Diplomatic Protection and Consular Assistance in Multiple Nationality

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 59, 345 - 386, 12.07.2024

Bilge Erson Asar , Gizem Perçin

https://doi.org/10.54049/taad.1515066

Öz

The rights and obligations arising from nationality, defined as a legal bond between the state and the individual, primarily occur in the country where the state of nationality exercises its sovereignty. Nevertheless, the increasing numbers of population mobility has resulted in many individuals residing in countries where they have lack of citizenship. These individuals, who are recognized as foreigners in terms of the state in which they reside, may have to defend their rights within the legal order of that state and seek redress for damages in case their rights are violated. In those states, where foreigners are also foreign to the legal system, as a rule, the consular assistance they need to defend their rights and the diplomatic protection they seek for the redress of their violated rights can be granted to them by the state to which they have nationality. In some cases where the foreigner has the nationality of more than one State, it remains to be resolved which State of nationality will provide both consular assistance and diplomatic protection, or whether both States of nationality can take action. Moreover, whether multiple/dual nationality States can claim consular assistance and diplomatic protection against each other is another problem. In this study, both the ability of each State of nationality to provide consular assistance and diplomatic protection in cases where the individual is a foreigner in terms of the receiving State and the state of violation, and the possibility of such assistance and protection between the States of nationality of the individual are evaluated, and the conditions and criteria required in this regard are emphasized. In this context, in terms of diplomatic protection, the main argument of the study is that in cases where multiple nationality states act separately, violating state can carry out subsequent processes with the effective (predominant) nationality state; although, it is not necessary to apply such a criterion in cases where nationality states act together. In terms of consular assistance, given that the institution in question is based on the difficulties that an individual may face in a legal system to which he or she is a foreigner, it is accepted that the right of multiple nationality States to provide consular assistance in receiving State, either jointly or separately, is in accordance with the principle of sovereign equality; however, there is no obligation to provide consular assistance for a person arrested in one of the nationality States.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Multiple nationality, dual nationality, diplomatic protection, consular assistance, effective nationality, genuine link, LaGrand, Avena, Jadhav, Nottebohm, Diallo

Etik Beyan

This article is not subject to Ethics Committee permission.

DİPLOMATİK KORUMA VE KONSOLOSLUK YARDIMINDA ÇOKLU VATANDAŞLIK

Öz

Devlet ile birey arasında hukuki bir bağ olarak tanımlanan vatandaşlığa bağlı hak ve yükümlülükler, öncelikle vatandaşlık devletinin egemenlik yetkisini kullandığı ülke üzerinde doğmaktadır. Ancak günümüzde yoğun bir artış gösteren nüfus hareketliliği, birçok bireyin vatandaşlık bağı ile bağlı olmadığı devletlerin ülkelerinde bulunmaları sonucunu doğurmuştur. Bulundukları devlet bakımından yabancı statüsünde kabul edilen bu bireyler, o devletin hukuk düzeni içerisinde haklarını savunmak, haklarının ihlal edilmesi halinde ise zararlarının giderilmesini talep etmek zorunda kalabilmektedir. Yabancıların, hukuk sistemine de yabancı oldukları bu devletlerde, haklarını savunmak bakımından ihtiyaç duydukları konsolosluk yardımı ve ihlal edilen haklarının giderimi için aradıkları diplomatik koruma, kural olarak, vatandaşlık bağı ile bağlı oldukları devlet tarafından kendilerine verilebilmektedir. Ancak yabancının birden fazla devlet vatandaşlığına sahip olması durumunda, gerek konsolosluk yardımı gerek diplomatik korumanın hangi vatandaşlık devleti tarafından sağlanacağı ya da vatandaşlık devletlerinin her ikisinin de harekete geçip geçemeyeceği çözüme kavuşturulması gereken meselelerdir. Ayrıca çoklu vatandaşlık devletlerinin konsolosluk yardımı ile diplomatik korumayı birbirlerine karşı ileri sürüp süremeyecekleri de bu konuda başka bir sorun olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, hem bireyin kabul eden devlet ve ihlal devleti bakımından yabancı olduğu durumlarda her bir vatandaşlık devletinin konsolosluk yardımı ve diplomatik korumada bulunabilmesi, hem de bireyin vatandaşlık devletleri arasında bu yardım ve korumanın mümkün olup olmadığı değerlendirilmiş; konuyla ilgili aranan koşul ve kriterler üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu kapsamda çalışmanın diplomatik koruma bakımından, temel argümanı çoklu vatandaşlık devletlerinin ayrı ayrı hareket ettiği hallerde ihlal devletinin etkin vatandaşlık devleti ile sonraki süreçleri yürütebileceği; ancak vatandaşlık devletlerinin birlikte hareket ettikleri durumlarda böyle bir kriterin uygulanmasının gerekli olmadığıdır. Temel amacı, yabancı olduğu bir hukuk sisteminde karşılaşabileceği zorluklar karşısında bireyi desteklemek olan konsolosluk yardımında ise, çoklu vatandaşlık devletlerinin, kabul eden devlette, birlikte veya ayrı ayrı konsolosluk yardımı sağlama haklarının devletlerin egemen eşitlik ilkesine uygun olduğu; bununla birlikte vatandaşlık devletlerinden birinde özgürlüğü kısıtlanan birey bakımından konsolosluk yardımının sağlanması yükümlülüğünün bulunmadığı kabul edilmedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çoklu vatandaşlık, çifte vatandaşlık, diplomatik koruma, konsolosluk yardımı, etkin vatandaşlık, gerçek bağ, LaGrand, Avena, Jadhav, Nottebohm, Diallo

Etik Beyan

Bu makale Etik Kurul iznine tabi değildir.

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