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Türkiye'de Gelirin Gıda Tüketimi Üzerindeki Etkisi

Year 2019, Volume: 25 Issue: 1, 117 - 125, 25.08.2019
https://doi.org/10.24181/tarekoder.566630

Abstract

Tüketici
davranışlarını anlamaya yönelik çalışmalar özellikle ülkelerin refah
politikalarını değerlendirme açısından önem arz etmektedir. Bu doğrultuda
gelirin insanların gıda tüketimlerini etkilemeye yönelik önemli düzeyde çalışma
gerçekleştirilmiştir. Gıda harcamalarında gelirin etkisinin incelenmesi, gıda
güvenliği kapsamında yoksul hanelerin davranışlarının incelemesi açısından
önemlidir. Her ne kadar zaman içerisinde önemli düzeyde çalışma yapılsa da, bu
çalışmaların birçoğu ülke toplamında zaman serisi verilerini kullanmışlardır.
Günümüzde gelişen hanehalkları veri setlerine bağlı olarak gözlem sayısı artmış
ve daha tutarlı sonuçlar elde edilmeye başlanmıştır. Gelirin gıda tüketimleri
üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesinde Türkiye önemli bir ülkedir. 2002-2017
yılları arasında reel anlamda gelir yaklaşık olarak %85 artmıştır. Bu gelir
değişiminin hanelerin gıda tüketimlerini nasıl etkilediğine dair çalışmaların
yapılmasına ihtiyaç bulunmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’de
gelirin gıda tüketimi üzerine etkisini ölçmektir. Çalışma kapsamında TÜİK
tarafından toplanan Hanehalkı Bütçe Anketi verileri kullanılmıştır. Odaklanılan
zaman dönemi 2002-2017 yılları arasıdır. Veri gözlemi yaklaşık 175 bin hanedir.
Yöntem olarak en küçük kareler, iki aşamalı en küçük kareler, dilim regresyon
ve içsel dilim regresyon yaklaşımları kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın başlıca
bulgularına göre gelir artıkça hanelerin bütçe içerisindeki gıda harcamaları
payı azalmaktadır. Bu durum kullanılan yöntemden bağımsızdır. Ayrıca dilim
regresyon sonuçlarına göre haneler yoksullaştıkça gelirin gıda harcama payı
üzerindeki negatif yönlü etkisi artmaktadır. Bu durum özellikle gelir
değişkeninin harcama değişkeni için araç değişken olarak kullanıldığı içsel
dilim regresyon yaklaşımında net bir şekilde görülmektedir. Marjinal etkinin
gösterilmesi için hesaplanan esneklik değerlerinde ise içselliğin dikkate
alınması yoksullar için gelirin gıda tüketimi üzerindeki etkisini içselliğin
ihmal edildiği hesaplamalara göre azaltmaktadır. 

