Research Article
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HOMEROS DESTANLARINDA DOSTLUK ANLAYIŞI: PHILOS VE KSEINOS KAVRAMLARI

Year 2022, Volume: 41 Issue: 72, 1 - 30, 30.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.35239/tariharastirmalari.1162976

Abstract

Bu çalışma Homeros destanlarında philos ve kseinos kavramlarının incelenmesi yoluyla Homeros toplumunun kök değerlerinden biri olan dostluk anlayışına odaklanmaktadır. Çalışma üç ana bölümden oluşmaktadır: ilkin, philos’un iyelikten duygusal anlama uzanan semantik gelişimiyle ilgili tartışmalara ve değerlendirmelere yer verilmekte; ikincil olarak, “dost” anlamına gelen philos sözcüğü Homeros dünyasına özgü agathos’la ilişkisi bağlamında ele alınmakta ve son olarak dostluk olgusunu tamamlayacak bir başka kol olan “konuk-dost” anlamında kseinos sözcüğünün kullanımı işlenmektedir. Günümüzdeki gönüllü ve duygu yüklü dostluk anlayışından farklı olarak, Homeros’un anlattığı toplumda dostluk, çoğu zaman duygusal etkileşimin öncelikli olmadığı, yaşam koşullarının ve toplumsal ihtiyaçların yönlendirdiği bir ilişki biçimini imgeler. Farklı şekilde pratik edilmelerine rağmen philia’nın alt kümeleri sayılan philos (dost) ve kseinos (konuk-dost) kavramları dostluğun sosyal ve kurumsal boyutuna işaret eder. Polis’in henüz bir devlet birimi olarak olgunlaşmadığı ve bir mekân topluluğunu ifade ettiği bu tarihsel süreçte, philos ve kseinos’un Homeros’un anlattığı toplumun bey soylu üyelerini ayakta tutan dinamiklerden biri olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.

