien Bourdon, Jusepe de Ribera, Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, Peter Paul Rubens, Charles Le Brun, Francisco de Zurbarán, Giovanni Battista Piazzetta, Giulia Lama (Lisalba), Simon de Vos, Daniel Hallé (baba), Eugenio Cajés, Michael Leopold Willmann, Sisto Badalocchio, Valentin de Boulogne (Jean Valantine), Lionello Spada, Antoine Paillet, Giambattista Tiepolo ve Sebastiano Conca gibi İsa’nın havarilerinin martirdom sahnelerini yağlıboya tablo olarak resmeden pek çok sanatçı vardır. Ayrıca bu dönemde sanatçılara ait tablolardan üretilmiş çok sayıda kopya ve anonim resim de bulunmaktadır.

Keywords

Barok Resim, Katolik Kilisesi, Dinsel Sanat, İsa'nın Havarileri, Martirdom, İkonografi

References

• Arcanes. (2020). Lyon Cathédrale Saint Jean-Baptiste Antoine Paillet Le Massacre de Saint Barthélémy. http://www.arcanes.eu/fr/oeuvres/le-massacre-de-saint-bartelemy/. Erişim:12.01.2021.
• ARTE.it. Martyrdom of Saint James Giovanni Battista Piazzetta Church of San Stae. http://www.arte.it/work_of_art/martyrdom-of-saint-james-1011. Erişim: 24.12.2020.
• Artnet Worldwide Corporation. (a). http://www.artnet.com/about/aboutindex.asp?A=6. Erişim: 01.01.2021.
• Artnet Worldwide Corporation. (b). Flemish School (17) Title The Martyrdom of Saint John the Evangelist. http://www.artnet.com/artists/flemish-school-17/the-martyrdom-of-saint-john-the-evangelisthkUYiKjMJVEPqRvy1KVJgg2. Erişim: 01.01.2021.
• Artnet Worldwide Corporation. (c). Simon de Vos (Flemish, 1603–1676) Title: The martyrdom of Saint John the Evangelist. http://www.artnet.com/artists/simon-de-vos/the-martyrdom-of-saint-john-the-evangelist-iZigaLAWuegeDFOZJg6WgA2. Erişim: 01.01.2021.
• Beaux-Arts de Paris. Chapelle des Petits-Augustins. https://www.beauxartsparis.fr/en/privatisations/chapelle-des-petits-augustins. Erişim: 25.01.2021.
• Bastet, D. (Şubat 2017). Peut-on parler d’un «effet Le Brun» à Notre-Dame de Paris?. Bulletin du Centre de recherche du château de Versailles. https://journals.openedition.org/crcv/14497. Erişim: 11.01.2021.
• Benati, D. (2013). The Carracci Academy: From Nature to History, Caravaggio to Canaletto, The Glory of Italian Baroque and Rococo Painting. Szépművészeti Múzeum The Exhibition Catalogue. Ed. Zsuzsanna Dobos. Budapest. 72-74. https://szepmuveszeti.academia.edu/dorasallay. Erişim: 23.01.2021.
• Bissell, T. (01 Mart 2016). A Most Violent Martyrdom, Lapham’s Quarterly. https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/most-violent-martyrdom. Erişim: 29.12.2020.
• Brown, H. (23 Aralık 2020). Spanish Paintings on View at Georgia Museum of Art. University of Georgia UGA Today. https://news.uga.edu/gmoa-power-piety-exhibition/. Erişim: 28.12.2020.
• Camiz, F. T. (1990). Death and Rebirth in Caravaggio’s Martyrdom of St. Matthew. Artibus Et Historiae, 11(22), 89-105. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1483401?seq=1. Erişim: 30.12.2020.
• Catholic Online. St. John the Apostle. https://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=228. Erişim: 26.12.2020.
• Carnevale, A. (25 Kasım 2020). Giambattista Tiepolo: Escaping The Museum Room. Conceptual Fine Arts. https://www.conceptualfinearts.com/cfa/2020/10/07/giambattista-tiepolo-escaping-the-museum-room/. Erişim: 27.12.2020.