References

  • ABDULAI, A. I. AUBERT, D. 2002. Does Income Really Matter? Nonparametric and Parametric Estimates of the Demand for Calories in Tanzania. 10. EAAE Congress. Exploring Diversity in the European Agri-Food System, Zaragoza, Spain, 28-31 August 2002.
  • AKBAY, C., BOZ, I. CHERN, W. S. 2007. Household food consumption in Turkey. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 34, 209-231.
  • ALPAY, S. KOC, A. Household demand in Turkey: an application of almost ideal demand system with spatial cost index. Economic Research Forum Working Papers, 2002.
  • AYKAÇ, G. 2018. Engel Yasası'nın Türkiye Sınaması ve Gıda Talebinin Gelir Esnekliği: Gıda Harcamalarının Bütçe Payının Hane Profili ve Toplam Harcama ile İlişkisi (2003-2013). Sosyoekonomi, 26, 105-133.
  • BALINEAU, G. 2015. Fair Trade? Yes, but not at Christmas! Evidence from scanner data on real French Fairtrade purchases. Agence Française de Développement / French Development Agency.
  • BALLI, F. TIEZZI, S. 2009. Equivalence scales, the cost of children and household consumption patterns in Italy. Review of Economics of the Household, 8, 527-549.
  • BANKS, J., BLUNDELL, R. LEWBEL, A. 1997. Quadratic Engel Curves and Consumer Demand. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 79, 527-539.
  • BILGIC, A. YEN, S. T. 2013. Household food demand in Turkey: A two-step demand system approach. Food Policy, 43, 267-277.
  • BILGIC, A. YEN, S. T. 2014. Demand for meat and dairy products by Turkish households: a Bayesian censored system approach. Agricultural Economics, 45, 117-127.
  • BLANCIFORTI, L. GREEN, R. 1983. An Almost Ideal Demand System Incorporating Habits - an Analysis of Expenditures on Food and Aggregate Commodity Groups. Review of Economics and Statistics, 65, 511-515.
  • BLUNDELL, R., DUNCAN, A. PENDAKUR, K. 1998. Semiparametric estimation and consumer demand. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 13, 435-461.
  • BLUNDELL, R. ROBIN, J. M. 1999. Estimation in large and disaggregated demand systems: an estimator for conditionally linear systems. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 14, 209-232.
  • CHERNOZHUKOV, V. HANSEN, C. 2006. Instrumental quantile regression inference for structural and treatment effect models. Journal of Econometrics, 132, 491-525.
  • CHERNOZHUKOV, V. HANSEN, C. 2008. Instrumental variable quantile regression: A robust inference approach. Journal of Econometrics, 142, 379-398.
  • CLEMENTS, K. W. CHEN, D. 1996. Fundamental similarities in consumer behaviour. Applied Economics, 28, 747-757.
  • CLEMENTS, K. W. SI, J. 2018. Engel’s Law, Diet Diversity, and the Quality of Food Consumption. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 100, 1-22.
  • ÇOLAK, Ö. F., ÖZTÜRKLER, H. TOKATLIOĞLU, İ. 2008. Türkiye’de tüketim fonksiyonunun dilim regresyon yöntemi ile tahmini. Iktisat Isletme ve Finans, 23, 62-93.
  • DEATON, A. MUELLBAUER, J. 1980. An almost ideal demand system. The American economic review, 70, 312-326.
  • ECKER, O. QAIM, M. Income and price elasticities of food demand and nutrient consumption in Malawi. American Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting, Orlando FL, July, 2008. 27-29.
  • ECKER, O. QAIM, M. 2011. Analyzing Nutritional Impacts of Policies: An Empirical Study for Malawi. World Development, 39, 412-428.
  • ENGEL, E. 1857. Die productions-und consumtionsverhältnisse des königreichs sachsen. Zeitschrift des Statistischen Büreaus des Königlich Sächischen Ministeriums des Innern, 8, 1-54.
  • ENGEL, E. 1895. Die Lebenskosten belgischer Arbeiter-Familien früher und jetzt. Bulletin de Institut International de Statistique.
  • GRIMARD, F. 1996. Does the poor's consumption of calories respond to changes in income? Evidence from Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 257-283.
  • HOLCOMB, R., PARK, J. CAPPS, O. 1995. Revisiting Engel's law: Examining expenditure patterns for food at home and away from home. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 77, 1367-1367.
  • KEDIR, A. GIRMA, S. 2007. Quadratic Engel Curves with Measurement Error: Evidence from a Budget Survey. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 69, 123-138.
  • KLONARIS, S. HALLAM, D. 2003. Conditional and unconditional food demand elasticities in a dynamic multistage demand system. Applied Economics, 35, 503-514.
  • KOENKER, R. BASSETT, G. 1978. Regression Quantiles. Econometrica, 46, 33-50.
  • KOENKER, R., CHESHER, A. JACKSON, M. 2005. Quantile Regression, Cambridge University Press.
  • KWAK, D. W. 2010. Instrumental variable quantile regression method for endogenous treatment effect. Working Paper.
  • LARSON, D., MARTIN, W., SAHIN, S. TSIGAS, M. 2016. Agricultural Policies and Trade Paths in Turkey. The World Economy, 39, 1194-1224.
  • LESER, C. E. V. 1963. Forms of Engel Functions. Econometrica, 31, 694-703.
  • MENEZES, T. A., AZZONI, C. R. SILVEIRA, F. G. 2008. Demand elasticities for food products in Brazil: a two-stage budgeting system. Applied Economics, 40, 2557-2572.
  • MERGOS, G. J. DONATOS, G. S. 1989. Consumer-Behavior in Greece - an Application of the Almost Ideal Demand System. Applied Economics, 21, 983-993.
  • MOLINA, J. A. 1994. Food Demand in Spain - an Application of the Almost Ideal System. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 45, 252-258.
  • OECD. 2017. Income inequality [Online]. Available: https://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm [Erişim Tarihi: 10.18. 2017].
  • OGUNDARI, K. ABDULAI, A. 2013. Examining the heterogeneity in calorie-income elasticities: A meta-analysis. Food Policy, 40, 119-128.
  • PARK, J. L., HOLCOMB, R. B., RAPER, K. C. CAPPS, O. 1996. A Demand Systems Analysis of Food Commodities by U.S. Households Segmented by Income. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 78, 290-300.
  • RAPER, K. C., WANZALA, M. N. NAYGA, R. M. 2002. Food expenditures and household demographic composition in the US: a demand systems approach. Applied Economics, 34, 981-992.
  • SANTERAMO, F. G. SHABNAM, N. 2015. The income-elasticity of calories, macro- and micro-nutrients: What is the literature telling us? Food Research International, 76, 932-937. SENGUL, S. TUNCER, İ. 2005. Poverty levels and food demand of the poor in Turkey. Agribusiness, 21, 289-311.
  • SKOUFIAS, E. 2003. Is the Calorie–Income Elasticity Sensitive to Price Changes? Evidence from Indonesia. World Development, 31, 1291-1307.
  • STAUDIGEL, M. SCHROCK, R. 2015. Food Demand in Russia: Heterogeneous Consumer Segments over Time. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 66, 615-639.
  • TIFFIN, A. TIFFIN, R. 1999. Estimates of food demand elasticities for Great Britain: 1972-1994. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 50, 140-147.
  • UNNEVEHR, L., EALES, J., JENSEN, H., LUSK, J., MCCLUSKEY, J. KINSEY, J. 2010. Food and Consumer Economics. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 92, 506-521. WORKING, H. 1943. Statistical Laws of Family Expenditure. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 38, 43-56.
  • WORLD BANK. 2019. World Development Indicators [Online]. Available: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators [Erişim Tarihi: 06.05 2019].
  • ZHOU, D. YU, X. H. 2015. Calorie Elasticities with Income Dynamics: Evidence from the Literature. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 37, 575-601.

