Sanal Zorbalıkla Baş Etme Ölçeği: Geçerlilik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması
Year 2016,
, 116 - 128, 27.12.2016
Mustafa Koç
,
Mehmet Barış Horzum
,
Tuncay Ayas
,
Furkan Aydın
Ahmet Özbay
,
Erol Uğur
,
Senem Çolak
Abstract
Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri öğrenciler tarafından amacı dışında birbirlerine zarar vermek amacıyla ortaya çıkan sanal zorbalık olayları günümüzde önemli bir sorun haline geldiği görülmektedir. Okullarda öğrenciler arasında yaşanan bu olaylar öğrencileri akademik, psikolojik ve sosyal açıdan olumsuz şekilde etkilemektedir. Öğrenciler sanal zorbalık olaylarıyla baş edebilmek için farklı yöntem ve teknikler kullanabilmektedirler. Okullarda yaşanan bu tür olaylarla öğrencilerin nasıl baş etiklerini tespit etmek amacıyla bu ölçek geliştirme çalışması yapılmıştır. Araştırmada veriler açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör çalışmalar için farklı liselerde eğitim öğretim faaliyetlerini sürdüren iki gruptan toplanmıştır. Açımlayıcı faktör için veriler Sakarya ili merkezinde yer alan farklı liselerde öğrenim gören 264 öğrencinin 140’ı dokuzuncu sınıf öğrencisinden (%53) ve 124’ü (%47) on birinci sınıf öğrencilerinden oluşmuştur. Katılımcılardan 129’u (%48,9) kız, 135’i (%51,1) erkektir. İkinci çalışmada doğrulayıcı faktör analizi için Sakarya ili merkezinde yer alan farklı liselerde öğrenim gören 277 öğrenciden veriler toplanmıştır. Öğrencilerin 135’i (%48.7) dokuzuncu sınıf ve 142’si (%51.3) onuncu sınıf öğrencisidir. Bu katılımcılardan 136’sı (%49.1) kız, 141’i (%50.9) erkektir. Öğrenciler 15 ile 18 yaş arasındadır. Ölçek geliştirme sürecinde öncelikle sanal zorbalıkla baş etmeyle ilgili alan yazın incelenerek madde havuzu oluşturulmuştur. Oluşan madde havuzuyla ilgili uzman görüşleri doğrultusunda ölçekte gerekli düzeltmeler yapıldıktan sonra ölçek hedef kitleye uygulanarak ölçeğin faktöriyel ve yapı geçerlikleri ile güvenirlik analizleri yapılmıştır. Ölçeğin analizlerinde faktöriyel geçerlik için açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi, yapı geçerliği için yakınsama ve ayırt edici geçerlik ve güvenirlik içinse Cronbach alfa iç tutarlılık ve kompozit güvenirlik katsayılarına bakılmıştır. Yapılan bu işlemler sonucunda 19 madde ve 4 faktörden oluşan geçerli ve güvenilir bir sanal zorbalıkla baş etme ölçeği elde edilmiştir
References
- Arıcak, O. T., Kınay, H. ve Tanrıkulu, T. (2012). Siber Zorbalık Ölçeği’nin ilk psikometrik bulguları. Hasan Âli Yücel Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(1), 101-114.
- Arıcak, O. T. (2011). Siber Zorbalık: Gençlerimizi Bekleyen Yeni Tehlike. Kariyer Penceresi, 6, 10-12.
- Ayas, T (2011). Lise öğrencilerinin sanal zorba ve mağdur olma yaygınlığı. XI. Ulusal Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi 3–5 Ekim 2011 İzmir
- Ayas, T. (2014). Depresyon, anksiyete ve cinsiyet değişkenlerine göre sanal zorbalığa maruz kalma düzeylerinin yordanması. Online Journal Of Technology Addiction & Cyberbullying 1, 1-17.
- Ayas, T. & Horzum, B. (2011). Exploring the Teachers’ Cyber Bullying Perception in terms of Various Variables. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 3(2), 619-640.
- Ayas, T. ve Horzum, M.B. (2012). İlköğretim öğrencilerinin sanal zorba ve mağdur olma durumu. İlköğretim Online, 11(2), 369-380
- Ayas,T., Aydın, F., & Horzum, M. B. (2015). Cyberbullying Awareness Scale: A Validity and Realiablity Study. Online Journal of Technology Addiction & Cyberbullying, 2(4).