• Chadwick, H. St. John the Apostle. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-John-the-Apostle#ref116464. Erişim: 26.12.2020.
• Christie’s. (07 Haziran 2006). Lionello Spada (Bologna 1576-1622 Parma) Martirio di San Bartolomeo, Lot 79. https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-4729860. Erişim: 25.12.2020
• Christie’s. (2008). Giovanni Battista Beinaschi (Fossano, nr. Turin 1636-1688 Naples) The Martyrdom of Saint Peter. (2008 Live Auction 7610 Important Old Master & British Pictures Day Sale Including Property From The Collection of The Princely House of Liechtenstein Lot 127). https://www.christies.com/lot/lot-giovanni-battista-beinaschi-the-martyrdom-of-saint-5103661/?from=searchresults&intObjectID=5103661. Erişim: 25.12.2020.
• Chorus Associazione per le Chiese del Patriarcato di Venezia. Church of San Stae Martyrdom of St Bartholomew. https://www.chorusvenezia.org/en/opere/martyrdom-of-st-bartholomew/234. Erişim: 03.01.2020.
• De Lavergnée, A. B. (17 Kasım 2011). Giovanni Battista Beinaschi (1636-1688, Auteurs: Vincenzo Pacelli et Francesco Petrucci. La Tribune de l’Art. https://www.latribunedelart.com/giovanni-battista-beinaschi-1636-1688. Erişim: 01.01.2021.
• El Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza. (2019). Exhibitions The Martyrdom of Saint Andreas by Rubens Guest Work Special display From 11 February to 7 April 2019. https://www.museothyssen.org/en/exhibitions/martyrdom-saint-Andreas-rubens-guest-work. Erişim: 04.01.2021.
• Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. (a). Achaea. https://www.britannica.com/place/Achaea. Erişim: 26.12.2020.
• Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. (b). Chiaroscuro. https://www.britannica.com/art/chiaroscuro. Erişim: 10.01.2021.
• Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. (c). Saint James-Apostle, Son of Zebedee. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-James-son-of-Zebedee. Erişim: 05.01.2020.
• Estivill, D. (2014). Iconography and Iconology in Caravaggio: A Catholic Key to Understanding the Works. New Caravaggio, The Caravaggio Seminar at Uppsala University and the Newman Institute in Uppsala, Sweden. (Papers presented at the international conferences in Uppsala and Rome 2013). 83-101. https://www.academia.edu/4219828/Caravaggio_on_the_Frontier. Erişim: 03.01.2020.
• Friedlaender, W. (1945). The Crucifixion of St. Peter: Caravaggio and Reni. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 8(1945), 152-160. https://doi.org/10.2307/750170. Erişim: 27.12.2020.
• Fundación Carlos de Amberes. Quiénes Somos - Historia. https://www.fcamberes.org/es/los-primeros-anos. Erişim: 04.01.2021.
• Fundación Carlos de Amberes. (a). XXVI Premio de Periodismo Salvador de Madariaga. https://www.fcamberes.org/es/xxvi-premio-de-periodismo-salvador-de-madariaga. 04.01.2021
• Fondazione Federico Zeri Università di Bologna. Conca Sebastiano Martirio di san Matteo. http://catalogo.fondazionezeri.unibo.it/scheda/opera/63406/Conca%20Sebastiano%2C%20Martirio%20di%20san%20Matteo. Erişim: 26.01.2021.
• Graham-Dixon, A. The Contarelli Chapel and Other Church Commissions. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Caravaggio/The-Contarelli-Chapel-and-other-church-commissions. Erişim: 28.12.2020.
• Google Arts & Culture. Museo de Arte de Ponce. Martyrdom of Saint Bartholomew. https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/martyrdom-of-saint-bartholomew/PQH41PAnJosyOg. Erişim: 27.12.2020.
• Google Arts & Culture. Museo e Real Bosco di Capodimonte. Apollo e Marsia. https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/apollo-and-marsyas-jusepe-de-ribera/5AGtf3jy7_uoXg?hl=it. Erişim: 08.01.2021.