The Impact of Income on Food Consumption in Turkey

Year 2019, Volume: 25 Issue: 1, 117 - 125, 25.08.2019
https://doi.org/10.24181/tarekoder.566630

Abstract

Understanding consumer
behaviors is especially important in the evaluation of welfare policies. In
order to understand these issues, there have been several studies on the impact
of income on food consumption. Evaluation of the impact of income on food
consumption is also important in the context of food security. Even though
there are a significant amount of studies, most of them use time-series
datasets. Nowadays, with the improvement of the dataset, the observation number
of the datasets has significantly increased, and more consistent results have
been achieved. Turkey is an important country in the context of the impact of
income on food consumption. Income has increased in reel prices by 85% in the
period of 2002-2017. Therefore, there is a need to understand how this income
change has an effect on food consumption. This paper aims to estimate the
impact of income on food consumption in Turkey. We use the Household Budget
Survey data provided by TurkStat. The time period is 2002-2017. The observation
of the dataset is approximately 175 thousand households. For our empirical
strategy, we use ordinary least square, two-stage least square, quantile
regression, and endogenous quantile regression. We find that the share of food
expenditure in total expenditure decreases as the income of the household
increases. This finding is robust across all the empirical methods we use. According
to the findings of quantile regression results, the negative impact of income
on the share of food expenditure increases as households become poorer. This
finding is much more clearly seen in the quantile regression estimation that
considers the endogeneity of expenditure variable. In the elasticity
estimation, considering the endogeneity decreases the marginal effect of the
income compared to the estimation which omits the issue of endogeneity.