References

  • Adkins, A. W. H., Merit and Responsibility: A Study in Greek Values, London 1960.
  • Adkins, A. W. H., “Friendship and Self-Sufficiency in Homer and Aristotle”, The Classical Quarterly 13/1, 1963, 30-45.
  • Adkins, A. W. H., “Homeric Gods and The Values of Homeric Society”, The Journal of Hellenic Studies 92, 1972, 1-19.
  • Adkins, A. W. H., “Values, Goals and Emotions in the Iliad”, Classical Philology 77/4, 1982, 292-326.
  • Adkins, A. W. H., “Homeric Ethics”, eds. I. Morris - B. Powell, A New Companion to Homer, Leiden: Brill 1997, 694-713.
  • Adkins, A. W. H., “Homer: Mistake and Moral Error”, ed. I. J. F. De Jong, Homer: Critical Assessments, Vol. II, London: Routledge 1999, 279-304.
  • Aristot. eth. Nic. (Aristoteles, Ethica Nicomachea) = Aristoteles, Nikomakhos’a Etik, çev. S. Babür, Ankara: BilgeSu Yayıncılık 2007.
  • Aytüre, S. "Arkaik Dönem’de İonia Bölgesinde Kabile Yapılanması”, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 40, 2020, 549-559.
  • Benveniste, E., Le vocabulaire des institutions indo-européennes, Paris 1969.
  • Benveniste, E., Dictionary of Indo-European Concepts and Society, trans. by E. Palmer, Chicago: Hau Books 2016.
  • Cluzeau, F., “Homeros’ta Kseniē Kavramı”, Arkeoloji ve Sanat 132, 2009, 13-20.
  • Cunliffe, R. J., A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1924.
  • Donlan, W., “Pistos Philos Hetairos”, eds. T. J. Figueira – G. Nagy, Theognis of Megara: Poetry and the Polis, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press 1985, 223-244.
  • Ebeling, H., Lexicon Homericum, Hildesheim: Olms 1963.
  • Eur. Or. (Euripides, Orestes) = Euripides, Helen - Phoenician Women - Orestes, trans. by D. Kovacs, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Finkelberg, M., “Timē and aretē in Homer”, The Classical Quarterly 48/1, 1998, 14-28.
  • Finley, M. I., Odysseus’un Dünyası, çev. G. E. Durna, İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları 2014.
  • Fränkel, H., Early Greek Poetry and Philosophy: A History of Greek Epic, Lyric and Prose to the Middle of the Fifth Century, trans. by M. Hadas - J. Willis, New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 1973.
  • Goldhill, S., Reading Greek Tragedy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1986.
  • Hamp, E. P., «Philos», Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 77/1, 1982, 251-262.
  • Hamp, E. P., “The Lydian Locative in –λ”, Historische Sprachforschung 101/1, 1988, 89-91.
  • Harries, B., “'Strange Meeting': Diomedes and Glaucus in 'Iliad' 6”, Greece & Rome 40/2, 1993, 133-146.
  • Hdt. (Herodotos, Historiae) = Herodotos, Tarih, çev.: M. Ökmen, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları 2006.
  • Herman, G., Ritualised Friendship & The Greek City, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1987.
  • Heubeck, A., Lydiaka: Untersuchungen zu Schrift, Sprache und Götternamen der Lyder, Erlangen 1959.
  • Hom. Il. (Homeros, Ilias) = Homeros, İlyada, çev. A. Erhat - A. Kadir, İstanbul: Can Yayınları 2005; Homer, The Iliad, trans. by A.T. Murray, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press 1924 (Loeb Classical Library).
  • Hom. Od. (Homeros, Odysseia) = Homeros, Odysseia, çev: A. Erhat - A. Kadir, İstanbul: Can Yayınları 2004; Homer, Odyssey, trans. by A. T. Murray, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1919 (Loeb Classical Library).
  • Hooker, J., “Homeric φίλος”, Glotta 65/1-2, 1987, 44-65.
  • Hooker, J., “Gifts in Homer”, Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 36, 1989, 79-90.
  • Jaeger, W., Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, Vol. I: Archaic Greece, The Mind of Athens, trans. by G. Highet, Oxford: Basil Blackwell 1946.
  • Kakridis, H. J., La notion de L'amitie et de l'hospitalité chez Homère, Thessaloniki 1963.
  • Konstan, D., Friendship in the Classical World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1997.
  • Konstan, D., “Making Friends with Foreigners: Xenoi in the Homeric Epics”, ed. E. Papadodima, Ancient Greek Literature and the Foreign, Athenian Dialogues II, Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter 2022, 29-54.
  • Kretschmer, P., “Griechisch φίλος”, Indogermanische Forschungen 45, 1927, 267-271.
  • Levy, H. L., “The Odyssean Suitors and the Host-Guest Relationship”, Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 94, 1963, 145-153.
  • Long, A. A., “Morals and Values in Homer”, The Journal of Hellenic Studies 90, 1970, 121-139.
  • LSJ = Liddell, H. G. - Scott, R. - Jones, H. S., A Greek-English Lexicon9. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1940.
  • Nagy, G., The Best of the Achaeans: Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry, Baltimore/London: The John Hopkins University Press 1979.
  • Nagy, G., The Ancient Greek Hero in 24 Hours, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2013.
  • Plat. rep. (Platon, De re publica) = Platon, Devlet, çev.: H. Demirhan, Ankara: Palme Yayıncılık 2007.
  • Raaflaub, K. A., “Homeric Society”, eds. I. Morris - B. Powell, A New Companion to Homer, Leiden: Brill 2011, 624-648.
  • Robb, K., “Xenia, hiketeia and the Homeric Language of Morals: The origins of Western Ethics”, ed. W. Wians, Logoi and Muthoi: Further Essays in Greek Philosophy and Literature, Albany: State University of New York Press 2019, 17-53.
  • Robinson, D., “Homeric φίλος: Love of Life and Limbs, and Friendship with One's θυμός”, ed. E. M. Craik, ‘Owls to Athens’: Essays on Classical Subjects Presented to Sir Kenneth Dover, Oxford: Clarendon Press 1990, 97-108.
  • Schmitt, C., Siyasal Kavramı, çev. E. Göztepe, İstanbul: Metis Yayınları 2006.
  • Scott, M., “Philos, Philotēs and Xenia”, Acta Classica 25, 1982, 1-19.
  • Üstünel, C., “Amicitia Romana: Cicero’nun Laelius De Amicitia’sında Beliren Romalı Dostluk Anlayışı", Archivum Anatolicum 15, 2021, 217-240.
  • Varias Garcia, C., “Mycenaean Terms with the Stem /xenwos/: ‘Foreigner, Guest, Host’”, eds. M. L. Nosch - H. L. Enegren, Aegean Scripts: Proceedings of the 14th International Colloquium on Mycenaean Studies, (Copenhagen, 2-5 September 2015) Vol. 1, Roma: Istituto di Studi sul Mediterraneo Antico 2017, 417-427.
  • Xen. symp. (Ksenophon, Symposium) = Xenophon: Memorabilia. Oeconomicus. Symposium. Apology, trans. by E. C. Marchant and O. J. Todd, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013 (The Loeb Classical Library).
Year 2022, Volume: 41 Issue: 72, 1 - 30, 30.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.35239/tariharastirmalari.1162976