• Hermitage Museum. Caravaggio (Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio) circle of. 1571-1610 Martyrdom of St Peter. https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/digital-collection/01.+paintings/31467. Erişim: 29.12.2020.
• Jernyei-Kiss, J. (2013). Italian Painting in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Caravaggio to Canaletto, The Glory of Italian Baroque and Rococo Painting, The Exhibition Catalogue, Zsuzsanna Dobos (Ed.), Szépművészeti Múzeum, Budapest. 34. https://szepmuveszeti.academia.edu/dorasallay. Erişim: 23.01.2021
• Jin, T. (11 Mayıs 2020). What Happened to the 12 Apostles and How Did They Die?. We Dare to Say. https://wedaretosay.com/what-happened-to-the-12-apostles-and-how-did-they-die-2/. Erişim: 27.12.2020.
• Kissane, C. D. (Mart 2019). Broken Bodies And Unruly Images: Representations of Martyrdom in Counter-Reformation Rome, Presented in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy. University College London. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10074057/1/Kissane_10074057_thesis_redacted.pdf. Erişim: 25.12.2020.
• Kopecký, J., (29 Temmuz 2014). Vyšebrodský oltář i Rubensovy obrazy vydáme církvi, uznala galerie. Idnes.cz. https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/domaci/jak-probiha-vydavani-cirkevniho-majetku.A140729_053725_domaci_kop. Erişim: 03.01.2021.
• Kutsal Kitap. (a). Yuhanna 21:18. https://www.kutsal-kitap.net/bible/tr/index.php?mc=2&sc=1560&id=1575. Erişim: 10.01.2021.
• Kutsal Kitap. (b). Elçilerin İşleri. https://kutsal-kitap.net/bible/tr/index.php?id=1590&mc=2&sc=1585#1. Erişim: 11.01.2021.
• Kutsal Kitap. (c). Vahiy. https://www.kutsal-kitap.net/bible/tr/index.php?mc=5&sc=1236&id=1237. Erişim: 10.01.2021.
• Kutsal Kitap. (d). Yuhanna 20. Bölüm İsa’nın Dirilişi İsa Tomas’a Görünüyor. https://www.kutsal-kitap.net/bible/tr/index.php?mc=2&sc=1560&id=1574. Erişim: 10.01.2021.
• Locker, J. A. (2018). Introduction to Art and Reform in the Late Renaissance: After Trent. Visual Culture in Early Modernity Series University of Vermont, Routledge. Ed. Jesse Ai. Locker. https://www.academia.edu/38559919/Rethinking_Art_After_the_Council_of_Trent?email_work_card=view-paper. Erişim: 24.01.2021.
• Lidovky.cz. (04 Aralık 2013). Obrazy Petra Paula Rubense Umučení sv. Tomáše /vlevo/ a Sv. Augustin /vpravo/ umístěné ve Šternberském paláci. https://www.lidovky.cz/domov/stat-vyda-cirkvim-jedny-z-nejcennejsich-del-zustanou-v-galerii-jako-zapujcky.A131204_193928_ln_domov_ml/foto/SM4fae43_P201312040800101.jpg. Erişim: 21.01.2021.
• Mahon, D. (Haziran 1951). Egregius in Urbe Pictor: Caravaggio Revised. The Burlington Magazine, 93(580), 222-235. https://www.jstor.org/stable/870526. Erişim: 09.01.2021.
• Mâle, Émile. (1913). Religious Art in France, XIII Century; A Study in Mediaeval Iconography and Its Sources of Inspiration. Translate: Dora Nussey. London: J.M. Dent & Sons; New York: E.P. Dutton & Co. https://archive.org/details/ReligiousArtInFrance/page/n5/mode/2up. Erişim: 10.09.2021.
• Ministère de la Culture. POP: la plateforme ouverte du patrimoine tableau: Le martyre de saint-Barthélémy.https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/palissy/PM71000473. Erişim: 23.01.2021.