- Batmaz, M. ve Ayas, T (2013) İlköğretim ikinci kademedeki öğrencilerin psikolojik belirtilere göre sanal zorbalık düzeylerinin yordanması. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 3, 43-53
- Belsey, B. (2008). Cyberbullying. Retrieved August 03, 2008, from, http://www.cyberbullying.org
- Beran, T., & Li, Q. (2005). Cyber-harassment: A study of a new method for an old behavior. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 32(3), 265-277.
- Broll, R. (2014). Collaborative responses to cyberbullying: preventing and responding to cyberbullying through nodes and clusters. Policing and society, 1-18
- Bryce,J., Klang, M . (2009) Young people is disclosure of personal information and Technical Report .14,160-166
- Bulut, Y., & Alcı, B. (2014). Cyberbullying Among Secondary School Students.
- Burgess-Proctor, A., Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J.W. (2010). Victimization of adolescent girls. Cyberbullying Research Center.
- Campbell, M.A. (2005). Cyberbullying: An old problem in a new guise? Australian Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 15(1), 68-76.
- Çelen, F. K., Çelik, A. ve Seferoğlu, S. S. (2011). Çocukların İnternet kullanımları ve onları bekleyen çevrim-içi riskler. Akademik Bilişim, 2-4.
- Dursun, Ö. Ö., & Akbulut, Y. (2010). Investigation of cyberbullying victimization and communication styles in a hybrid learning environment. Paper presented at IODL & ICEM International Joint Conference and Media Days, Eskisehir, Turkey.
- Dredge, R., John, G. ve Garcia, X. P. 2014. Cyberbullying in social networking sites: An adolescent victim’s perspective. Computers in Human Behavior. 36, 13-20.
- Eroğlu, Y. (2011). Koşullu öz-değer riskli internet davranışları ve siber zorbalık/mağduriyet arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans çalışması, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Sakarya Üniversitesi, Sakarya.
- Frisén, A., Berne, S., & Marin, L. (2014). Swedish pupils' suggested coping strategies if cyberbullied: Differences related to age and gender. Scandinavian journal of psychology, 55(6), 578-584.
- Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2008). Cyberbullying: An exploratory analysis of factors related to off ending and victimization. Deviant behavior, 29(2), 129-156.
- Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2010). Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide. Archives of Suicide Research, 14(3), 206-221.
- Jones, L. M., Mitchell, K. J., & Finkelhor, D. (2013). Online harassment in context: Trends from three Youth Internet Safety Surveys (2000, 2005, 2010). Psychology of Violence, 3(1), 53.
- Juvonen, J. and E.F. Gross (2008). ‘Extending the School Grounds? Bullying Experiences in Cyberspace’, Journal of School Health 78(9): 496–505.
- Kowalski, R.M. & Limber, S.P. (2007). Electronic bullying among middle school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 22–30.
- Lenhart, A., Madden, M., Macgill, A.R., & Smith, A. (2007). Teens and social media: The use of social media gains a greater foothold in teen life as they embrace the conversational nature of interactive online media. Pew Internet & American Life Project.
- Li, Q. (2006) Cyberbullying in schools : A research of gender differences. School Pyschology International. 27 ,157-170
- Murphy, J. J. (2008). Solution-focused counseling in schools (2nd Ed.). Alexandria VA: American Counseling Association.
- O’Brien, N., & Moules, T. (2013). Not sticks and stones but tweets and texts: findings from a national cyberbullying project. Pastoral care in education, 31(1), 53-65.
- Olweus, D. (1999). Sweden. In P. K. Smith, Y. Morita, J. Junger-Tas, D. Olweus, R. Catalano, ve P. Slee (Eds.), The nature of school bullying: A cross-national perspective. London and New York: Routledge.
- Olweus, D. (1995). Bullying or peer abuse at school: Facts and intervention. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4, 196-200.