References

  • ABDULAI, A. I. AUBERT, D. 2002. Does Income Really Matter? Nonparametric and Parametric Estimates of the Demand for Calories in Tanzania. 10. EAAE Congress. Exploring Diversity in the European Agri-Food System, Zaragoza, Spain, 28-31 August 2002.
  • AKBAY, C., BOZ, I. CHERN, W. S. 2007. Household food consumption in Turkey. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 34, 209-231.
  • ALPAY, S. KOC, A. Household demand in Turkey: an application of almost ideal demand system with spatial cost index. Economic Research Forum Working Papers, 2002.
  • AYKAÇ, G. 2018. Engel Yasası'nın Türkiye Sınaması ve Gıda Talebinin Gelir Esnekliği: Gıda Harcamalarının Bütçe Payının Hane Profili ve Toplam Harcama ile İlişkisi (2003-2013). Sosyoekonomi, 26, 105-133.
  • BALINEAU, G. 2015. Fair Trade? Yes, but not at Christmas! Evidence from scanner data on real French Fairtrade purchases. Agence Française de Développement / French Development Agency.
  • BALLI, F. TIEZZI, S. 2009. Equivalence scales, the cost of children and household consumption patterns in Italy. Review of Economics of the Household, 8, 527-549.
  • BANKS, J., BLUNDELL, R. LEWBEL, A. 1997. Quadratic Engel Curves and Consumer Demand. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 79, 527-539.
  • BILGIC, A. YEN, S. T. 2013. Household food demand in Turkey: A two-step demand system approach. Food Policy, 43, 267-277.
  • BILGIC, A. YEN, S. T. 2014. Demand for meat and dairy products by Turkish households: a Bayesian censored system approach. Agricultural Economics, 45, 117-127.
  • BLANCIFORTI, L. GREEN, R. 1983. An Almost Ideal Demand System Incorporating Habits - an Analysis of Expenditures on Food and Aggregate Commodity Groups. Review of Economics and Statistics, 65, 511-515.
  • BLUNDELL, R., DUNCAN, A. PENDAKUR, K. 1998. Semiparametric estimation and consumer demand. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 13, 435-461.
  • BLUNDELL, R. ROBIN, J. M. 1999. Estimation in large and disaggregated demand systems: an estimator for conditionally linear systems. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 14, 209-232.
  • CHERNOZHUKOV, V. HANSEN, C. 2006. Instrumental quantile regression inference for structural and treatment effect models. Journal of Econometrics, 132, 491-525.
  • CHERNOZHUKOV, V. HANSEN, C. 2008. Instrumental variable quantile regression: A robust inference approach. Journal of Econometrics, 142, 379-398.
  • CLEMENTS, K. W. CHEN, D. 1996. Fundamental similarities in consumer behaviour. Applied Economics, 28, 747-757.
  • CLEMENTS, K. W. SI, J. 2018. Engel’s Law, Diet Diversity, and the Quality of Food Consumption. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 100, 1-22.
  • ÇOLAK, Ö. F., ÖZTÜRKLER, H. TOKATLIOĞLU, İ. 2008. Türkiye’de tüketim fonksiyonunun dilim regresyon yöntemi ile tahmini. Iktisat Isletme ve Finans, 23, 62-93.
  • DEATON, A. MUELLBAUER, J. 1980. An almost ideal demand system. The American economic review, 70, 312-326.
  • ECKER, O. QAIM, M. Income and price elasticities of food demand and nutrient consumption in Malawi. American Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting, Orlando FL, July, 2008. 27-29.
  • ECKER, O. QAIM, M. 2011. Analyzing Nutritional Impacts of Policies: An Empirical Study for Malawi. World Development, 39, 412-428.
  • ENGEL, E. 1857. Die productions-und consumtionsverhältnisse des königreichs sachsen. Zeitschrift des Statistischen Büreaus des Königlich Sächischen Ministeriums des Innern, 8, 1-54.
  • ENGEL, E. 1895. Die Lebenskosten belgischer Arbeiter-Familien früher und jetzt. Bulletin de Institut International de Statistique.
  • GRIMARD, F. 1996. Does the poor's consumption of calories respond to changes in income? Evidence from Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 257-283.
  • HOLCOMB, R., PARK, J. CAPPS, O. 1995. Revisiting Engel's law: Examining expenditure patterns for food at home and away from home. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 77, 1367-1367.
  • KEDIR, A. GIRMA, S. 2007. Quadratic Engel Curves with Measurement Error: Evidence from a Budget Survey. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 69, 123-138.
  • KLONARIS, S. HALLAM, D. 2003. Conditional and unconditional food demand elasticities in a dynamic multistage demand system. Applied Economics, 35, 503-514.
  • KOENKER, R. BASSETT, G. 1978. Regression Quantiles. Econometrica, 46, 33-50.
  • KOENKER, R., CHESHER, A. JACKSON, M. 2005. Quantile Regression, Cambridge University Press.
  • KWAK, D. W. 2010. Instrumental variable quantile regression method for endogenous treatment effect. Working Paper.
  • LARSON, D., MARTIN, W., SAHIN, S. TSIGAS, M. 2016. Agricultural Policies and Trade Paths in Turkey. The World Economy, 39, 1194-1224.
  • LESER, C. E. V. 1963. Forms of Engel Functions. Econometrica, 31, 694-703.
  • MENEZES, T. A., AZZONI, C. R. SILVEIRA, F. G. 2008. Demand elasticities for food products in Brazil: a two-stage budgeting system. Applied Economics, 40, 2557-2572.
  • MERGOS, G. J. DONATOS, G. S. 1989. Consumer-Behavior in Greece - an Application of the Almost Ideal Demand System. Applied Economics, 21, 983-993.
  • MOLINA, J. A. 1994. Food Demand in Spain - an Application of the Almost Ideal System. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 45, 252-258.
  • OECD. 2017. Income inequality [Online]. Available: https://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm [Erişim Tarihi: 10.18. 2017].
  • OGUNDARI, K. ABDULAI, A. 2013. Examining the heterogeneity in calorie-income elasticities: A meta-analysis. Food Policy, 40, 119-128.
  • PARK, J. L., HOLCOMB, R. B., RAPER, K. C. CAPPS, O. 1996. A Demand Systems Analysis of Food Commodities by U.S. Households Segmented by Income. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 78, 290-300.
  • RAPER, K. C., WANZALA, M. N. NAYGA, R. M. 2002. Food expenditures and household demographic composition in the US: a demand systems approach. Applied Economics, 34, 981-992.
  • SANTERAMO, F. G. SHABNAM, N. 2015. The income-elasticity of calories, macro- and micro-nutrients: What is the literature telling us? Food Research International, 76, 932-937. SENGUL, S. TUNCER, İ. 2005. Poverty levels and food demand of the poor in Turkey. Agribusiness, 21, 289-311.
  • SKOUFIAS, E. 2003. Is the Calorie–Income Elasticity Sensitive to Price Changes? Evidence from Indonesia. World Development, 31, 1291-1307.
  • STAUDIGEL, M. SCHROCK, R. 2015. Food Demand in Russia: Heterogeneous Consumer Segments over Time. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 66, 615-639.
  • TIFFIN, A. TIFFIN, R. 1999. Estimates of food demand elasticities for Great Britain: 1972-1994. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 50, 140-147.
  • UNNEVEHR, L., EALES, J., JENSEN, H., LUSK, J., MCCLUSKEY, J. KINSEY, J. 2010. Food and Consumer Economics. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 92, 506-521. WORKING, H. 1943. Statistical Laws of Family Expenditure. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 38, 43-56.
  • WORLD BANK. 2019. World Development Indicators [Online]. Available: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators [Erişim Tarihi: 06.05 2019].
  • ZHOU, D. YU, X. H. 2015. Calorie Elasticities with Income Dynamics: Evidence from the Literature. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 37, 575-601.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Agricultural Engineering
Journal Section Research
Authors