• Musée des Beaux-arts de Quimper. Italian Paintings The Martyrdom of Saint John the Evangelist Giulia Lama known as Lisalba (1681-1747) Vers 1720. http://www.mbaq.fr/en/our-collections/italian-paintings/giulia-lama-the-martyrdom-of-saint-john-the-evangelist-468.html. Erişim: 27.12.2020.
• Musée du Louvre. (2017). Valentin de Boulogne Beyond Caravaggio, 22 February-22 May 2017. https://presse.louvre.fr/valentin-de-boulogne-2/. Erişim: 12.01.2021.
• Musei Vaticani. Guido Reni Crucifixion of St Peter. https://www.museivaticani.va/content/museivaticani/en/collezioni/musei/la-pinacoteca/sala-xii---secolo-xvii/guido-reni--crocifissione-di-s--pietro.html. Erişim: 28.12.2020.
• Museo de la Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando. Anónimo ca. 1620-1626 Copia de Ribera José de Játiva Valencia 1591 Nápoles 1652 Martirio de San Bartolomé. https://www.academiacolecciones.com/pinturas/inventario.php?id=0313. Erişim: 30.12.2020.
• Museo di Real Bosco di Capodimonte. Luca Giordano in mostra a Parigi per la stagione napoletana al Petit Palais. http://www.museocapodimonte.beniculturali.it/luca-giordano-in-mostra-a-parigi-per-la-stagione-napoletana-al-petit-palais/. Erişim: 06.01.2021.
• Museo Diocesano Tridentino. Nicolò Dorigati. https://www.museodiocesanotridentino.it/articoli/nicolo-dorigati. Erişim: 10.01.2021.
• Museo Nacional del Prado. The Martyrdom of Saint Andrew. https://www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/the-martyrdom-of-saint-andrew/4e16dcf0-f952-45f6-ae7d-b9cab4748cdd. Erişim: 29.12.2020.
• Museo Nacional del Prado. (a). Ribera Jusepe de lo Spagnoletto. https://www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/artist/ribera-jusepe-de-lo-spagnoletto/37bb9553-eccf-459b-8d69-33a6f3cfd004. Erişim: 28.12.2020.
• Museo Nacional del Prado. (b). Ribera Jusepe de Lo Spagnoletto The Martyrdom of Saint Philip. https://www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/the-martyrdom-of-saint-philip/a221ea0e-d38c-4018-be83-af9119458701. Erişim: 02.01.2021.
• Museo Nacional del Prado. (c). Martirio de San Bartolomé - Francisco Camilo. https://www.museodelprado.es/coleccion/obra-de-arte/martirio-de-san-bartolome/98baf3ec-aad9-44f5-9f6e-9f058ff148a2?searchMeta=francisco%20camilo. Erişim: 12.01.2021.
• Museo Nacional del Prado. (d). The Martyrdom of Saint James - Zurbarán, Francisco De. https://www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/the-martyrdom-of-saint-james/7e180004-49fc-430b-b292-f9ba10b97f00. Erişim: 04.01.2021.
• Museo Nacional del Prado. (e). Martirio de San Bartolomé. https://www.museodelprado.es/coleccion/obra-de-arte/martirio-de-san-bartolome/355928f4-1a8f-4101-beff-e26a24764880. Erişim: 12.01.2021.
• Museu Nacional d’Art de Catalunya. Martirio de san Bartolomé. https://www.museunacional.cat/es/colleccio/martirio-de-san-bartolome/josep-de-ribera-o-jusepe-de-ribera-dit-lo-spagnoletto/024162-000. Erişim: 14.01.2021.
• Museum of Fine Art Budapest. (a). The Martyrdom of St. Andrew. https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/the-martyrdom-of-saint-andrew-jusepe-de-ribera/CgHBv3Qh-fxD2w. Erişim: 27.12.2020.
• Museum of Fine Art Budapest. (b). Martyrdom of Saint John the Evangelist Venetian Painter. https://www.mfab.hu/artworks/martyrdom-of-saint-john-the-evangelist/. Erişim: 30.12.2020.
• New Advent. Saint Thomas the Apostle. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14658b.htm. Erişim: 03.01.2021.
