Birth of Laser and Its Applications

Year 2024, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 14 - 25, 30.06.2024

Fatma Kaya

Abstract

The concept of Laser, which is an abbreviation of "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation", means the amplification of light by a stimulated radiation and consists of an optical mechanism. This optical assembly consists of laser active material, pumping source and optical resonator laser components. The laser active material (mid-gain) in the optical assembly creates an environment for population reversal to occur, which is a condition of laser formation. It also determines the emission characteristics of the laser. These substances can be of 4 types as solid, liquid, gas and plasma. Pumping source, another component of lasers, is used as energy source, and optical pumping, semiconductor diodes and electric current etc. are used as sources. things are used. As the last component, the resonator forms a feedback system for the reproduction of the rays. The resonator consists of mirrors and specially coated surfaces. Different from other lights, the laser beam created from this system makes it unique due to its consistent, directional and monochromatic properties. Due to the impressive and useful features of lasers, they have played a great role in our lives by developing with the work of many scientists and engineers from past to present. Various types of lasers that emerged as a result of the development of lasers are used in many fields such as engineering, aviation, traffic control systems, holography, medicine, telecommunications, industrial and scientific research. With this study, the development and applications of laser technology throughout history will be examined.

Keywords

Lasers, Laser history, Laser applications

Lazerin Doğuşu ve Uygulamaları

Abstract

“Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation” kısaltılması olan Lazer kavramı ışığın uyarılmış bir radyasyon ile yükseltilmesi anlamına gelmekte olup optik bir düzenekten oluşmaktadır. Bu optik düzenek lazer aktif maddesi, pompalama kaynağı ve optik rezonatör lazer bileşenlerinden oluşmaktadır. Optik düzenekte bulunan lazer aktif maddesi (orta kazanç) lazer oluşumun bir şartı olan nüfus terslenmesinin gerçekleşmesi için bir ortam oluşturmaktadır. Ayrıca lazerin emisyon özelliklerini de belirlemektedir. Bu maddeler katı, sıvı, gaz ve plazma olarak 4 çeşit olabilmektedirler. Lazerlerin diğer bir bileşeni olan pompalama kaynağı enerji kaynağı olarak kullanılmaktadır ve burada kaynak olarak optik pompalama, yarıiletken diyotlar ve elektrik akımı vb. şeyler kullanılmaktadır. Son bileşen olarak rezonatör de ise ışınların çoğaltılması için geri bildirim sistemi oluşturmaktadır. Rezonatör aynalardan ve özel kaplanmış yüzeylerden oluşmaktadır. Bu sistemden oluşturulan lazer ışının diğer ışıklardan farklı olarak tutarlı, yönlü ve tek renkli özelliklerinden ötürü benzersiz kılmaktadır. Lazerlerin etkileyici ve kullanışlı özelliklerinden dolayı geçmişten günümüze kadar pek çok bilim insanı ve mühendislerin çalışmaları ile gelişerek hayatımızda büyük rol oynamıştır. Lazerlerin gelişimi sonucunda ortaya çıkan çeşitli türlerde lazerler mühendislik alanında, havacılık alanında, trafik kontrol sistemlerinde, holografide, tıpta, telekomünikasyonda, endüstriyel de ve bilimsel araştırma gibi birçok alanda kullanılmaktadır. Yapılan bu çalışma ile de lazer teknolojisinin tarih boyunca gelişimi ve uygulamaları incelenecektir.