Alper Demirdöğen 0000-0001-9729-8779

Emine Olhan

Gökhan Aykaç

Publication Date August 25, 2019
Submission Date May 16, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 25 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Demirdöğen, A., Olhan, E., & Aykaç, G. (2019). Türkiye’de Gelirin Gıda Tüketimi Üzerindeki Etkisi. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, 25(1), 117-125. https://doi.org/10.24181/tarekoder.566630
AMA Demirdöğen A, Olhan E, Aykaç G. Türkiye’de Gelirin Gıda Tüketimi Üzerindeki Etkisi. TJAE. August 2019;25(1):117-125. doi:10.24181/tarekoder.566630
Chicago Demirdöğen, Alper, Emine Olhan, and Gökhan Aykaç. “Türkiye’de Gelirin Gıda Tüketimi Üzerindeki Etkisi”. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi 25, no. 1 (August 2019): 117-25. https://doi.org/10.24181/tarekoder.566630.
EndNote Demirdöğen A, Olhan E, Aykaç G (August 1, 2019) Türkiye’de Gelirin Gıda Tüketimi Üzerindeki Etkisi. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi 25 1 117–125.
IEEE A. Demirdöğen, E. Olhan, and G. Aykaç, “Türkiye’de Gelirin Gıda Tüketimi Üzerindeki Etkisi”, TJAE, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 117–125, 2019, doi: 10.24181/tarekoder.566630.
ISNAD Demirdöğen, Alper et al. “Türkiye’de Gelirin Gıda Tüketimi Üzerindeki Etkisi”. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi 25/1 (August 2019), 117-125. https://doi.org/10.24181/tarekoder.566630.
JAMA Demirdöğen A, Olhan E, Aykaç G. Türkiye’de Gelirin Gıda Tüketimi Üzerindeki Etkisi. TJAE. 2019;25:117–125.
MLA Demirdöğen, Alper et al. “Türkiye’de Gelirin Gıda Tüketimi Üzerindeki Etkisi”. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, vol. 25, no. 1, 2019, pp. 117-25, doi:10.24181/tarekoder.566630.
Vancouver Demirdöğen A, Olhan E, Aykaç G. Türkiye’de Gelirin Gıda Tüketimi Üzerindeki Etkisi. TJAE. 2019;25(1):117-25.