• Notre-Dame de Paris. (a). Les «Mays» de Notre-Dame de Paris. https://www.notredamedeparis.fr/decouvrir/peintures/les-mays-de-notre-dame/. Erişim: 10.01.2021.
• Notre-Dame de Paris. (b). Voir les chefs d’œuvre. https://www.notredamedeparis.fr/visiter/visiter-la-. Erişim: 11.01.2021.
• Notre-Dame de Paris. (c). Le Crucifiement de saint Pierre. https://www.notredamedeparis.fr/decouvrir/peintures/le-crucifiement-de-saint-pierre/#. Erişim: 23.01.2021.
• Notre-Dame de Paris. (d). Le martyre de saint André. https://www.notredamedeparis.fr/oeuvre/le-martyre-de-saint-andre/. Erişim: 11.01.2021.
• Notre-Dame de Paris. (e). Le martyre de saint Barthélémy. https://www.notredamedeparis.fr/oeuvre/le-martyre-de-saint-barthelemy/. Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2021.
• Nyerges, É. (2013). Jusepe de Ribera The Martyrdom of Saint Andreas. Caravaggio to Canaletto, The Glory of Italian Baroque and Rococo Painting, Szépművészeti Múzeum The Exhibition Catalogue, Ed. Zsuzsanna Dobos, Budapest. https://szepmuveszeti.academia.edu/dorasallay. Erişim: 23.01.2021.
• Piazza di S. Luigi dei Francesi. Histoire du Caravage. https://saintlouis-rome.net/horaires-visites/caravage/. Erişim: 23.01.2020.
• Pirondini, M. (22 Mayıs 2018). Leonello Spada, La Scimia Di Caravaggio. About Art Online. https://www.aboutartonline.com/2591/. Erişim: 26.12.2020.
• Payne, E, (25 Nisan 2017). Sublime and Grotesque: Ribera and the Art of Drawing. Meadows Museum Dallas. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gwEOaQZsdoo&ab_channel=MeadowsMuseumDallas. Erişim: 06.01.2021.
• Ponnau, D. (11 Mart 2004). Caravage L’esprit, la Chair, St Louis des Français, Rome. Yumpu. https://www.yumpu.com/fr/document/read/16744446/meditation-de-dominique-ponnau-sur-la-vie-et-loeuvre-du-caravage. Erişim: 03.01.2021.
• Portús, J. (2012). Zurbarán, Francisco De, The Martyrdom of Saint James. Museo Nacional del Prado. https://www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/the-martyrdom-of-saint-james/7e180004-49fc-430b-b292-f9ba10b97f00. Erişim: 25.12.2020.
• Rea, N. (17 Nisan 2019). See 7 of the Most Precious Relics That Survived the Blaze at Notre Dame. Art Net. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/7-artworks-and-relics-survived-notre-dame-fire-1518991. Erişim: 12.01.2021.
• Spicer, E. (10 Nisan 2018). Ribera: Art of Violence. Studio International. https://www.studiointernational.com/index.php/jusepe-de-ribera-art-of-violence-dulwich-picture-gallery. Erişim: 06.01.2021.
• Spike, J. T. (2013). Caravaggio and the Caravaggesque Movement. Caravaggio to Canaletto, The Glory of Italian Baroque and Rococo Painting Szépművészeti Múzeum The Exhibition Catalogue. Ed. Zsuzsanna Dobos. Budapest. 41-61. https://szepmuveszeti.academia.edu/dorasallay. Erişim: 23.01.2021.
• Sotheby’s. (29 Nisan 2015). Old Master & British Paintings 560 Property From A European Corporate Collection Eugenio Cajes Madrid 1577-1634 The Crucifixion of A Male Saint Possibly St. Philip. http://www.sothebys.com/fr/auctions/ecatalogue/lot.560.html/2015/old-master-british-paintings-l15030. Erişim: 03.01.2021.
• Sotheby’s. (30 Ocak 2019). Master Paintings Evening Sale Giulia Lama Details & Cataloguing Catalogue Note. http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2019/master-paintings-evening-n10007/lot.44.html. Erişim: 31.12.2020.