Keywords

Lazerler, lazer tarihi, Lazer uygulamaları

References

• Agrawal, G. P. (1995). Semiconductor lasers: past, present, and future, New York, AIP Press/American Institute of Physics.
• Alfano, S., Wang, W. B., and Gayen, S. K. (2005). Lasers in cancer detection and diagnosis research: Enabling characteristics with illustrative examples. Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment, 4(5), 663-673. doi:10.1177/153303460500400611
• Aoki, A., Otsuki, M., Ando, Y., Yamada, T., Watanabe, H., and Ishikawa, I. (1995). The application of Er:YAG laserto treat root caries lesion. Proc. SPIE 1984, Advanced Laser Dentistry
• Baird, B. W., Hainsey, R. F., Peng, X., and Pirogovsky, P. Y. (2007). Advances in laser processing of microelectronics. Solid State Laser XVI: Technology and Devices.
• Basov, N. G., Danilychev, V. A., Popov, Yu. M., and Khodkevich, D. D. (1970). Laser operating in the vacuum region of the spectrum by exciation of liquid xenon with an electronic beam, JETP Lett, 12, 329-331.
• Bertolotti, M. (2005). The history of the laser. IOP publishing, Bristol, UK.
• Birngruber, R., Puliafito, C. A., Gawande, A. Lin, W., and Schoenlein, R. W. (1987). Femtosecond laser-tissue interactions:retinal inhury studies, IEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 23(10), 1836-1844.
• Bloembergen, N., (1965). Nonlinear Optics. Benjamin, New York.
• Bloom, A. L. (1968). Gas lasers, Wiley, New York.
• Bridges, W. B. (1964). Laser oscillation in singly ionized argon in the visible spectrum. Appl. Phys. Lett., 4, 128-130.
• Deacon, D., Elias, L., Madey, J. M. J., Ramian, G. J., Schwettmann, H. A., and Smith, T. I. (1977). First operation of a free-electron laser, Phys. Rev. Lett. 38(16), 892-894.
• Duarte, F.J. (2003). Organic dye lasers: Brief history and recent developments. Optics and Photonics News, 14(10), 20-25. doi:10.1364/OPN.14.10.000020
• Einstein, A. (1917). Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung. Phys. Z., 18, 121-128.
• Fitzpatrick, R. E., and Lupton, J. R. Successful treatment of treatment-resistant laserinduced pigment darkening of a cosmetic tattoo. Laser Surg. Med. 27, 358-361.
• Dane, C. B., Flath, L., Rotter, M., Fochs, S., and Brase, J. (2001). The design and operation of a 10kW solid-state heat-capacity laser. IEEE CLEO 2001, Technical Digest, Summaries of papers presented at the conference on lasers and Electro-optics, Postconference Technical Digest – Baltimore, MD, USA.
• Fox, A. G., and Li, T. (1961). Resonant modes in a maser interferometer, Bell Syst. Tech. J., 40, 453-458.
• Friedhelm, K., and Wade, B. (1994). Nature Doctors: Pioneers in naturopathic medicine, NCNM Press, Portland, Oregon.
• Geusic, J. E., Marcos, H. M., and Van Uitert, L. G. (1964). Laser oscillations in Nddoped yttrium aluminum, yttrium gallium and gadolinium garnets. Applied Physics Letters, 4(10), 182-184.
• Goldman, L., Blaney, D. J., Kindel, D. J., and Franke, E. K. (1963). Effect of the laser beam on the skin. J. Invest. Dermatol., 40, 121-122.
• Gordon, J. P., Zeiger, H. J., and Townes, C. H. (1954). Molecular microwave oscillator and new hyperfine structure in the microwave spectrum of NH3, Phys. Rev. 95, 282284.
• Gupta,. P. K., Majumdar, S. K., and Uppal, A. (1997). Breast cancer diagnosis using N2 laser excited autofluorescence spectroscopy. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 21(5), 417422.
• Hall, R. N., Fenner, G. E., Kingsley, J. D., Soltys, T. J.i and Carlson, R. O. (1962).