- Patchin, J. W. & Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies move beyond the school yard: A preliminary look at cyber bullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4(2), 148–169
- Peker, A., Özhan, M. B. ve Eroğlu, Y. (2015). Development of the Scale on Coping with Cyber Bullying towards Adolescents Ergenlere Yönelik Siber Zorbalıkla Başa Çıkma Ölçeği'nin geliştirilmesi. International Journal of Human Sciences, 12(1), 569-581.
- Raskauskas, J. & Stoltz, A. D. 2007. Involvement in traditional and electronic bullying among adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 43,564-575.
- Raskauskas, J & Huynh, A. (2015). The process of coping with cyberbullying: A systematic review. Aggression and violent behavior, 23, 118-125.
- Scaglione, J., & Scaglione, A. R. (2006). Bully-proofing children: A practical, hands- on guide to stop bullying. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Education.
- Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M. ve Tippett, N. (2006). An investigation into cyberbullying, its forms, awareness, and impact, and the relationship between age and gender in cyberbullying. London: Goldsmith College, University of London.
- Syts, Y. (2004). Beyond the schoolyard: Examining electronic bullying among Canadian youth. Unpublished Master Thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario.
- Şahin, M., Aydın, B. & Sarı, S. V. (2012) Cyberbullying, cyber victimization and psychological symptoms : A study in adolescent. C.U. Faculty of Education Journal, 41(1), 53 -59
- Vandebosch, H., Van Cleemput, K., Mortelmans, D., & Walrave, M. (2006). Cyberbullying among youngsters in Flanders. Retrieved May 11, 2010 from http://www.viwta.be/files/cyberbullying%20executive%20overwiev.pdf.
- Völlink, T., Bolman, C. A., Dehue, F., & Jacobs, N. C. (2013). Coping with cyberbullying: Differences between victims, bully‐victims and children not involved in bullying. Journal of community & applied social psychology, 23(1), 7-24.
- Wachs, S., Wolf, K. D., & Pan, C. C. (2012). Cybergrooming: Risk factors, coping strategies and associations with cyberbullying. Psicothema, 24(4), 628-633.
- Willard, N. (2007). Cyberbullying and cyberthreats. U.S.A. Research Pres.
- Wolak, J., Mitchell, K.J., Finkelhor, D. (2007). Does online harassment constitute bullying? An exploration of online harassment by known peers and online-only contacts. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 51-58.
- Worthen,M.R. (2007) Education policy implications from the expert panel on elec- tronic media and youth violence .Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 64-65
- Yaman, E., Eroğlu, Y., ve Peker, A. (2011). Başa çıkma stratejileri ile okul zorbalığı ve siber zorbalık.
- Ybarra, M. L. (2004). Linkages between depressive symptomatology and Internet harassment among young regular Internet users. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 7, 247 - 257.
- Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, J. K. (2004). Online aggressor/targets, aggressors, and targets: A comparison of associated youth characteristics. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1308–1316.
Coping With Cyberbullying Scale: Study of Reliability and Validity
Year 2016,
, 116 - 128, 27.12.2016
Mustafa Koç
,
Mehmet Barış Horzum
,
Tuncay Ayas
,
Furkan Aydın
Ahmet Özbay
,
Erol Uğur
,
Senem Çolak
Abstract
It is seen that cyberbullying and cyber victimization have become important problems nowadays because students misuse the information and communication technologies to harm each other. Such events experienced between students at the school have negative effects on academic, psychological and social performance of students. Students may use different methods and techniques to cope with cyberbullying. This study is designed to develop a scale for identifying the coping strategies of students. Confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory factor analysis were applied to the data in the research. 264 high school students from Sakarya participated in the study for exploratory factor analysis. 140 of them were attending at the ninth grade (53%) and 14 of them were the 11th-grade students. 129 of the participants (48,9%) were female and 135 of them (51,1%) were male. 277 high school students from Sakarya participated in the second study for confirmatory factor analysis. 135 (48.7%) of the students were studying in the ninth grade while 142 (51.3%) of them were in 10th grade. 136 (49.1%) of the students were female, 141 (50.9%) of them were male. The ages of the students varied between 15 and 18. During the process of the scale development, first of all, the literature related to the strategies of coping with cyber bullying was reviewed and an item pool was created. Scale was corrected according to expert views, and then, construct validity, factor analysis and reliability analysis were applied. Confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory factor analysis were applied for factorial validity. Moreover, convergence was used for construct validity and Cronbach Alpha and composite reliability coefficient were utilized for distinguishing validity and reliability. Finally, a valid and reliable scale of coping with cyber bullying that has 19 items and 4 factors was developed.
