In this study, “Miletus Ware” ceramic finds, having survived in a partially preserved form until today and obtained from the research excavation of the Byzantine cistern (2015) in Izmir Kadifekale (Acropolis of Smyrna) are introduced. Despite a couple of pre-Byzantine and Late Byzantine ceramics; 16 pieces of finds were extracted as mixed together mostly with one color glazed, multicolor glazed sgraffito and unglazed Principalities period ceramics. In general terms, it is red colored paste micaceous, with black and white particles, medium hardness and has small pores. The pastes of only two finds are distinguished from the others by their abundant micaceous and soft-medium hardness. All of them are broken and incomplete and belong to open pots with ring bases. In general, they are productions with red micaceous paste, cream-white lining on the inner surface and transparent, colorless glazed, except for one turquoise blue color. The presence of transparent-colorless glaze is observed in two finds on the slipped outer surfaces. There are also finds that have green glaze on the outer surface.
In the history of Anatolian ceramics, the new information added to date about this group, which was introduced as “Miletus Ware”, based on the production findings and discoveries in Milet (Aydın) for the first time by F. Sarre in 1935, has both diversified the production sites and expanded distribution areas. Although some common data from all production centers in terms of vessel forms and decoration repertoires make the origin of the finds difficult at first glance, information about slip and paste structures has begun to determine a criteria. In addition to visual evaluations, the archaeometric determinations have been important. In the archeometric research on the production groups of Miletus wares, although the productions of Bergama were covered with a slip made of clay rich in silica additives, the findings of Iznik production have not been localized yet; also it was determined that the slips of the Ephesus, Milet, and Sardes samples were no longer clay based, but were mostly made of ground quartz grains, bound together by a glassy phase and a small amount of clay. Archaeometric study on Western Anatolian Miletus ware type ceramics revealed that regardless of the production group, glazes contain less lead, on the other hand it was found alkalis, especially sodium, is rich at an average of 15% by weight.
Kadifekale finds were produced in more than one place in important centers and especially in Western Anatolia during the Principalities and Early Ottoman periods in Anatolia and were widely demanded; and İzmir was included in the demand centers of Miletus wares. An extensive data analysis based on published finds in order to define the production place and date of the Kadifekale finds, even relatively for now, reveals that they are closer to the Kütahya and Bergama productions in terms of paste, lining and glaze properties. Archaeometric studies are needed on this subject.
The finds from the Kadifekale Byzantine Cistern of Miletus wares that have not been found anywhere else in Izmir until now must belong to the middle of the 14th century or the middle of the 15th centuries; and they are also important in terms of being the archaeological evidences of the Early-Turkish Principalities Period during the Turkization process of İzmir.
Bu çalışmada, İzmir Kadifekale’de (Smyrna Akropolisi) günümüze kısmen korunarak ulaşabilmiş Bizans sarnıcı araştırma kazısından (2015) ele geçen “Milet Tipi” seramik buluntular tanıtılmaktadır. Az sayıda Bizans öncesi ve Geç Bizans seramiğine karşılık; yoğun olarak tek renk sırlı, çok renk sırlı sgraffito ve sırsız Beylikler dönemi seramikleri ile birlikte karışık olarak ele geçen buluntular 16 adettir. Tümü kırık ve noksan olup halka kaideli açık kaplara aittir. Genel anlamda kırmızı mikalı hamurlu, iç yüzeyde krem-beyaz astarlı ve bir adet firuze renk dışında diğerleri şeffaf renksiz sırlı üretimlerdir. Üç parçada dış yüzeye yeşil sır uygulaması yapılmıştır. Korunan kısımlardan hareketle çoğu sıraltına kobalt mavi renkle bezelidir. İki buluntunun dış yüzeyinde korunan kahverengimsi-mangan/manganez moru renk iç yüzeylerde de iki renk boyama olabilecğini düşündürür. Çiçek, yaprak ve dallardan oluşmuş bitkisel karakterli bezemeler serbest fırça vuruşları ile oluşturulmuştur. Geometrik, geometrikleşmiş stize bitkisel yorumlar da vardır. Kadifekale buluntuları, Anadolu’da Beylikler ve Erken Osmanlı döneminde önemli merkezlerde ve özellikle Batı Anadolu’da birden fazla yerde üretilmiş, geniş alanda talep görmüş Milet tipi seramiklerin talep merkezlerine İzmir’i de eklemiştir. Kadifekale buluntularının üretim yeri ve tarihini şimdilik göreceli de olsa tanımlayabilmek için yayınlı buluntulara dayalı yapılan geniş analojik çalışma; buluntuları hamur, astar ve sır özellikleri bakımından Kütahya ve Bergama üretimlerine yakınlaştırmıştır. Bu konuda arkeometrik çalışmaya ihtiyaç vardır. Bezeme kompozisyonu olarak tanımlanabilenler Kütahya, Balat İlyas Bey Külliyesi, Edirne Zindanaltı ve İznik örneklerine benzer. Şimdiye değin İzmir’de başka bir yerde ele geçmemiş Milet tipi seramiklerin, Kadifekale Bizans Sarnıcı buluntuları 14.yüzyılın ortası-15.yüzyılın ortasına ait olmalıdır ve İzmir’in Türkleşme sürecinde Erken-Türk Beylikler Döneminin arkeolojik kanıtları olarak ayrıca önem taşımaktadır.
Primary Language | Turkish |
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Journal Section | RESEARCH |
Authors | |
Publication Date | December 20, 2021 |
Published in Issue | Year 2021 |