• Coherent light emission from GaAs junctions. Phys. Rev. Lett., 9, 366-368.
• Hellwarth, R. W. and McClung, F. J. (1962). Giant pulsation from ruby, J. Appl. Phys., 33, 838-841.
• Huffaker, R. M., Jelalian, A. V., and Thompson, J. A. L. (1970). Laser-doppler system for detection of aircraft trailing vortices. Proc. IEEE, 58, 322-326.
• Javan, A., Bennett, W. R. and Herriott, D. R. (1961). Population inversion and continuous optical maşer oscillation in a gas discharge containing a He-Ne mixture, Phys. Rev. Lett. 6, p.106. Jelinkova, H. (2013). Introduction: the history of lasers in medicine. Lasers for Medical Applications, 1-13. doi:10.1533/9780857097545.1
• Johnson, L. F., Boyd, G. D., Nassau, K., and Soden, R. R. (1962). Continuous operation of a solid-state optical maser, Phys. Rev. 126, 1406-1409.
• Johnson, D. E., Cromeens, D. M., and Price P. E. (1992). Use of holmium:YAG laser in urology. Lasers Surg. Med. 12(4), 353-363.
• Jordan, R., Cummins, C., and Burls, A. (2000), Laser resurfacing of the skin for the improvement of facial acne scarring: a systematic review of the evidence, Br. J. Dermatol., 142(3), 413-423.
• Kandathil, A. J., Graw, F., Quinn, J., Hwang, H. S., Torbenson, M., Perelson, A. S., Ray, S. C., Thomas, D. L., Ribeiro, R. M., and Balagopal, A. (2013). Use of laser capture microdissection to map hepatitis C virüs-positive hepatocytes in human liver.
• Gastroenterology, 145(6), 1404-1413. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.08.034.
• Kasper, J. V. V., and Pimentel, G. C. (1965). HCI chemical laser, Phys. Rev. Lett., 14, 352.
• Kaushal, H., and Kaddoum, G. (2017). Applications of Lasers for Tactical Military Operations. IEEE Access, 5(), 20736-20753.doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2755678
• Kawamura, Y., Toyoda, K., and Namba, S. (1982). Effective deep ultraviolet photoetching of polymethyl methacrylate by an excimer laser. Appl. Phys. Lett. 40, 374.
• Koechner, W. (1976). Solid-stare laser engineering, Springer Series in Opt. Sciences, Vol. 1, Springer Verlag, Berlin.
• Koester, C., and Campbell, C. (2003). The first clinical application of the laser, Laser in Ophtalmology: Basic, Diagnostic, and Surgical Aspects: A Review, in F. Frankhauser and S. Kwasniewska (eds), Kugler Publications, The Hague, 115-117.
• Lan, W. H., and Liu, H. C. (1996). Treatment of dentin hypersenitivity by Nd:YAG laser. Journal of Clinical Laser Medicine & Surgery, 14(2), 89-92.
• Lobene, R. R., and Fine, S. (1966). Interaction of CO2 laser radiation with oral hard tissues. J. Prosthet. Dent., 16, 589.
• Lu, T., Markvicka, E. J., Jin, Y., and Majidi, C. (2017). Soft-matter printed circuit board with UV laser micropatterning. ACS Applies Materials & Interfaces, 9(26), 2205522062.
• Maiman, T. H. (1960). Optical and microwave-optical experiments in ruby, Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 564-566.
• Matsui, M., Ono, T., Kamei, T., and Mori, K. (2019). Generating conditions of argon laser-sustained plasma by disk, fiber and diode lasers. Vacuum, 167, 490-494. Doi:10.1016/j.vacuum.2018.05.012
• Matthews, D. L., Hagelstein, P. L., Rosen, M. D., Eckart, M. J., Ceglio, N. M., Hazi, A. U., Medecki, H., MacGowan, B. J., Trebes, J. E., Whitten, B. L., Campbell, E. M., Hatcher, C. W., Hawryluk, A. M., Kauffman, R. L., Pleasance, L. D., Rambach, G., Scofield, J. H., Stone, G., and Weaver, T. A. (1985). Demonstration of a soft x-ray amplifier. Physical Review Letters, 54(2), 110-113.