References
- Arıcak, O. T., Kınay, H. ve Tanrıkulu, T. (2012). Siber Zorbalık Ölçeği’nin ilk psikometrik bulguları. Hasan Âli Yücel Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(1), 101-114.
- Arıcak, O. T. (2011). Siber Zorbalık: Gençlerimizi Bekleyen Yeni Tehlike. Kariyer Penceresi, 6, 10-12.
- Ayas, T (2011). Lise öğrencilerinin sanal zorba ve mağdur olma yaygınlığı. XI. Ulusal Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi 3–5 Ekim 2011 İzmir
- Ayas, T. (2014). Depresyon, anksiyete ve cinsiyet değişkenlerine göre sanal zorbalığa maruz kalma düzeylerinin yordanması. Online Journal Of Technology Addiction & Cyberbullying 1, 1-17.
- Ayas, T. & Horzum, B. (2011). Exploring the Teachers’ Cyber Bullying Perception in terms of Various Variables. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 3(2), 619-640.
- Ayas, T. ve Horzum, M.B. (2012). İlköğretim öğrencilerinin sanal zorba ve mağdur olma durumu. İlköğretim Online, 11(2), 369-380
- Ayas,T., Aydın, F., & Horzum, M. B. (2015). Cyberbullying Awareness Scale: A Validity and Realiablity Study. Online Journal of Technology Addiction & Cyberbullying, 2(4).
- Batmaz, M. ve Ayas, T (2013) İlköğretim ikinci kademedeki öğrencilerin psikolojik belirtilere göre sanal zorbalık düzeylerinin yordanması. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 3, 43-53
- Belsey, B. (2008). Cyberbullying. Retrieved August 03, 2008, from, http://www.cyberbullying.org
- Beran, T., & Li, Q. (2005). Cyber-harassment: A study of a new method for an old behavior. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 32(3), 265-277.
- Broll, R. (2014). Collaborative responses to cyberbullying: preventing and responding to cyberbullying through nodes and clusters. Policing and society, 1-18
- Bryce,J., Klang, M . (2009) Young people is disclosure of personal information and Technical Report .14,160-166
- Bulut, Y., & Alcı, B. (2014). Cyberbullying Among Secondary School Students.
- Burgess-Proctor, A., Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J.W. (2010). Victimization of adolescent girls. Cyberbullying Research Center.
- Campbell, M.A. (2005). Cyberbullying: An old problem in a new guise? Australian Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 15(1), 68-76.
- Çelen, F. K., Çelik, A. ve Seferoğlu, S. S. (2011). Çocukların İnternet kullanımları ve onları bekleyen çevrim-içi riskler. Akademik Bilişim, 2-4.
- Dursun, Ö. Ö., & Akbulut, Y. (2010). Investigation of cyberbullying victimization and communication styles in a hybrid learning environment. Paper presented at IODL & ICEM International Joint Conference and Media Days, Eskisehir, Turkey.
- Dredge, R., John, G. ve Garcia, X. P. 2014. Cyberbullying in social networking sites: An adolescent victim’s perspective. Computers in Human Behavior. 36, 13-20.
- Eroğlu, Y. (2011). Koşullu öz-değer riskli internet davranışları ve siber zorbalık/mağduriyet arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans çalışması, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Sakarya Üniversitesi, Sakarya.
- Frisén, A., Berne, S., & Marin, L. (2014). Swedish pupils' suggested coping strategies if cyberbullied: Differences related to age and gender. Scandinavian journal of psychology, 55(6), 578-584.
- Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2008). Cyberbullying: An exploratory analysis of factors related to off ending and victimization. Deviant behavior, 29(2), 129-156.
- Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2010). Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide. Archives of Suicide Research, 14(3), 206-221.
- Jones, L. M., Mitchell, K. J., & Finkelhor, D. (2013). Online harassment in context: Trends from three Youth Internet Safety Surveys (2000, 2005, 2010). Psychology of Violence, 3(1), 53.