Abstract

References

  • Adkins, A. W. H., Merit and Responsibility: A Study in Greek Values, London 1960.
  • Adkins, A. W. H., “Friendship and Self-Sufficiency in Homer and Aristotle”, The Classical Quarterly 13/1, 1963, 30-45.
  • Adkins, A. W. H., “Homeric Gods and The Values of Homeric Society”, The Journal of Hellenic Studies 92, 1972, 1-19.
  • Adkins, A. W. H., “Values, Goals and Emotions in the Iliad”, Classical Philology 77/4, 1982, 292-326.
  • Adkins, A. W. H., “Homeric Ethics”, eds. I. Morris - B. Powell, A New Companion to Homer, Leiden: Brill 1997, 694-713.
  • Adkins, A. W. H., “Homer: Mistake and Moral Error”, ed. I. J. F. De Jong, Homer: Critical Assessments, Vol. II, London: Routledge 1999, 279-304.
  • Aristot. eth. Nic. (Aristoteles, Ethica Nicomachea) = Aristoteles, Nikomakhos’a Etik, çev. S. Babür, Ankara: BilgeSu Yayıncılık 2007.
  • Aytüre, S. "Arkaik Dönem’de İonia Bölgesinde Kabile Yapılanması”, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 40, 2020, 549-559.
  • Benveniste, E., Le vocabulaire des institutions indo-européennes, Paris 1969.
  • Benveniste, E., Dictionary of Indo-European Concepts and Society, trans. by E. Palmer, Chicago: Hau Books 2016.
  • Cluzeau, F., “Homeros’ta Kseniē Kavramı”, Arkeoloji ve Sanat 132, 2009, 13-20.
  • Cunliffe, R. J., A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1924.
  • Donlan, W., “Pistos Philos Hetairos”, eds. T. J. Figueira – G. Nagy, Theognis of Megara: Poetry and the Polis, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press 1985, 223-244.
  • Ebeling, H., Lexicon Homericum, Hildesheim: Olms 1963.
  • Eur. Or. (Euripides, Orestes) = Euripides, Helen - Phoenician Women - Orestes, trans. by D. Kovacs, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Finkelberg, M., “Timē and aretē in Homer”, The Classical Quarterly 48/1, 1998, 14-28.
  • Finley, M. I., Odysseus’un Dünyası, çev. G. E. Durna, İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları 2014.
  • Fränkel, H., Early Greek Poetry and Philosophy: A History of Greek Epic, Lyric and Prose to the Middle of the Fifth Century, trans. by M. Hadas - J. Willis, New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 1973.
  • Goldhill, S., Reading Greek Tragedy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1986.
  • Hamp, E. P., «Philos», Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 77/1, 1982, 251-262.
  • Hamp, E. P., “The Lydian Locative in –λ”, Historische Sprachforschung 101/1, 1988, 89-91.
  • Harries, B., “'Strange Meeting': Diomedes and Glaucus in 'Iliad' 6”, Greece & Rome 40/2, 1993, 133-146.
  • Hdt. (Herodotos, Historiae) = Herodotos, Tarih, çev.: M. Ökmen, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları 2006.
  • Herman, G., Ritualised Friendship & The Greek City, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1987.
  • Heubeck, A., Lydiaka: Untersuchungen zu Schrift, Sprache und Götternamen der Lyder, Erlangen 1959.
  • Hom. Il. (Homeros, Ilias) = Homeros, İlyada, çev. A. Erhat - A. Kadir, İstanbul: Can Yayınları 2005; Homer, The Iliad, trans. by A.T. Murray, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press 1924 (Loeb Classical Library).
  • Hom. Od. (Homeros, Odysseia) = Homeros, Odysseia, çev: A. Erhat - A. Kadir, İstanbul: Can Yayınları 2004; Homer, Odyssey, trans. by A. T. Murray, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1919 (Loeb Classical Library).
  • Hooker, J., “Homeric φίλος”, Glotta 65/1-2, 1987, 44-65.
  • Hooker, J., “Gifts in Homer”, Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 36, 1989, 79-90.
  • Jaeger, W., Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, Vol. I: Archaic Greece, The Mind of Athens, trans. by G. Highet, Oxford: Basil Blackwell 1946.
  • Kakridis, H. J., La notion de L'amitie et de l'hospitalité chez Homère, Thessaloniki 1963.
  • Konstan, D., Friendship in the Classical World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1997.
  • Konstan, D., “Making Friends with Foreigners: Xenoi in the Homeric Epics”, ed. E. Papadodima, Ancient Greek Literature and the Foreign, Athenian Dialogues II, Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter 2022, 29-54.
  • Kretschmer, P., “Griechisch φίλος”, Indogermanische Forschungen 45, 1927, 267-271.
  • Levy, H. L., “The Odyssean Suitors and the Host-Guest Relationship”, Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 94, 1963, 145-153.
  • Long, A. A., “Morals and Values in Homer”, The Journal of Hellenic Studies 90, 1970, 121-139.
  • LSJ = Liddell, H. G. - Scott, R. - Jones, H. S., A Greek-English Lexicon9. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1940.
  • Nagy, G., The Best of the Achaeans: Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry, Baltimore/London: The John Hopkins University Press 1979.
  • Nagy, G., The Ancient Greek Hero in 24 Hours, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2013.
  • Plat. rep. (Platon, De re publica) = Platon, Devlet, çev.: H. Demirhan, Ankara: Palme Yayıncılık 2007.
  • Raaflaub, K. A., “Homeric Society”, eds. I. Morris - B. Powell, A New Companion to Homer, Leiden: Brill 2011, 624-648.
  • Robb, K., “Xenia, hiketeia and the Homeric Language of Morals: The origins of Western Ethics”, ed. W. Wians, Logoi and Muthoi: Further Essays in Greek Philosophy and Literature, Albany: State University of New York Press 2019, 17-53.
  • Robinson, D., “Homeric φίλος: Love of Life and Limbs, and Friendship with One's θυμός”, ed. E. M. Craik, ‘Owls to Athens’: Essays on Classical Subjects Presented to Sir Kenneth Dover, Oxford: Clarendon Press 1990, 97-108.
  • Schmitt, C., Siyasal Kavramı, çev. E. Göztepe, İstanbul: Metis Yayınları 2006.
  • Scott, M., “Philos, Philotēs and Xenia”, Acta Classica 25, 1982, 1-19.
  • Üstünel, C., “Amicitia Romana: Cicero’nun Laelius De Amicitia’sında Beliren Romalı Dostluk Anlayışı", Archivum Anatolicum 15, 2021, 217-240.
  • Varias Garcia, C., “Mycenaean Terms with the Stem /xenwos/: ‘Foreigner, Guest, Host’”, eds. M. L. Nosch - H. L. Enegren, Aegean Scripts: Proceedings of the 14th International Colloquium on Mycenaean Studies, (Copenhagen, 2-5 September 2015) Vol. 1, Roma: Istituto di Studi sul Mediterraneo Antico 2017, 417-427.
  • Xen. symp. (Ksenophon, Symposium) = Xenophon: Memorabilia. Oeconomicus. Symposium. Apology, trans. by E. C. Marchant and O. J. Todd, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013 (The Loeb Classical Library).
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ayşe Yakut 0000-0001-9448-463X