• Mears, R. J., Reekie, L., Poole, S. B., and Payne, D. N. (1985). Neodymium-doped singke-mode fibre lasers. Electron. Lett. 21(17), 738-740.
• Meyer-Schwickerath, G. R. (1989). The history of photocoagulation, J. Ophyhalmol., 17, 427-434.
• Moshonov, J., Qrstavik, D., Yamauchi, S., Pettiette, M., and Trope, M. (1995). Nd:YAG laser irradiation in root canal disinfection. Endod. Dent. Traumatol. 11(5), 220-224.
• Myers, T. D., Myers, W. D., and Stone, R. M. (1989). First soft tissue study utilising a pulsed Nd:YAG dental laser. Northwest Dent., 68, 14-17.
• Nowak, M. R., Antonczak, A. J., Koziol, P. E., and Abramski, K. M. (2013). Laser prototyping of printed circuit boards. Opto-Electronics Review, 21, 320-325. doi:10.2474/s11772-013-0096-4
• Patel, C. K. N. (1964). Continuous-wave laser action on vibrational-rotaional transitions of CO2, Phys Rev., 136, A1187.
• Pick, R. M., and Pecaro, B. C. (1987). Use of the CO2 laser in soft tissue dental surgery. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 7(2), 207-213.
• Provotorov, V. M., Chesnokov, P. E., and Kuznetsov, S. I. (1991). The clinical efficacy of treating patients with nonspecific lung diseases using low-energy laser irradiation and intrapulmonary drug administratioan. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv, 63(12), 18-23.
• Ramasamy, S., Abright, C. E., (2000). CO2 and Nd:YAG laser beam welding of 6111
• T4 aluminum alloy for automotive applications. Journal of Laser Applications, 12(3), 101115.
• Renk, K. F. (2017). Basics of laser physics For students of science and engineering. Springer Cham.
• Sizova, A., Trandofilov, M., Prazdnikov, E., Prohorov, A., Svetashov, V., and Romanenko, O. (2020). The use of laser ablation in the complex treatment of metastatic liver damage. HPB, 22(2), 225. doi:10.1016/j.hpb.2020.04.071
• Staehler, G., Schmiedt, E., and Hofstetter, A. (1978). Destruction of bladder neoplasms by means of transurethral neodyum-YAG-laser coagulation. Helv Chir Acta, 45(3), 307-311.
• Sorakin, P. P., and Lankard, J. R. (1966). Stimulated emission observed from an organic dye, chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine, IBM J. Res. Dev., 10, 162-163.
• Srinivasan, R., and Mayne-Banton, V. (1982). Self-developing photoetching of poly(ethylene terephthalate) films by far ultraviolet excimer laser radiation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 41, 576.
• Steiner, R. (2010). Laser-tissue interactions. Laser and IPL Technology in Dermatology and Aesthetic Medicine, 23-36. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03438-1_2
• Traxer, O., and Keller, E. X. (2019). Thulium fiber laser: the new player for kidney stone trearment? A comparison with Holmium:YAG laser. World Journal of Urology, 38, 1883-1894. doi:10.1007/s00345-019-02654-5
• Tuchin, V. V., Ed. (2009). Handbook of optical sensing of glucose in biological fluids and tissues, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, London.
• Waynant, R. W., (Ed.) (2002). Lasers in Medicine (Foreword by the late Dr Leon Goldman), CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Florida.
• White, J. M., Goodis, H. E., and Rose, C. L. (1991). Use of the pulsed Nd:YAG laser for intraoral soft tissue surgery. Lasers Surg. Med. 11, 455-461.
• Wiznia, L. E., Stevenson, M. L., and Nagler, A. R. (2017). Laser treatments of active acne. Laser in Medical Science, 32, 1647-1658. doi:10.1007/s10103-017-2294-7
• Wright, V. C. (1982). Laser surgery: using the carbon dioxide laser, Can. Med. Assoc. J., 126, 1035-1103.