- Juvonen, J. and E.F. Gross (2008). ‘Extending the School Grounds? Bullying Experiences in Cyberspace’, Journal of School Health 78(9): 496–505.
- Kowalski, R.M. & Limber, S.P. (2007). Electronic bullying among middle school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 22–30.
- Lenhart, A., Madden, M., Macgill, A.R., & Smith, A. (2007). Teens and social media: The use of social media gains a greater foothold in teen life as they embrace the conversational nature of interactive online media. Pew Internet & American Life Project.
- Li, Q. (2006) Cyberbullying in schools : A research of gender differences. School Pyschology International. 27 ,157-170
- Murphy, J. J. (2008). Solution-focused counseling in schools (2nd Ed.). Alexandria VA: American Counseling Association.
- O’Brien, N., & Moules, T. (2013). Not sticks and stones but tweets and texts: findings from a national cyberbullying project. Pastoral care in education, 31(1), 53-65.
- Olweus, D. (1999). Sweden. In P. K. Smith, Y. Morita, J. Junger-Tas, D. Olweus, R. Catalano, ve P. Slee (Eds.), The nature of school bullying: A cross-national perspective. London and New York: Routledge.
- Olweus, D. (1995). Bullying or peer abuse at school: Facts and intervention. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4, 196-200.
- Patchin, J. W. & Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies move beyond the school yard: A preliminary look at cyber bullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4(2), 148–169
- Peker, A., Özhan, M. B. ve Eroğlu, Y. (2015). Development of the Scale on Coping with Cyber Bullying towards Adolescents Ergenlere Yönelik Siber Zorbalıkla Başa Çıkma Ölçeği'nin geliştirilmesi. International Journal of Human Sciences, 12(1), 569-581.
- Raskauskas, J. & Stoltz, A. D. 2007. Involvement in traditional and electronic bullying among adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 43,564-575.
- Raskauskas, J & Huynh, A. (2015). The process of coping with cyberbullying: A systematic review. Aggression and violent behavior, 23, 118-125.
- Scaglione, J., & Scaglione, A. R. (2006). Bully-proofing children: A practical, hands- on guide to stop bullying. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Education.
- Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M. ve Tippett, N. (2006). An investigation into cyberbullying, its forms, awareness, and impact, and the relationship between age and gender in cyberbullying. London: Goldsmith College, University of London.
- Syts, Y. (2004). Beyond the schoolyard: Examining electronic bullying among Canadian youth. Unpublished Master Thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario.
- Şahin, M., Aydın, B. & Sarı, S. V. (2012) Cyberbullying, cyber victimization and psychological symptoms : A study in adolescent. C.U. Faculty of Education Journal, 41(1), 53 -59
- Vandebosch, H., Van Cleemput, K., Mortelmans, D., & Walrave, M. (2006). Cyberbullying among youngsters in Flanders. Retrieved May 11, 2010 from http://www.viwta.be/files/cyberbullying%20executive%20overwiev.pdf.
- Völlink, T., Bolman, C. A., Dehue, F., & Jacobs, N. C. (2013). Coping with cyberbullying: Differences between victims, bully‐victims and children not involved in bullying. Journal of community & applied social psychology, 23(1), 7-24.
- Wachs, S., Wolf, K. D., & Pan, C. C. (2012). Cybergrooming: Risk factors, coping strategies and associations with cyberbullying. Psicothema, 24(4), 628-633.
- Willard, N. (2007). Cyberbullying and cyberthreats. U.S.A. Research Pres.
- Wolak, J., Mitchell, K.J., Finkelhor, D. (2007). Does online harassment constitute bullying? An exploration of online harassment by known peers and online-only contacts. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 51-58.
- Worthen,M.R. (2007) Education policy implications from the expert panel on elec- tronic media and youth violence .Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 64-65
- Yaman, E., Eroğlu, Y., ve Peker, A. (2011). Başa çıkma stratejileri ile okul zorbalığı ve siber zorbalık.
- Ybarra, M. L. (2004). Linkages between depressive symptomatology and Internet harassment among young regular Internet users. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 7, 247 - 257.
- Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, J. K. (2004). Online aggressor/targets, aggressors, and targets: A comparison of associated youth characteristics. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1308–1316.