Publication Date September 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 41 Issue: 72

Cite

APA Yakut, A. (2022). HOMEROS DESTANLARINDA DOSTLUK ANLAYIŞI: PHILOS VE KSEINOS KAVRAMLARI. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 41(72), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.35239/tariharastirmalari.1162976
AMA Yakut A. HOMEROS DESTANLARINDA DOSTLUK ANLAYIŞI: PHILOS VE KSEINOS KAVRAMLARI. TAD. September 2022;41(72):1-30. doi:10.35239/tariharastirmalari.1162976
Chicago Yakut, Ayşe. “HOMEROS DESTANLARINDA DOSTLUK ANLAYIŞI: PHILOS VE KSEINOS KAVRAMLARI”. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 41, no. 72 (September 2022): 1-30. https://doi.org/10.35239/tariharastirmalari.1162976.
EndNote Yakut A (September 1, 2022) HOMEROS DESTANLARINDA DOSTLUK ANLAYIŞI: PHILOS VE KSEINOS KAVRAMLARI. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 41 72 1–30.
IEEE A. Yakut, “HOMEROS DESTANLARINDA DOSTLUK ANLAYIŞI: PHILOS VE KSEINOS KAVRAMLARI”, TAD, vol. 41, no. 72, pp. 1–30, 2022, doi: 10.35239/tariharastirmalari.1162976.
ISNAD Yakut, Ayşe. “HOMEROS DESTANLARINDA DOSTLUK ANLAYIŞI: PHILOS VE KSEINOS KAVRAMLARI”. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 41/72 (September 2022), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.35239/tariharastirmalari.1162976.
JAMA Yakut A. HOMEROS DESTANLARINDA DOSTLUK ANLAYIŞI: PHILOS VE KSEINOS KAVRAMLARI. TAD. 2022;41:1–30.
MLA Yakut, Ayşe. “HOMEROS DESTANLARINDA DOSTLUK ANLAYIŞI: PHILOS VE KSEINOS KAVRAMLARI”. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 41, no. 72, 2022, pp. 1-30, doi:10.35239/tariharastirmalari.1162976.
Vancouver Yakut A. HOMEROS DESTANLARINDA DOSTLUK ANLAYIŞI: PHILOS VE KSEINOS KAVRAMLARI. TAD. 2022;41(72):1-30.