• Sotheby’s. (07 Mayıs 2020). Old Masters including Portrait Miniatures from the Pohl-Ströher Collection Lot 24 Sebastiano Conca The Martyrdom of Saint Matthew. https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2020/old-masters-including-portrait-miniatures-from-the-pohl-stroeher-collection/roman-school-17th-century-the-martyrdom-of-a-saint. Erişim: 04.01.2021.
• Szépművészeti Múzeum. (2013). Italian Painting in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Caravaggio to Canaletto, The Glory of Italian Baroque and Rococo Painting. Szépművészeti Múzeum The Exhibition Catalogue. Ed. Zsuzsanna Dobos. Budapest. https://szepmuveszeti.academia.edu/dorasallay. Erişim: 23.01.2021.
• The Barber Institute of Fine Arts. Mattia Preti, The Martyrdom of St Peter. https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/the-martyrdom-of-st-peter-33147. Erişim: 28.12.2020.
• The Cleveland Museum of Art. (a). The Crucifixion of Saint Andreas-Caravaggio. https://www.clevelandart.org/art/1976.2. Erişim: 29.12.2020.
• The Cleveland Museum of Art. (b). Conserving Caravaggio’s Crucifixion of Saint Andreas. https://www.clevelandart.org/research/conservation/conserving-caravaggio%E2%80%99s-crucifixion-saint-Andreas. Erişim: 26.12.2020.
• The Israel Museum Jerusalem. Jusepe de Ribera The Martyrdom of St. Bartholomew. https://www.imj.org.il/en/collections/202058. Erişim: 30.12.2020.
• The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Martyrdom of Saint Bartholomew ca. 1613-15 Valentin de Boulogne. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/708957. Erişim: 30.12.2020.
• The Museum of Fine Arts Budapest. The Martyrdom of Saint Andreas Jusepe de Ribera. https://www.mfab.hu/artworks/the-martyrdom-of-saint-Andreas/. Erişim: 30.12.2020.
• The National Gallery of Art. Jusepe De Ribera The Martyrdom of Saint Bartholomew 1634. https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.72037.html. Erişim: 29.12.2020.
• The National Gallery Prague. The Martyrdom of SS Philip and James - Michael Leopold Willmann. https://sbirky.ngprague.cz/en/dielo/CZE:NG.O_2881. Erişim: 12.01.2021.
• The J. Paul Getty Museum. The Martyrdom of Saint Andreas. https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/objects/749/charles-le-brun-the-martyrdom-of-saint-Andreas-french-1646-1647/. Erişim: 05.01.2021.
• Unità Pastorale S. Maria MdC - S Marta. Storia della Chiesa di S. Matteo in Soarta. http://www.santamariamadredellachiesa.it/pageone.asp?idcat=28&idpag=366&offset=6. Erişim: 26.01.2021.
• Yoder, D. (Mayıs/Haziran 2014). Caravaggio in Focus. The Cleveland Museum of Art, https://www.clevelandart.org/magazine/cleveland-art-2014-highlights/caravaggio-focus. Erişim: 27.12.2020.
• Vécsey, A. The Martyrdom of Saint Andreas Jusepe de Ribera. The Museum of Fine Arts Budapest. https://www.mfab.hu/artworks/the-martyrdom-of-saint-Andreas/. Erişim: 29.12.2020.
• Virtual Uffizi Gallery. Giovanni Battista Piazzetta. https://www.virtualuffizi.com/giovanni-battista-piazzetta.html. Erişim: 25.12.2020.
• Web Art Gallery. Piazzetta Giovanni Battista. https://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/p/piazzett/giovanni/st_james.html. Erişim: 25.01.2021.
• Weil, P. D. ve S. Belchetz-Swenson. Old Master Drawing and Painting Caravaggio: An Exploration of Caravaggio’s Painting and Drawing Techniques. Ingetang. http://www.ingetang.com/praxis/old-master-drawing-and-painting-caravaggio/. Erişim: 04.01.2021.
• Xamou Art. Repoussoir. https://www.xamou-art.com/word/repoussoir/. Erişim: 04.01.2021.